th
19
century European
nationalism & political reforms
Entrance task: Think – In what way is
nationalism like a lightbulb?
Today: Reforms in Britain, the Dreyfus
Affair in France
Homework – Per. 3 – Essay due Friday
All – read Ch. 17 in packet
Reform in Great Britain
• 1832 Reform Bill – extended suffrage to
middle class (1/8 of male population)
• 1867 Reform Bill – 1/3 could not vote,
including most city workers
• 1884 Reform Bill – suffrage extended to rural
areas (3/4 of all men)
• 1911 Parliament Act – deprived House of
Lords of veto power
• 1918 Reform Bill – universal male suffrage
and women over 30
Political Parties
Conservatives –
interested in labor,
housing, and
extending suffrage,
but criticized liberals
for moving too far
and too fast
Benjamin Disraeli
Political Parties
Liberals - leaned toward industrial and
commercial interests
David Lloyd George
William Gladstone
The Irish Question
Liberal leader David Lloyd George
supported home rule for Ireland but
could not gather enough support for
it to succeed.
1914 – Approved but not implemented
due to the outbreak of the Great War
The Irish Question
Protestants in North
Ireland opposed
self-rule, fearing
Catholic domination
from the rest of the
country
The 2nd Republic and
Louis Napoleon
Louis Napoleon elected
president in 1848 and
stages a successful
coup d’etat in 1851 to
become Emperor
Napoleon III
Napoleon III & the
nd
2
Economic successes include
investment banking,
railroad expansion, public
works and the rebuilding of
Paris
Political freedom was more
forthcoming after 1860
when he allowed his
Assembly more control
Empire
Franco-Prussian War
1870-1871
Napoleon III was edged into
war by his apparent insult
from the Em’s telegraph
France was soundly
defeated by Prussia
The Third Republic
The Paris Commune –
revolutionaries in Paris
refused to admit defeat and
refused to surrender
The National Assembly was
sent in and crushed the
Commune
The Third Republic was
established
The Third Republic
Achievements:
– Legalized trade unions
– Created schools
– Built a colonial empire
Leon Gambetta
Jules Ferry
The Dreyfus Affair 1898-1899
Jewish Captain Alfred
Dreyfus falsely accused on
treason
Anti-Semitism in France
– Led to separation between
church (Catholic) and state
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Italian Nationalist Leaders
Count Cavour
[The “Brains”]
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The “Soul”]
Pope Pius IX
Sardinia-Piedmont:
The “Magnet”
Step #1
Step #2
Step #3
Italian
Unification
A Unified Peninsula!
 A contemporary
British cartoon,
entitled "Right
Leg in the Boot
at Last," shows
Garibaldi
helping Victor
Emmanuel put
on the Italian
boot.
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
Zollverein
Prussia v. Austria
Kaiser Wilhelm I
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron
Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood
&
Iron”
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
 The less people know about how
sausages and laws are made, the
better they’ll sleep at night.
 Never believe in anything until it has
been officially denied.
 The great questions of the day will not
be settled by speeches and majority
decisions—that was the mistake of
1848-1849—but by blood and iron.
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
 I am bored. The great things are
done. The German Reich is made.
 A generation that has taken a beating
is always followed by a generation that
deals one.
 Some damned foolish thing in the
Balkans will provoke the next war.
Unification of
Germany
Step #1:
The Danish
War
[1864]
The Peace of
Vienna
Step #2: AustroPrussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War],
1866
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867
 Shortly following the
victory of Prussia,
Bismarck eliminated
the Austrian led
German
Confederation.
 He then established a new North
German Confederation which Prussia
could control  Peace of Prague
Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War
 1868 revolt in Spain.
 Spanish leaders wanted
Prince Leopold von Hohenz.
[a cousin to the Kaiser & a
Catholic], as their new king.
 France protested & his name was withdrawn.
 The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to
apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
 Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm
to the French Ambassador to make it seem as
though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Step #4: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing”
the French.
Step #4: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
Bismarck & Napoleon III
After Sedan
Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
 The Second French Empire collapsed and was
replaced by the Third French Republic.
 The Italians took Rome and made it their
capital.
 Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in
defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that
ended the Crimean War].
------------------ France paid a huge indemnity and was
occupied by German troops until it was paid.
 France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a
region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing
textile industry].
Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I
[r. 1871–1888]
Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to
the Kaiser
German
Imperial Flag
Bismarck Manipulating
the Reichstag
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:
Anti-Catholic Program
 Take education and marriage out of
the hands of the clergy  civil
marriages only recognized.
 The Jesuits are expelled from
Germany.
 The education of Catholic priests
would be under the supervision of the
German government.
Bismarck’s Reapproachment
With the Catholic Church
Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII
Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]
“Dropping
the
Pilot”
[1890]
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
Austrian Imperial Flag
The Compromise of 1867:
The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag
Russian Expansion
Russian Imperial Flag
Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
The
1905
Russian
Revolution
Nicholas II: The Last
Romanov Tsar
[r. 1894-1917]
The Tsar & His Family
Hemophilia & the Tsarevich
Nicholas II & His Uncle,
George V
Causes
1. Early
20c:
Russian
Social
Hierarchy
2. First Stages of
Industrialization
An Early Russian Factory
3. Weak Economy
1905 Russian Rubles
4. Extensive Foreign
Investments & Influence
Building the Trans-Siberian RR
[Economic benefits only in a few regions.]
5. Russo-Japanese War [19041905]
The “Yellow Peril”
Russo-Japanese War [19041905]
Russo-Japanese War [19041905]
Russian & Japanese
Soldiers
Russia Is Humiliated
Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] 1905
President
Theodore
Roosevelt
Acts as the
Peacemaker
[He gets
the Nobel
Peace Prize
for his
efforts.]
6. Unrest Among the
Peasants & Urban Working
Poor
Father
Georgi
Gapon:
Leader of the
People OR
Police
Informer?
Bloody Sunday
January 22, 1905
The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
The
Revolution
Spreads
Russian Cossacks
Slaughter The People in
Odessa
Anti-Jewish Attacks
7. The Battleship Potemkin
Mutiny [June, 1905]
Results
1. The Tsar’s October
Manifesto
October 30, 1905
2. The Opening of the
Duma:
Possible Reforms?
1906
 The first two tries were too
radical.
 The third duma was elected by
the richest people in Russia in
1907.
The Russian Constitution of
1906
 Known as the Fundamental Laws
[April 23, 1906].
 The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was
declared.
 The Tsar was supreme over the law, the
church, and the Duma.
 It confirmed the basic human rights
granted by the October Manifesto, BUT
made them subordinate to the supremacy
of the law.
3. Jewish Refugees Come
to America in 1906
4. The Path
to
October,
1917
Why did the 1905 Revolution
Fail?