International
organisation
Lecture 2
a global puzzle
of many pieces
Benjamin Bowman
b.c.bowman@bath.ac.uk
PL20721
Lec #2
9/10/2015
Last time, unless we find the clicker… 
Clicker Compliance Regime
1) Initial the register
2) Take
1 paper
1 clicker
SQs: A global puzzle
with many pieces
What pieces of international organization
allow emerging powers to balance against
the US as incumbent global superpower?
Did the US suffer a “catastrophic success” in
its relations with international
organizations after the Cold War?
What parts and practices of global
governance might lead to norm diffusion
from the international sphere to
participating states?
What benefits to international actors does
‘soft law’ have over ‘hard law’?
PL20721
Lec #2
9/10/2015
International
organisation
Lecture 2
a global puzzle
of many pieces
Benjamin Bowman
b.c.bowman@bath.ac.uk
PL20721
Lec #2
9/10/2015
NEW CLICKER REGIME
1) Take your piece of paper
2) Put it on your desk
NEW CLICKER REGIME
1) Take your piece of paper
3) Put your clicker on it
2) Put it on your desk
4) Look left and right
NEW CLICKER REGIME
1) Take your piece of paper
3) Put your clicker on it
2) Put it on your desk
4) Look left and right
Last week
We…
• Introduced International
Organization
• Talked about the Concert of
Europe and League of Nations
• Linked that history to institutional
development of the UN
• Defined the UN as the formal
institutional centerpiece of our
modern world view…
• that is: international organization
PL20721
Lec #2
9/10/2015
Today’s aims
I want you to be able to:
• Recall the main institutions of
global governance
• Outline the non-institutional
and informal pieces of the GG
puzzle
• Move from the dead
“classification” of pieces – to a
live, more involved theoretical
deconstruction
• Prepare your own predictions
about where our system is going
PL20721
Lec #2
9/10/2015
Defining terms:
• Global Governance
Management of common global
affairs “backed by shared goals, but
not necessarily formal authority or
police powers”
(Rosenau, 1992)
• Global Governance in 2015
Decoupling of force from legitimate
rule
(Adler & Bernstein 2005)
• Global Governance = landscape
of multi-level, formal, informal,
legal, normative and non-state
arrangements and activities for
dealing with issues
PL20721
Lec #2
9/10/2015
Quiz:
Name the academic paper
Probably on every IR unit in Bath
Probably you think it is the most useless
paper in all history
Published in 1992…
11
12
13
My argument to you…! 1990s
Event
The USA
International Organization
1990s
Ideology & empirical prediction:
Global hegemony
Numerous, influential
Explosion in NGOs…
but essentially dependent
Example:
Kosovo
Still the boss in Europe
and guarantor of democracy
(& NATO still US dependent)
EU failure (as you know)
But also: 1st UN mission
designed with other IGOs
as full partners
2000s – a Jacksonian presidency
Event
The USA
International Organization
2000s
Bush (Dubya) doctrine
“Fukuyama plus force” (Gaddis ’04)
“Transformative” grand strategy
(Nye ’06)
- Presumed to be obsolete
- US muscular rejection of
international organization
- “Let’s Roll”
Doctrine of unilateralism
Big failures: “catastrophic success”
Rather than securing hegemony,
created a gap for other actors
(state and non-state) to step in
(& obviously
9/11/01)
“War on Terruh”
Why there’s no PL20721 – US global leadership…
Event
The USA
International Organization
2010s
(& 2008 crisis)
Obama doctrine: “We’re back”
… but left with too much to do?
Global power shift
New Int Org networks
And now…?
Challenge: US Exceptionalism
in a less “end of history” world?
New History: Int Org?
If so – why? and – how?
Above: Signatories to the Asian Infrastructure
Investment Bank (Yunbi / China Daily 2015)
Why there’s no PL20721 – US global leadership…
Event
The USA
International Organization
2010s
(& 2008 crisis)
Obama doctrine: “We’re back”
… but left with too much to do?
Global power shift
New Int Org networks
And now…?
Challenge: US Exceptionalism
in a less “end of history” world?
New History: Int Org?
If so – why? and – how?
Above: Signatories to the Asian Infrastructure
Investment Bank (Yunbi / China Daily 2015)
US president during NATO bombing in
the Kosovo War, Former Yugoslavia?
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Ronald Reagan
George Bush (Sr.)
Bill Clinton
George W Bush
Ro
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A.
B.
C.
D.
18
Can you guess what scholars like Johnstone “The End of the
World Order as we Know It?” (Johnstone 2004)
were worried about in 2004, after the Iraq war?
A. Iran is now the regional
hegemon
B. The US has broken
international
organization by ignoring
the UN
C. The Right to Protect has
gone too far and now
causes wars
D. Iraq will eventually get
nuclear weapons
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19
A. Poor leadership in 2000s
B. Challenge of other states –
(Japan, India, Brazil, China)
C. US still strongest, but
other states & non-state
actors co-operate effectively
No correct answer… just
your opinion!
Biggest factor in US
decline?
0%
D. US hasn’t fallen: global
democracy, education &
equality bringing others up
E. US decline is temporary,
they’ll be back
F. US late-capitalist system
approaching inevitable
Communist revolution
20
Classification (1) - IGOs
• Intergovernmental
Organizations
States (at least 3, obviously)
Formal treaty / charter / etc
Activities in several states
Recognized by international
law as separate subjects
• 20th Century explosion in IGOs - wars /
tech… also increase in no. of states
– Examples
UN
WHO
WTO
(Global)
ASEAN EU
AU
(Regional)
Nordic Council
ECOWAS (Sub-reg)
–
–
–
–
Classification (1) - IGOs
• Intergovernmental Organizations –
What’s the Point?
Normative: process of agreeing on - and habit-making in - good & bad behaviour
Forum: exchange views, share in decisions
Rulemaking: legislating, monitoring and adjudicating the organization’s rules
Operations: from allocating resources to central deployment of forces
Information: Gathering, analysing, sharing data
Bottom line: they restrain states – but create opportunities
(Hope you’re already thinking… I wonder what a realist would think of this…?)
Classification (1) - IGOs
Programme IGOs
- set rules & build norms
Operational IGOs
- implement rules & ensure compliance
- capacity building
UN General Assembly
IAEA (Intl Atomic Energy Agency)
ILO International Labour Conference
World Bank
WTO Ministerial Conference
IMF
Intergovernmental IGOs
- Authority isn’t pooled or delegated
- Focus on coordinating ntl efforts
States sovereign – consensus required
Supranational IGOs
- States give up some sovereignty
- Authority delegated to and
coordinated at IGO level
NATO
European Union
OSCE (Org for Sec & Coop in Europe)
UN Security Council
International Coffee Organization
World Bank
IMF
Definitions: Rittberger et al. 2012
Classification (2) – NGOs
• Nongovernmental
Organizations
– Private and voluntary
– Non-state (but some are
Government organized)
– Typically issue-led
– The love affair has started to
wane? (Wapner 2007)
• Important role:
– “Transmission belt” between
levels of governance (K&M9)
e.g.
Individual/Local >NGO > Intl
Classification (3) – International Law
• There is no world Government – so lawmaking is different
• Commonly accepted definition of International Law is found in
Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice
“The Court, in deciding disputes, shall apply:” four sources
Classification (3) – International Law
1.
2.
3.
4.
international conventions / rules that are recognized by the contesting
states
(in plain English: treaties)
international custom
(behaviour as if there was a law)
the general principles of law
(>> comparative domestic law)
decisions and teachings of the most highly qualified publicists
(a secondary source: academics & experts who confirm above sources)
“Soft” law (yes, it’s a residual category)
Looks like law, sounds like law, but is not legally binding
“Best understood as a spectrum between fully binding treaties
and fully political statements” (Guzman and Meyer 2010, 173)
(Example? SALT II: Unratified US promise to voluntarily disarm)
“Soft” law – why is there a grey area?
• To allow for a change in circumstances & renegotiation
• To avoid having to punish violations – if stakes are low… or high
(Co-operation bonus - sanctions hurt everyone)
• When agreement is strong enough to ensure compliance
• For eg. IGOs to make pronouncements on existing laws
Provides a dizzying variety of ways to “agree”
Tends to annoy legal scholars – (politics happens!)
International Regimes (regime theory later)
• “Finding ways to cooperate
to solve problems”
• Identifying features:
– Specific issue area
– Web of norms, rules
and procedures
– Not IGOs:“no office”
• Compliance based on
convergence on &
acceptance of underlying
norms and rules
eg. Regime
for nuclear non-prolif (Kuno 2013)
Informal: Ad-hoc groups / Gatherings
• Global Governance through
multilateral meetings
without formal legal basis
• Include:
– UN-sponsored
global conferences
– Leaders’ summits
– Commissions,
panels and fora
• More since 1970s
• Can include non-state actors
Private governance
• Cutting edge and slightly
contentious field of theory
• Where private actors directly
involved in intl regulation
• Not market interactions,
but rules and regulation
(Pattberg 2006)
• Main challenges:
– Establishing legitimacy
(not by force… )
– Accountability
e.g. Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil
“Soft law” is one way to describe why
the SALT II treaty:
a
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A. Was successful in
practice, even though it
was never signed into
law
B. Failed, due to the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan
C. Became a subsidiary part
of the UN
D. Did not prevent nuclear
war between the USA
and the USSR
34
International Regimes are made up of:
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A. Interconnected
pieces of
governance in a
specific issue area
B. Legally binding
rules from the ICC
C. Private actors only
D. Usually a dictator
or totalitarian govt
35
Which of the following is not a way in
which private governance initiatives can
maximise compliance with their rules?
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A. Stakeholders agree on
shared values
B. Include stakeholders
like grower’s unions
and NGOs
C. Legitimacy through
independent, thirdparty monitoring
D. State-led sanctions
36
How do Margaret Karns and Karen Mingst
describe the role of NGOs in Int Org?
si
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A. They don’t – they avoid
mentioning them
B. NGOs implement policy
made by International
Governmental Orgs
C. NGOS serve as
transmission belts across
multi-level governance
D. NGOs are active at local
levels but not influential
at international level
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25% 25% 25% 25%
37
NEW CLICKER REGIME
1) Take your piece of paper
2) Put it on your desk
NEW CLICKER REGIME
1) Take your piece of paper
3) Put your clicker on it
2) Put it on your desk
4) Look left and right
NEW CLICKER REGIME
1) Take your piece of paper
3) Put your clicker on it
2) Put it on your desk
4) Look left and right
Fitting the puzzle together
Case studies: some ways that these pieces work together
1) Input&Output
Women’s rights in global governance
2) Complex systems China as a global leader
41
Global Governance – input and output
“They totally do stuff, dude”
Conversion
Input
PRESSURE TO
ACT COMES IN
FROM VARIOUS
ACTORS &
INSTITUTIONS
A LOAD OF STUFF
HAPPENS
INSIDE THESE
VARIOUS
Output
GOVERNANCE
COMES
OUT IN VARIOUS
POLICY FORMS
PARTS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Schubert 1991: 28-34
Global Governance – input and output
“They totally do stuff, dude”
Conversion
Input
Member states
Org staff
Interest groups
Experts
Intergovernmental negotiations
Majority voting
Centralized rational choice
Standard operating procedure
Output
Policy programmes
Information activities
Operational activities
Bureaucratic politics
Schubert 1991: 28-34
Global Governance – input and output
Input
- Member states
- Transnational
Advocacy
Networks
- Org staff
- Experts
Global Governance – input and output
Vital contributions of State
governments –
esp. Scandinavian states,
Netherlands, Canada
Input
- Member states
- Transnational
Advocacy
Networks
- Org staff
- Experts
• Hosting conferences
• Unilateral equality measures
• Holding UN agencies
accountable (UNDP ’80s–’90s)
Global Governance – input and output
Vital contributions of State
governments –
esp. Scandinavian states,
Netherlands, Canada
Input
- Member states
- Transnational
Advocacy
Networks
- Org staff
- Experts
• Hosting conferences
• Unilateral equality measures
• Holding UN agencies
accountable (UNDP ’80s–’90s)
• Powerful expertise and effective
Lobbying and advocacy
action in fields from conflict and
TANs today: “Ideational and
security to economic
ethical motivations… [but also]
development (esp feminists)
class, inequality and economic
• Your book on this:
issues” (Moghadam 2012 414)
(Keck and Sikkink’s “Activists
beyond borders” – e.g. 2014)
Global Governance – input and output
Vital contributions of State
governments –
esp. Scandinavian states,
Netherlands, Canada
Input
- Member states
- Transnational
Advocacy
Networks
- Org staff
- Experts
• Hosting conferences
• Unilateral equality measures
• Holding UN agencies
accountable (UNDP ’80s–’90s)
• Powerful expertise and effective
Lobbying and advocacy
action in fields from conflict and
TANs today: “Ideational and
security to economic
ethical motivations… [but also]
development (esp feminists)
class, inequality and economic
• Your book on this:
issues” (Moghadam 2012 414)
(Keck and Sikkink’s “Activists
beyond borders” – e.g. 2014)
Don’t underestimate the
power of people within
organizations
-
Organizational structure and
leadership can provide
opportunities for the above…
At the heart of agenda setting - Example: Kofi Annan-led UN
and decision making process Global Compact (Rittberger et al p.
95) -> UNIFEM uses to showcase
Access to information
private companies “best practice”
Conversion
Windows of opportunity
in international
organization (blue table)
Powerful mobilizing
structures
Entrepreneurial supporting
actors
Framing mechanisms linked
to operating procedures
(green table)
Case: Converting
the World Bank
WID
GAD
Focus
Women in development
Gender and development
Approach
Women are a problem
Development is a problem
Problem
Exclusion of half of our human
resource from resource base
Unequal relations of
power prevent equitable
development
Add more women to existing
development process
Identify practical
inequalities in
development process;
address strategic needs of
the less equal
Solution
Bosnia & Herz.
Problem
Militarized,
gendered and
‘invisible women’
perspective on
Bosnian peace
Long term
inequality of
women
Policy process
Strategic
‘feminizing’ and
‘non-politicking’ by
local NGOS
Magnetism of EU
(Juncos 2005,
Jenichen 2015)
Policy Conversion?
Policy output
Seizing opportunity for regional and
international involvement & funding
e.g. OSCE linkages, UNHCR Bosnian
Women’s Initiative (Helms 2003)
Framing political demands as European
obligations (& taking advantage of local
authorities “lacking knowledge” Jenichen)
- 2003 Law of Gender Equality
- Mandatory electoral quota
Which is not a way States historically support
NGOs seeking intl. policy outputs
t..
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D. By cancelling membership
to IGOs that do not
implement outputs
in
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By instating the policy
unilaterally, to increase
international pressure
By
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Using IGO membership to
propose, support and
implement policy
GO
B.
25% 25% 25% 25%
in
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By hosting NGO networks
and conferences
Us
A.
50
Which of the following is not a strategy which has
helped women’s transnational advocacy networks
become successful?
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Historical support in
international organization by
influential states
al
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Operationalize ideas of equality
to practical matters of global
governance
.
B.
s..
High level of expertise, in strong,
internationally organized
networks
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..
25% 25% 25% 25%
:1051
Influential scholarship on
Transnational Activism –
“Activists Beyond Borders”?
PL20721 - Lec1 -
et
M
ill
Ka
te
A. Margaret Keck and
Kathryn Sikkink
B. Robert Keohane
and Joseph Nye
C. John Mearsheimer
D. Kate Millet
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25% 25% 25% 25%
52
China: A Case Study in Intl Org’n
1980s - 1990s 韬光养晦
• A least likely case for
international leadership
• (& facing isolation after
Tiananmen Square ‘89)
1990s
• Forced by own ‘rise’ to
think about external
threat perception
• reluctant avoidance of
“great power balancing”
China: A Case Study in Intl Org’n
2000s – 2010s
• Asian economic crash & other new
challenges
• Unfree & brutal; scandals eg Tibet
International Organization:
– Dissatisfaction with US
hegemony… and democratic
principles like civil society
– Globalization = unilateral is
weak
– Shifting economic balance =
“south-south” is profitable
China’s four identities (Zonglei & Fu 2011)
Identity
Aims
Developing state
• Deep socio-economic
problems… and poverty
• Suffered colonial hardship
• Needs economic security
• Lacks the power and
influence to steer
• Demands right to grow
Emerging power
• Seeks redistribution of
power from existing leaders
• India, Brazil…
(… Russia, S.Af, G20)
Example Intl Org policy
2001 Shanghai Cooperation
Org (SCO - 上海合作组织)
• Market expansion
• Oil and Gas connections
• “Crossing the river by
feeling for stones along
the way” – (Qingguo 2011,
Cruz del Rosario 2014)
• Seeks global reform
• Wants to join the top table
• Enjoying emergence, not
seeking to overturn table
“Experience in IGOs”
• YES: State-centred IGO
mechanisms like the WTO
• DISTRUSTS: NGOs
• NO: Unilaterality
“Process of delegitimizing
strategies of US hegemony”
(Kahler 2013)
The “New Multipolarity” Theory
The “New Multipolarity” Theory
The “New Multipolarity” Theory
The “China Threat Thesis”
The “China Threat Thesis”
The “China Threat Thesis”
The “China Threat Thesis”
The “China Threat Thesis”
中国和平崛起 “Peaceful Rise Policy”
中国和平崛起 “Peaceful Rise Policy”
中国和平崛起 “Peaceful Rise Policy”
中国和平崛起 “Peaceful Rise Policy”
China’s four identities (Zonglei & Fu 2011)
Identity
Perceived ‘Rising Giant’
• Seat on the Sec Council
• Military power (with
contested regions!)
Aims
• With great power comes
great responsibility
• “China Threat Thesis”
• Fears of revisionism
Regional great power
• Huge economic giant
• Partners ready to do
business
• Perceived as the future G2
superpower with the USA
• Looked to for leadership
(even if reluctant)
Intl Organization policy
中国和平崛起 “Peaceful Rise”
Still shy about own status
(Breslin 2013)
No to G8: A developing state not a junior great power (Ren
2012)
Yes to UN & G20: although
promotes ‘developing states’
NGOs growing amid political
opportunities… (eg: Zhan &
Tang 2011, Gomez & Harris
2015, Tam & Hasmath 2015)
China: a case for norm diffusion?
Input
Right to Protect:
i.e.
States should
intervene
Norm diffusion?
(1990s – China opposes intervention
and fears intervention in China)
BENEFIT: major stakeholder in global
economy – wants stability,
especially in profitable regions
HABITS: “Exposure of foreign policy elites
to international forums for discussing
normative framework” (Carlson 2006)
Policy output
Now the SC5’s largest
contributor of troops
& police
Intervention leader in
eg. UNAMID in Sudan
(Prantl & Nakano 2011
China: a case for norm diffusion?
Input
Equality is human
reality:
democracy works
Norm diffusion?
Policy output
(Communist Party: Refuses to share power)
BENEFIT: NGOs WORK! Expertise,
resources, information & strong networks
“Transmission belt” between national and
regional devolved power
(Zhan & Tang 2013)
Nascent civil society
HABITS: Exposure of society to
international forums (China = market)
(Mertha 2009) and neighbourhood
associations (Heberer 2009)… NGO
networks useful (Tam & Hasmath 2015)
But growing influence
of NGOs, especially at
local and regional
level (Hsu 2012)
Corporatist – profit
led – and distrustful
(Hasmath & Hsu 2014)
Where now?
Gradual democracy?
Sudden democracy?
Crack down?
Full corporatism?
Chinese Communist Party’s official policy
on its development, includes joining
existing intl organization system
PL20721 - Lec1 -
ed
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36
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B. “Peaceful Rise”
C. “Of The 36 Strategies,
Retreat is Best”
D. “The East is Red”
s”
25% 25% 25% 25%
71
Which is not a reason Breslin (2013) argues China
is a proponent of international organization
Chinese officials now have a lot of
experience in (and the habit of)
working with IGOs like the UN and
WTO
D.
Regional organizations help China
co-operate with other developing
state neighbours
ca
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l.
fic
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ia
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Re
w
gi
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al
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a
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ga
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ns
he
lp
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C.
to
p
China wants international NGOs to
help improve human wellbeing in
China
th
e
B.
Ch
in
a
China can join the top table
without threatening to fight the
US
jo
in
A.
25% 25% 25% 25%
72
IGOs that China values, like the
UN, involve NGOs in their practice
B.
International NGOs are experts in
important fields like fight against
AIDS
C.
NGOs can decrease the influence
of the UN Security Council
D.
Democratic civil society does a
good job at very important things
IG
:10
Os
th
at
Ch
in
a
A.
va
In
lu
te
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rn
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at
ike
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t ..
lN
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sa
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re
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se
De
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ra
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..
civ
il
so
cie
ty
do
es
..
Which is not a reason NGOs might
become more acceptable to the Chinese
25% 25% 25% 25%
Communist Party?
73
What do you think is the future of civil
society in China? (No wrong answers)
0%
A.
I think Chinese society will
gradually become more
democratic
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
20%
20%
B.
I think Chinese society will have a
sudden democratic revolution
C.
I think China will keep civil society
under strict Party controls
20%
D.
I think China will go corporate:
force all civil society groups to
become profit making businesses
20%
20%
E.
No idea, but I like pressing buttons
74
CLICKER COMPLIANCE REGIME
There are more slides
NEW CLICKER REGIME
1) Take your piece of paper
2) Put it on your desk
NEW CLICKER REGIME
1) Take your piece of paper
3) Put your clicker on it
2) Put it on your desk
4) Look left and right
NEW CLICKER REGIME
1) Take your piece of paper
3) Put your clicker on it
2) Put it on your desk
4) Look left and right
SQs: A global puzzle
with many pieces
What pieces of international organization
allow emerging powers to balance against
the US as incumbent global superpower?
Did the US suffer a “catastrophic success” in
its relations with international
organizations after the Cold War?
What parts and practices of global
governance might lead to norm diffusion
from the international sphere to
participating states?
What benefits to international actors does
‘soft law’ have over ‘hard law’?
PL20721
Lec #2
9/10/2015