Black is Beautiful
Black is Beautiful
The Life of Stephen Bantu Biko
By: Thomoya Parris
Manhattanville
College
Professor Ahmad
Kamal
Theory & Practice
Leadership
MVU-L-TIP-FINAL
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Black is Beautiful
Thomoya Parris
Table of Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………………………..2
i) Definition of leadership..........…….…………………………………...….2
Life history of Steve Biko.........................................................................................................3
ii) His vision…………………………………………...……………………4
(a) Biko: The True Story of the Young South African Martyr and his
Struggle to Raise Black Consciousness……...…….……………..…4
Rise of the Black Consciousness Movement………………...……………………....5
Biko’s strengths and weaknesses …………………………………………………...6
Biko in comparison to Monster Slayer…….…………………………………....……7
Biko in comparison to Mahatma Gandhi………….………………………….….…..8
Biko in comparison to Adolf Hitler…………………………………………………9
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………10
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………13
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Leadership is the ability to influence and motivate others. It can be defined also
as the process in which an individual influences the group of individuals to attain a
common goal. The goal is attained by cooperation and cohesive behavior. This goal
should ultimately be to create change. According to Ronald Heifetz’s Leadership
Without Easy Answers, there are different types of theories of leadership in which is
illustrated in his book. These are the great man theory of leadership, situational theory
of leadership, contingency theory of leadership, and transformational theory of
leadership1. These following theories highlight the importance of values within being a
good or bad leader. The great man theory defines a leader determining whether they
were born with greatness or made into a leader in which they achieve it. Situational
theory of leadership describes a person being made into a leader based on certain
situations in which someone takes the responsibility to lead others without being
handed the title. Contingency theory on the other hand, describes a particular
situation creating a particular type of leader. Lastly, transformational theory, this
theory explains that a leader’s job is to create change and transform a movement or
group of people.
Some may argue that there could have been other leaders chosen and analyzed
but throughout this paper, evidence will prove that Stephen Bantu Biko was a leader
in which was significant and continues to influence the South African community
even after his death. Stephen Biko was an important and momentous South African
activist. He was the leading founder of South Africa’s Black Consciousness
Movement (BCM). This movement was created to urge a rejection of the apartheid
among black workers and black youth. During this movement, students protested
against educational systems, which led to the uprising that spread to black townships
across the continent. This South African movement is synonymous with its founder,
Steve Biko. From the beginning of Biko’s political and social life until his death, he
remained one of the indisputable icons of the black struggle against apartheid. As
leader of this movement, he instilled courage and bravery among the masses to
transform an unjust system under Black Consciousness.
This book also describes a leaders task which is to create change in search for
equilibrium and disequilibrium while modulating the distress and staying between
boiling and freezing points2. It is also important for leaders to lead and mislead
because with misleading, the leader is transferring the headache from its people to
them so that the leader does not lose the effectiveness of its people. Within
leadership, there are formal and informal leaders. Formal leaders hold powers of the
office because the officeholder promises to meet those expectations, while informal
leaders motivate influences more than formal leaders like Jesus Christ. These leaders
are known for leading with virtue. Informal leaders are also worth listening to because
1
2
Ronald Heifetz, Leadership Without Easy Answers, (USA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994) 17-27.
Ronald Heifetz, Leadership Without Easy Answers, (USA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994) 69.
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of their experience and reputation among peers in which they have the ability to
influence others decisions. According to Professor Ahmad Kamal, retired Pakistani
diplomat in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, he details the difference
between leaders and managers. Leaders require visions and strategic thinking.
However, managers require techniques, tactics, and execute visions founded by the
leader. A manager’s job is to plan, organize and coordinate. The leader’s job is to
inspire and motivate. Stephen Bantu Biko is a leader in which he was both an informal
leader as well as made into a leader. In Warren Bennis’ 1989 book, On Becoming a
Leader3, he composes a list of differences between leaders and managers. Manager’s
focus on systems and structures while the leader focuses on the people, the manager
relies on control; the leader inspires trust, and the manager is the classic good soldier
while the leader is his or her person. From these differences listed, Biko is an example
of a leader in which he was his own person and was able to distinguish himself from
his role as a leader and his role of being human in which makes mistakes, for his
people. Some important facts that are relevant to an examination of this
contemporary are focused in the following report.
Being young and well into politics, Steve Biko exhibited
many leadership qualities at a young age. He proves to others that at
an undeveloped age, it is not impossible to have a vision, become,
and develop into a leader. It is essential to take into consideration
that between the ages of 18-30, that it is the best time to go through
with what you envision. Steve Biko did not wait until it was too late
but took advantage of what was going on within the African
community and immediately decided to make a difference. With
this in mind, it is also important to state also that Biko was
correspondingly famous for his writings and speeches to the people
of his community but specifically for his collection of writings into one work of art
titled, I Write What I Like.
The important facts that are relevant to an examination of the study of Steve
Biko are as follows. Stephen Bantu Biko (Steve Biko) was born in King Williamstown,
South Africa, what is now considered Eastern Cape Province, on December 18, 1946.
From an early age, he was interested in anti-Apartheid politics. Being politically active
at a young age, Biko was expelled from his high school for his activism against
African apartheid. Later he enrolled into a Roman Catholic boarding school in Natal.
After graduating from high school, he attended the University of Natal Medical
School, where he became active with the National Union of South African Students
but later resigned. This organization was an important force for liberalism in South
3
Bennis Warren, “What is the Difference Between Management and Leadership” The Wall Street Journal, 2014, <
http://guides.wsj.com/management/developing-a-leadership-style/what-is-the-difference-betweenmanagement-and-leadership/>.
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Africa in which their motto included non-racialism and non-sexism as they advocated
for the improvement of black citizens’ rights. In 1968, Stephen co-founded the South
African Students’ Organization (SASO). This organization consisted of a body of
South African students who resisted apartheid through political action, but not
physically, which played a major role in the newly forming Black Consciousness
Movement (BCM). Biko then became the president of SASO in 1969. In 1972, he was
expelled again from the University of Natal due to his increasing political activism.
That same year, Biko co-founded another black activist group, the Black People’s
Convention (BPC), and became the group’s leader. This group became the product of
three imperatives. First, black students were tired of the hypocrisy of white liberal
university students of apartheid in South Africa. Second, blacks were undermining
sexists divide and rule by white racialist settler-colonial governments since 1910.
Lastly, young people globally were taking their part in the international radical
militancy of the mid and late sixties.
Many have defined blacks as those who are discriminated against, as a group in
the South African society in which they are a component in the struggle towards the
realization of their aspirations. They are also known for being the member of a darkskinned people especially one of African ancestry4. Being black is not a matter of
pigmentation but is a reflection of a mental attitude. By simply describing yourself are
black, you beginning a road towards freedom and acceptance. Black Consciousness is
the realization by the black man of the need to assemble together with others around
the cause of oppression and to operate as a group to get rid themselves the restraints
that drag them to everlasting servitude. Black consciousness also seeks to infuse the
black community with a pride in themselves, their efforts, value systems, cultures, and
religions. Stephen Biko believed that the future of South Africa was a case where
blacks adopted Black Consciousness. The purpose of the Black Consciousness
Movement was to give further implication about what it meant to be black to the
white community. During the rise of the Black Consciousness Movement, Stephen
Biko did not feel the need to proclaim himself as a leader but simply stood in the
background and played a backroom role. This not only shows that he was willing to
learn but was able to gain experience and prior knowledge from being a part of
different organizations rather than jumping to become a leader while taking full
control.
Donald James Woods a white South African journalist, close friend of Biko,
and anti-apartheid activist wrote a book titled Biko: The True Story of the Young
South African Martyr and his Struggle to Raise Black Consciousness. In this book,
Woods exposes the murder of Biko as he wrote this book in defiance of a
4
Stephen Biko, “The Definition of Black Consciousness by Bantu Stephen Biko” South African History Online:
Towards a People’s History, 2001 < http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/definition-black-consciousnessbantu-stephen-biko>.
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government banning order and writings about Biko. He recaptures the moments of
Biko’s vivid, brilliant, and charismatic short career whose death became a symbol of
Black Consciousness. This story also is the story of a friendship that thrives between
these two men despite a system that was determined to keep them separate and
unequal. Woods states in his narration5:
He was a statesman, in that sense of the word in which it is applied to
Abraham Lincoln, having that breadth of vision and that wider
comprehension of the affairs of men and nations that is conveyed to the
listener through more than mere words. He could impart understanding.
He could enable one to share his vision and he could do so with an
economy of words because he seemed to communicate ideas almost
physically. (Woods 70)
Not only was Biko a charismatic leader but also was able to create change
within his community before given the title of a leader. From founding the Black
Consciousness Movement, which empowered and mobilized much of the urban black
population, Biko gained informational and expert power. In this,
he was able to result from access to and from his followers and
had control over the distribution of important information
necessary for his vision. He was also able to define himself as
powerful and heroic based on his possession of expertise valued
by others with similar knowledge and skills.
After Steve Biko’s tragic death in in the Pretoria prison
cell, South Africa, on September 12, 1977, many speeches and
lectures have been delivered in commemoration of Biko’s life.
One speech in particular given at the University of Cape Town
by Professor Ben Okri was titled, “Biko and the Tough Alchemy
of Africa”. In this speech, he memorialized the life and death of Biko and celebrated
his courage to take on these leadership qualities as a political activist. He stated, “Your
struggle highlighted to us the meaning of justice”.6 Steve Biko was a massive role in
the struggle against South Africa’s white minority rule and its most famous martyr. A
martyr is someone who is killed because of his or her religious or other beliefs. His
struggles focused on making people responsible for their own liberation. In one of his
selected writings of I Write What I Like, Biko writes about the ways in which Blacks
can gain justice again. He says,
The first step therefore is to make the black man come to himself; to
pump back life into his empty shell; to infuse him with pride and dignity,
to remind him of his complicity in the crime of allowing himself to be
5
Donald Woods, Biko: The True Story of the Young South African Martyr and his struggle to raise Black
Consciousness (Canada: Fizhenry & Whiteside Limited, 1979) 70.
6
Okri, Ben. “Biko and the Tough Alchemy of Africa.” 2012 University of Cape Town. Cape Town, South Africa. 18
April 2014
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Thomoya Parris
misused and therefore letting evil reign supreme in the country of his
birth. This is the definition of ‘Black Consciousness’7. (Biko 29)
Throughout Steve Biko’s life, he delivered different speeches as well as
organized many boycotts and strikes on university campuses. All of these speeches
included information about the Black Consciousness Movement. In one of his
speeches, he says, “Black people will continue to be poor if we have a change of face
of those in governing positions.”8 Steve Biko believed that South Africa was able to
form one liberation and that blacks that were dedicated to the movement can affect
the greater result of their community and themselves. Since Black Consciousness is
the political and cultural philosophy employed by blacks in South Africa in effort to
shake off shackles of mental oppression, Biko believed that through state
participation, there would be a better distribution of wealth, in which this became his
future of South Africa. In 1973, Steve Biko was banned by the apartheid government.
Under the “ban”, he was restricted from his hometown of Kings Williams Town in
the Eastern Cape. This meant that he could no longer support the specific
organizations but was able to continue working for the Black People’s Convention.
He could not speak to more than one person at a time or speak to his peers in public,
and could not write publicly or speak with the media. This resulted in him secretly
holding meetings with the fellow members of these organizations. Through this, he
helped set up the Zimele Trust Fund, which assisted political prisoners and their
families, the Njwaxa Leather-Works Project, and the Ginsberg Education Fund. Each
of these funds became based on the notion of self-reliance. In spite of the repression
of the apartheid government, Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement played a
significant role in organizing the protests which culminated in the Soweto uprising of
1976. In the aftermath of the uprising, which was met by the security forces, the
authorities began to target Biko further and individually because he was seen as a
threat to the governmental officials.
On August 18, 1997, Biko was arrested at a police roadblock under the
Terrorism Act No. 83 of 19679. This act was proposed to facilitate the governments
fight against “terrorists”, but police used the law to pursue and prosecute various
organizations and individuals who resisted its state control. After being arrested under
this act, Biko was taken into interrogation for over twenty hours and was tortured
with beatings to the head resulting in a coma. He suffered a major head injury while in
police custody while traveling to the jail. Biko was pronounced dead shortly upon
arrival at the Pretoria prison on September 12, 1997. The police claimed his death was
the result of an extended hunger strike, but was really because of the beatings. Once
7
Stephen Biko, I Write What I Like (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978) 29.
Biko, Stephen. “Speaks on the Black Consciousness Movement.” Speech. 23 November 2009. YouTube. 20 April
2014.
9
Cohen, Johnathan. “1967 Terrorism Act, NO. 83 of 1967.” South African History Online: towards a people’s
history. <http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/1967-terrorism-act-no-83-1967> (16 April 2014).
8
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evidence was proven that this was not true, in 2003, the South African justice ministry
announced that the police officers accused of killing Biko would not be prosecuted
because the time limit for prosecution elapsed. This became evident of the struggles
of Black Consciousness and their fight against the major white race. The brutal
circumstances of Biko’s death caused a worldwide outcry all throughout Africa and he
became a martyr and symbol of black resistance to the oppressive Apartheid regime,
in which he was slaughtered because of his own beliefs.
Steve Biko was a strong character and believed that he could help fight
apartheid by being free in the mind first through education and gaining knowledge.
From having the ability to lead others and becoming involved in various activities and
organizations, he was able to influence his followers and quickly develop the skill and
the will to free his people through mental, physical, and social freedom. While using
democratic leadership behavioral styles in his work ethic, he was persistent and
continued to look for a solution to help his fellow people. Biko had the ability to not
give a hand to his followers but to empower and teach them to be self-reliant and
strong. Having a good educational background and understanding of the apartheid
government at such a young age, he stayed focused and continued through life with a
vision and continued to draw attention to one task at a time rather than trying to take
hold of different things and losing focus on the major enemy.
Although many South Africans praise Biko for being charismatic and goal
oriented, he also obtained weaknesses. Biko became so concentrated in the Black
Consciousness Movement that he overlooked one of his main goals, which was
fighting apartheid. Some may argue that his fight against apartheid did not include
Indians and colored students but only those of African descent, which can be
considered discrimination. Some of Biko’s philosophes were described as radical in
whom he believed that blacks should not rely on any help or assistance from whites.
Even though Steve Biko was described as a martyr, some of his weaknesses
slowed down the progress of achieving his goal efficiently and quickly when it came
to uniting other races to fight apartheid. The reason why Biko resigned from the
National Union of South Africa was due to the dominance of white liberals who failed
to represent blacks, Indians and colored students, but his fight against apartheid did
not include them either therefore he didn’t have much support from these
communities. His philosophes were also described as radical because he believed that
blacks should not rely on any help or assistance from the whites and continued to
push forward the idea of withdrawing any partnerships with white groups rather than
working together to come up with a compromise.
Steve Biko’s leadership style can be easily compared to the leadership qualities
of Monster Slayer, Gandhi, and Adolf Hitler. Steve Biko like the great leaders like
Gandhi saw the need to fight for freedom through non-violent means. He also
realized that in order to restore black consciousness one must fight the psychological
liberation as well as the physical.
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Monster slayer10 is a story about three characters who are Monster Slayer, his
father the Sun God, and the mother known as the Changing Woman. The facts that
are relevant in examination of this subject are that Monster slayer wanted to kill
monsters but he was not strong enough to kill them because he was a young
adolescent. In order to achieve this goal, he needed the strength but still could not kill
all the monsters. His father decided to assist him so he gave him weapons in which he
was now strong enough to kill these monsters. In the end, Monster Slayer decided not
to kill all the monsters but leave some so that others can kill them in the future. This
was an example of the circle of life in which is applied to individuals and corporations.
In life and business corporations there is a process called the “S” curve. This curve
describes the process of being born, starting to grow, maturing into an adult, and then
dying. Its meaning is that in life leaders have to spot the inflection point and jump
into doing something different rather than continuing with the same problems. From
this study, leaders can learn that in life monsters are problems. Leaders have problems
in life that must be attacked and fixed. Therefore, effective leadership is a question of
how to attack those problems. In order to attack these problems, training is required
and cannot be done alone. To attack these
monsters, a leader needs weapons, and these
weapons
include
alliances,
education,
experience and knowledge.
At a young age, Steve Biko was well into
politics and decided that something needed to
be done in order to fight against the apartheid
in South Africa. Like in the Monster Slayer case
study, Steve Biko’s “monsters” he wished to
fight were acts of apartheid for his people against the white race. In order to fight
these monsters and create change, he needed weapons to successfully win and make
change for the better of his followers. These weapons included his education and
knowledge of the task. Throughout Biko’s life, he was involved with different
organizations that found to achieve the same goal as his, so with this he was able to
gain more insight on what the issue was and came up with ways to solve these issues.
Biko’s family stressed the importance of an education from an early age because it was
easy for someone like him to become discouraged about life and become the epitome
of the stereotype, which was set in stone in society. Steve Biko can certainly be
compared to Monster Slayer because they both were strategic in their decision making
in which they both sought out choices to how their problems can be solved.
Leadership is the ability to influence and motivate others at every level in which the
10
Hartwick Humanities in Management Institute, Monster Slayer, Oneonta, NY: Hartwick Humanities in
Management Institute. 1995. Print.
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ultimate goal is to create change. Both Steve Biko and the Monster Slayer, become
essential to this school of thought on the qualities of effective leadership.
Steve Biko’s leadership qualities can also be compared to the leadership
qualities of Mahatma Gandhi. In order to understand the study of Gandhi, it is first
important to discuss the background history leading to his leadership decisions.
Mahatma Gandhi was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled
India in 191511. During this time, India was trying to gain economic independence
from Britain due to mistreatment. Not only was Gandhi a leader to the Indians by
leading them to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom
across the world, but he was also a leader in South Africa. Being the leader of these
movements, Gandhi chose to make certain choices in which he thought would benefit
his people and create change. These choices included and were focused on civil
disobedience. Gandhi decided to fight against the British with non-violent actions.
These actions included the Swadeshi movement and his reaction to the Salt tax. The
Swadeshi movement was the act of the Indians stopping the purchasing of British
textiles, and in return producing their own. This was an act of leadership because he
was able to be creatively deviant in which he thought outside the box rather than
using physical force against the enemy. During the 1900s, the British decided to place
a tax on India against salt because they opposed the partition of India. Instead of
Gandhi immediately reacting to this issue physically, he decided to dry up salt water
also as a form of creative deviance. Not only did these actions against Britain help
gain the independence of India, but it also revealed that Gandhi was able to be
successful for not physically fighting but for fighting intellectually.
During the rise of Black Consciousness, Steve Biko was highly involved in
political affairs. Like Gandhi, he was able to be in front of the protests and not the
back to prove that he was capable of setting the example and going out to fight
against the enemy with his knowledge. Biko was also successful, in comparison to
Mahatma Gandhi, for being able to identify the weak point of the person in front and
doing whatever means necessary to create change for his followers. Not only did both
Gandhi and Biko use civil disobedience to attack the enemy, but he also looked
through the fog of war in which he decided to be creative and think outside the box.
During the fight against apartheid, Steve Biko used strategic retreat as his means of
fighting. As he participated in various marches, non-violent protests, and speeches, he
was able to communicate his vision and objective to the people. Biko ended up
gaining many followers because of his strong leadership skills and willingness to die
for his people because of his loyalty and respect to his beliefs.
Finally, Steve Biko’s leadership assets and qualities can also be compared to the
leadership qualities of Adolf Hitler. In order to understand the leadership qualities of
11
Hartwick Humanities in Management Institute, Gandhi, Oneonta, NY: Hartwick Humanities in Management
Institute. 1995. Print.
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Adolf Hitler, it is first essential to examine the background history of the time period
he became a leader. At the end of World War II12, Germany lost the war so Woodrow
Wilson of the United States came forward with the Treaty of Versailles. This treaty
insisted that Germany must pay for all the damages it had done during the war. From
this agreement, Germany became bankrupt with a high level of unemployment. Not
only did this treaty create a system of chaos in Germany, but it also led to the rise of
Hitler’s power. During his rise in power, he was able to construct the idea of getting
rid of the Jews and decided that Germany needed more living space. Some lessons to
be learned from Hitler were that he was absolutely charismatic. With his charisma, he
was able to speak to his followers and get them on board to follow his ideas. He also
had a sense of mission in which influenced the empowerment of the German people.
Although he made immoral mistakes, and was a ruthless person in whom he always
wanted to be superior, he was not able to modulate the distress of his people because
he pushed his ideas too far. Though he may not seem as a virtuous leader, he was
successful in his tactics because he was able to deliver a message, seduce his audience,
and manage a situation of stress at the end of World War II.
Some may argue that Steve Biko can be compared to Hitler because of his
unwillingness to think of everyone as equal during the fight against apartheid.
Although this may be true, both leaders were not important solely because of this
assumption. They are both similar because they each are known for being good
speakers as well as being able to deliver a message to their followers. Steve biko was
persistent and was always looking for solutions while in comparison to Hitler; he was
also persistent in his military operations, which made him a powerful and influential
leader. As they both, had a vision and were determined to accomplish their goals,
these leadership qualities are what make an effective leader.
Based on the above facts and analysis, one can arrive at the following possible
opinions that it can be concluded that the death of Steve Biko left a vacuum.
However, on the positive side, many youths have reached a level of Black
Consciousness about the fight of blacks in apartheid in South Africa that could not be
ignored, which Biko did not let happen. Although expectations in White circles
believed that the death of Biko would signal the end of resistance, the struggle against
apartheid instead escalated as political activism increased. The role played by Stephen
Biko and his colleagues in the Black Consciousness Movement, as well as in the fight
for South African’s freedom cannot be under-estimated. His life reflected the
aspirations of many frustrated young black intellectuals. Nevertheless, when he died,
he became a martyr and symbol of Black Nationalism, as his struggle focused on the
attention of the critical world.
12
Hartwick Humanities in Management Institute, Adolf Hitler, Oneonta, NY: Hartwick Humanities in Management
Institute. 1995. Print.
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The best tribute to pay to Biko is to fight to realize his vision of what it means
to be free intellectually and physically in the mind. Biko is the definition of a leader
and provides evidence of what it means to be handed the title of a leader because of
his strong intellects and wisdom for the fight for freedom against apartheid. Not only
does this make him an informal leader but also a leader of charisma and
determination. Nevertheless, his vision to free blacks in South Africa against
apartheid, he saw the role of doing nothing more but end the apartheid regime. Biko
writes,
Black Consciousness is an attitude of mind and a way of life, the most
positive call to emanate from the world for a long time. Its essence is the
realization by the black man of the need to rally together with his
brothers around the cause of their oppression—the blackness of their
skin—and to operate as a group in order to rid themselves of the
shackles that bind them to perpetual servitude”13. (Biko 92)
As a community education leader and activist, he spelt out of the kind of role
that activists like himself played within the black community. Even after his death,
Biko has become a pioneer of the Black Consciousness in which his unshaken stance
against apartheid inspired the hope of freedom among
Africans. Not only was Biko instrumental in setting
some wheels in motion to achieve his goal, he helped
contribute to improving the lives of his people and
community.
Steve Biko has left a legacy of positive thought,
social consciousness, and responsibility and a belief in
the positive identity that everyone should have about them. A fact that is overlooked
often is that he was 23 years old when he developed his thinking, ideas, and vision
about black consciousness. He not only devoted his time to his ideas, but also worked
with fellow friends and students who helped him gather this intellectual cell. Biko
being young and able to transform the Black Consciousness Movement proves to
other leaders that age does not define what you are capable of accomplishing. It
merely shows that it requires work, time, patience, weapons, and the help of others.
Out of this intellectual cell, a movement developed along the lines of similar social
change and revolutionary knowledgeable movements. Not only is Biko worth further
study on, but because of his leadership style and tactics, he is worth following for
further guidance and insight.
Biko did not possess wealth of resources and financial backing to attract others,
but used his charisma and public speaking skills to get fellow Africans to follow him.
His ability to read was also an asset he possessed. Understanding the politics of
decolonization in Africa helped him be able to attack the enemy based off prior
13
Stephen Biko, I Write What I Like (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978) 92.
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knowledge. Steve Biko once said, “It is better to die for an idea that will live, than to
live for an idea that will die.” From this report, it is evident to prove that effective
leadership is completed without easy answers.
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