NJ ASK REVIEW
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Physical Science
 Science Safety
 Scientific Method
 Chemistry
 Physics
MATTER
 Physical Properties
 Examples
 5 senses
 Describe matter
 State
without changing
matter
 4 general properties:
Mass, weight, volume
and density
 Malleability
 Ductility
 Boiling Point
 Solubility
 Viscosity
MATTER
 Chemical Properties
 Describes matter as it
changes its chemical
make-up
 A new substance is
formed
Examples:
 Reactivity
(Baking Soda + Vinegar ->
Gas)
 Flammability
States / Structure
 Solid
- Crystalline
- Amorphous
 Molecules packed together
and vibrating
 Molecules rolling over
each other
 Liquid
 Gas
 Plasma
 Molecules moving all over
 Molecules moving super
fast speeds
Change of State
 Endothermic
- molecules speed up
 Melting
 Exothermic
- Molecules slow down
 Freezing
 Vaporization
- Evaporation
- Boiling
 Sublimation
 Condensation
Elements
 Pure substance
(one type of molecule)
Ex. Periodic Table
Gold
Hydrogen
Tin
Neon
Elements - Classification
 Metals - Tin, gold, silver, aluminum
 Non-Metals - Neon, Argon, Nitrogen,
Carbon
 Metalloids- Boron, Silicon, Arsenic
Compounds
 Chemical combination
of elements – changes
the characteristics of
the individual
elements
 Na + Cl -> NaCl
 Water
 Carbon Dioxide
 Baking Soda
 Sugar
Mixtures / Solutions
 How matter is
 Solvent- dissolving
organized
 Solute - dissolved
 Heterogenous
(Easily separated)
 Solubility
 Homogeneous
Ex. Lemonade
(More uniform)
Atomic Structure
 Nucleus contain
protons (+) and
neutrons (=)
 Electron (-) cloud /
shell
 What’s Inside?
How to Determine Data from an Element
Key
 Element Key
 Atomic # = # Protons
13
= # electrons
 Atomic Mass = # Protons
Al
+ # Neutrons
 # Neutrons = At. Mass –
Aluminum
27.0
Atomic #
Physics – Matter in Motion
Matter in Motion
 Motion – changes in position from
reference point
 Speed = Distance/time
 Velocity – speed in given direction
 Acceleration – Rate at which velocity
changes
Force
 Force = push or pull
 Net force = combining
all forces
 Same direction
(+) add forces together
 Opposing directions
(-) subtract forces
Friction
 Force that opposes motion
between two surfaces
touching
 Sliding
 Rolling
 Fluid
 Static
Temperature
 Measure of the average kinetic energy of
the molecules in an object
 Kinetic = energy in motion
 Potential = energy stored
- Measured with Thermometer
Gravity
 Force of attraction between objects due to
their masses
Mass = amount of matter in object
Weight = measure of the gravitational force
exerted on an object
Newton’s First Law of Motion
 An object at rest
remains at rest and an
object in motion
remains in motion at a
constant speed unless
acted upon by an
unbalanced force
 Inertia
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
 The acceleration of an
object depends on the
mass of the object and
the amount of force
applied
 F = ma
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
 For every action –
there is opposite and
equal reaction
Work
 Work – force causes an object to move in
the direction of the force
 F x D = W(joules)
 Power – rate at which work is done
P = W/T ( joules/sec)
Machines
 MACHINE
A device that helps
make work easier,
faster, or by changing
the size or direction of
the force
6 simple machines :
mechanical device that makes
work easier with only one movement
1. lever– 3 classes of lever—
2. first class
second class
Third class -Pivotal point --- fulcrum
position of fulcrum changes based on type of lever
2. Wheel and axle –
3. Inclined plane--ramp
4. The screw– inclined plane spiraled
around a cylinder
5. pulleys-fixed and moveable
6. wedge--- cuts stuff
Compound machines
More than 1 simple machine working
together--- more mechanical
advantage
Energy - Forms
 Thermal = heat
 Sound = vibrations
 Chemical = break-
 Light = vibrations of
down of compounds
electrically charged
particles
 Electrical = moving
electrons
 Nuclear = changes in
nucleus of atom
Energy Transfer – CONDUCTION
Direct contact
from one object
to another
• Ex. Pot on stove
• Ex. Metal Spoon in
Soup
• Ex. Copper Pipes
Energy Transfer - CONVECTION
 Movement of
liquid or gas
 Ex. Hot-air popper
 Boiling Water
(convection currents)
 Air Masses (weather)
Energy Transfer - RADIATION
 Transfer of energy
through matter or
space as
electromagnetic
waves, visible light or
infrared waves
 Ex. Space Heater
 Microwave Oven
MAGNETISM
 POLES—N AND S POLES ON ENDS OF
MAGNETS
 LAW OF MAGNETISM:
LIKE POLES REPEL; UNLIKE POLES
ATTRACT.
MAG. FIELD– AREA AROUND A
MAGNET WHERE FORCES EXIST.
STRONGEST AT THE POLES.
MAGNETIC DOMAINS
 AREAS OF ATOMS ALIGNED IN THE
MAGNET TO KEEP THE MAGNETISM.
IF THEY FACE IN DIFF. DIRECTIONS,
AND ARE NOT ALIGNED—NO
MAGNETISM.
Electricity
2 TYPES: STATIC AND CURRENT:
 Static electricity is a build-up of electric
charges on an object
 Law of charges:
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract
 electric discharge --Static electricity is lost
due to contact w/something, ex. Lightning
to ground
Electricity 2
 Lightning rods work by directing the electric
charge carried by lightning
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
 Electric current is a continuous flow of charge
(motion of electrons)
 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY:
 Batteries- are made of cells that convert
chemical energy to electrical energy
 Oil, gas, wind, water, steam, biomass, etc.
Electricity 3
 Circuits consists of : energy source, a
load, wires and sometimes a switch
 Fuses and circuit breakers protect your
home against circuit failure
 Electric power is the rate at which
electrical energy does work
Waves
 Any disturbance that
transmits energy
through matter or
space
 Carry Energy
Wave Properties
 Amplitude = height of wave
 Wavelength = distance of wave
 Frequency = number of waves produced in
a given time–
 unit is Hertz (Hz)
 Wave speed = the speed of a wave
 Medium – substance in which waves travel
through ( s, l , g)
Wave Interactions
 Reflection – wave bounces back
 Refraction – wave bends
 Diffraction – wave bends around object
 Interference – waves overlap
Refraction-change in direction of wave due to its speed
In
diffraction
Addition of 2 or more waves that cause new wave pattern
SOUND
 Needs a medium to travel( solid, l, or gas )
 Travels with rarefactions and
compressions
Like a slinky.
Wave type: longitudinal wave
LIGHT
 Light travels on an ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVE
 Does not need a medium to travel through
 A wave that travels on changing electric and
magnetic fields
 Wave type: transverse wave
Visible Light
 Narrow range of wavelengths and
frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum
 Humans Sight:
– Longest wavelengths = red light
– Shortest wavelengths = violet light
ROYGBIV
 Visible light colors
 All colors are
combined = white
light
Ex. sunlight,
incandescent light
bulbs and fluorescent
light bulbs emit white
light
Why we see the colors we see?
 When white light
shines on a strawberry,
only the red light is
reflected.
 All the other colors of
light are absorbed.
 Therefore the
strawberry looks red
to you.
Mirrors
 Reflect light
 Plane mirrors – produce virtual images
that are the same size as the objects. These
images are reversed left to right
2 main kinds of mirrors:
 Convex mirrors curves outward–makes a
wider view of everything
 Concave mirrors—curves inwardmagnifies everything
Ideas to Review
 OEQ – provide full thoughts
 Add extras – diagrams, data from full
science background
 Think before you answer question
 GOOD LUCK