Board Assignment
• Please identify 3 significant figures in
history and their impact on modern
medicine.
The History of Medicine
How did we get
where we are
today?
Ancient Medicine
The condensed version
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1wCQlOb1jc
Part 1 - Introduction
ANCIENT TIMES
People believed that diseases
and illnesses were caused by …
… demons and evil spirits.
ANCIENT TIMES
People also believed that treatments
were directed toward …
… eliminating evil spirits.
Part 2 - History of Health Care
4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES
Herb and plants were used as
medicines. Do you know which ones
are still used today?
Morphine for pain and
digitalis for the heart.
4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES
Trepanation was the treatment for insanity,
epilepsy and headache.
That means boring a hole in
the skull.
Average Life Span…….
20 years.
3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians
Called upon the gods to
heal them when disease
occurred.
Therefore, physicians were
priests who studied medicine
and surgery in temple medical
schools.
3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians
Earliest people known to keep accurate
medical records.
The first physician may
have been Imhotep.
Magic and medicinal plants
were used to treat disease.
3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians
Believed the body was a system of
channels for air, tears, blood, urine,
sperm, and feces.
If a channel became “clogged”,
bloodletting or leeches were
used to “open” them.
Average life span …
20 to 30 years.
1700 BC – ANCIENT CHINESE
Believed in the need to treat the
whole body by curing the spirit and
nourishing the body.
Carefully monitored the
pulse to determine the
condition of the body.
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of
medications based mainly on the
use of herbs.
1700 BC – ANCIENT CHINESE
Used acupuncture to relieve
pain and congestion.
Used moxibustion
to treat disease.
Began to search for medical
reasons for illness.
Average life span was …
20 to 30 years.
1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS
Began modern medical science by
observing human body and effects
of disease.
Believed illness was a result of
natural causes.
Stressed diet and
cleanliness as
ways to prevent
disease.
1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS
Used therapies that are still used today …
massage
art therapy
herbal treatment
1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS
Dissected
animals and is
called the
founder of
comparative
anatomy.
1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS
Called the Father of Medicine
Developed an organizational
method to observe the human body
Recorded signs and symptoms
of many diseases
Created a high standard of ethics, the
Oath of Hippocrates, used by
physicians today
Average life span was …
25 to 35 years.
753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS
First to organize medical care by
providing care for injured soldiers.
Early hospitals developed when
physicians cared for ill people in
rooms in their homes.
Later hospitals were religious and
charitable institutions housed in
monasteries and convents.
753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS
Began public health and sanitation systems:
Aqueducts to carry clean
water to the cities
Sewers to carry waste
material away from the cities
Filtering systems in public
baths to prevent disease
Drained marshes to reduce the
incidence of malaria
753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS
Claudius Galen
Dissected animals and
determined function of
muscles, kidney and bladder
Studied infectious
diseases and described
symptoms of
inflammation
753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS
Diseases were treated with diet, exercise,
and medications.
Average life span was …
25 to 35 years.
DARK AGES – 400 – 800 AD
The study of medicine was prohibited,
emphasis was on saving the soul.
Illnesses and diseases were
treated by prayer and divine
intervention.
Medications were mainly
herbal mixtures.
DARK AGES – 400 – 800 AD
Monks and priests
provided custodial care
for sick people.
Average life span was …
20 to 30 years.
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
Interest in the medical practice of Greeks
and Romans was renewed.
Physicians began to obtain
knowledge at medical
universities in the 9th century
Major diseases were smallpox,
diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the
plague, and malaria.
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
A pandemic
of the
bubonic
plague killed
¾ of the
population of
Europe and
Asia.
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
Arab physicians used their
knowledge of chemistry to advance
pharmacology.
Arabs began requiring that
physicians pass
examinations and obtain
licenses.
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
Rhazes
Arab physician that became known
as the Arab Hippocrates
910 AD – developed criteria for distinguishing
between smallpox and measles
Suggested blood was the cause of many infectious diseases
Began the use of animal gut for suture material
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
Avenzoar
Physician who described the
parasite causing scabies in
the 12th century
Average life span was …
20 to 35 years.
What are the following people
known for?
Hippocrates
Imhotep
Galen
RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD
Rebirth of the science of medicine
Dissection of the body began to
allow a better understanding of
anatomy and physiology
Artists Michelangelo and Leonardo da
Vinci used dissection in order to draw
the human body more realistically
Development of the printing press
allowed knowledge to be spread to
others
RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD
Rebirth of the science of medicine
First chairs (positions of authority) of
medicine created at Oxford and
Cambridge in England in 1440
First anatomy book published by
Andreas Vesalius
First book on dietetics written
by Issac Judaeus
RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD
Rebirth of the science of medicine
Average life span was …
30 to 40 years.
16th and 17th CENTURIES
Causes of disease were still not
known and many people died from
infections and puerperal (childbirth)
fever
Scientific societies, such as the Royal
Society of London, were established
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made,
prescribed, and sold medications
16th and 17th CENTURIES
Ambrose Pare
French surgeon who became known as
the Father of Modern Surgery
Established the use of ligatures to bind
arteries and stop bleeding
Eliminated the use of boiling oil to cauterize
wounds
Improved treatment of fractures and
promoted the use of artificial limbs
16th and 17th CENTURIES
Anton van Leewenhoek
Invented the microscope in 1666
Average life span was …
35 to 40 years.
18th CENTURY
Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first
mercury thermometer in 1714
John Hunter
English surgeon who established
scientific surgical procedures
Benjamin Franklin invented the
bifocals for glasses
18th CENTURY
James Lind prescribed lime
juice containing vitamin C to
prevent scurvy in 1795
Edward Jenner developed a
vaccination for smallpox in 1796
Average life expectancy was …
40 to 50 years.
19th CENTURY
James Blundell performed the first
blood transfusion in 1818.
Rene Laennec invented the first
stethoscope in 1819.
19th CENTURY
Florence Nightingale was the
Founder of Modern Nursing.
Established efficient and sanitary
nursing unites during the
Crimean war in 1854
Opened Nightingale School and Home for
Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital In London in
1860
Began the professional education of nurses
19th CENTURY
Ignaz Semmelweis, in the 1840s,
encouraged physicians to wash hands
with lime after performing autopsies
and before delivering babies to
prevent puerperal (childbirth) fever.
(This idea was resisted by hospital and
medical personnel)
Elizabeth Blackwell became the
first female physician in the US
in 1849
19th CENTURY
Dorothea Dix was appointed
Superintendent of Female Nurses of the
Army in 1861
Joseph Lister started using disinfectants
and antiseptics during surgery to
prevent infection in 1865
Clara Barton founded the American
Red Cross in 1881 (International Red
Cross was founded in 1863)
19th CENTURY
Louis Pasteur contributed many discoveries to the
practice of medicine
Proved the microorganisms
cause disease
Pasteurized milk to kill
bacteria
Created a vaccine for rabies
in 1885
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWv3yq1Uax4
19th CENTURY
Gregory Mendel established principles of
heredity and dominant/recessive patterns
Robert Koch, called the Father of
Microbiology, developed the
culture plate method to identify
pathogens and isolated the bacteria
causing tuberculosis.
19th CENTURY
Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses
in 1892
Lillian Wald established the Henry
Street Settlement in New York City in
1893 (the start of public health
nursing)
19th CENTURY
Wilhelm Roentgen
discovered
Roentgenograms (X-rays)
in 1895
Almroth Wright developed vaccine for
typhoid fever in 1897
Average life span was …
40 to 60 years.
20th CENTURY
Walter Reed demonstrated
that mosquitoes carry yellow
fever in 1900
Carl Landsteiner
classified the
ABO blood
groups in 1901
20th CENTURY
Dr. Elie Metchnikoff identified how
white blood cells protect against
disease
Marie Curie isolated
radium in 1910
Sigmund Freud’s studies formed the
basis for psychology and psychiatry
20th CENTURY
Frederick Banting and Charles Best
discovered and used insulin to treat
diabetes in 1922
Sir Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin in 1928
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIkUtfJ0yYQ
20th CENTURY
Dr. George Papanicolaou
developed the Pap test to detect
cervical cancer in females
The first kidney dialysis
machine was developed in
1944
20th CENTURY
Frances Crick and James
Watson described the structure
of DNA and how it carries genetic
information in 1953
The first heart-lung machine was
used for open-heart surgery in 1953
animation
20th CENTURY
Jonas Salk developed the polio
vaccine using dead polio virus in
1952
Albert Sabin developed an oral livevirus polio vaccine in the mid 1950s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPXMRZzaZtQ
20th CENTURY
The first successful kidney transplant in
humans was performed by Joseph
Murray in 1954
The first successful heart
transplant was performed by
Christian Barnard in 1968
20th CENTURY
Physicians used amniocentesis
to diagnose inherited diseases
before birth in 1975
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNDoYjXgm30
Computerized Axial
Tomography (CAT) scan was
developed in 1975
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-4o0DxBgZk
20th CENTURY
The first “test
tube” baby,
Louise Brown,
was born in
England in 1978
Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS) was identified
in 1981. (The Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
was identified in 1984.)
20th CENTURY
Dr. William
DeVries implanted
the first artificial
heart, the Jarvik-7,
in 1982
Cyclosporine, a drug to suppress
the immune system after organ
transplant, approved in 1983
20th CENTURY
The first gene
therapy to treat
disease occurred in
1990
A sheep was cloned in 1997
Average life span was …
60 to 70 years.
21st Century
April 2003 – Completion of the
Human Genome Project
2005 - The first successful partial
face transplant is performed in
France.
2008 - The first full face transplant
is performed in the U.S.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZOvZTLr31s
21st Century
2006 - Australian of the Year Dr Ian Frazer
develops a vaccine for cervical cancer
2009 - Swine flu spreads
around the globe
21st Century
What will the future hold?
Human genetic engineering?
Artificial
Intelligence?
Cloning of body parts?
Average life span …
?????????