The Hydropower Workers’ Song
Heave! Ho!
Heave!
Heave, ah Heave!
Ho! Heave!
Heave, ah
Cut the mount, split the ridge, 1000 mountains, 10,000 rivers
Our footprints, the iron dragon rolls, transmitting light;
Let burning ambition illuminate Heaven and Earth, cherish the
majestic hydropower!
Man, winds, and rains, how many springtimes of lofty sentiment
Written on the great Earth; ‘tis the springtime of hydropower
The heavens ablaze with color, la! la!
We’re a new generation, a new generation of hydropower workers,
a new generation
Our achievements endure a thousand years, good for the country,
good for the people
Morning is coming
Bringing the people an undying star!
The four seas are our home, we work night and day, seeking
brilliance
Our spirits, iron and steel our army, tenaciously advancing;
Let the Jade Emperor above be struck with awe, pleased with the
tribute of hydropower
Man, hot blood forged into rivers, bold science and technology
Creating a glorious industry, from the high ridges come plains
The waters reflecting white clouds, la!
A new generation of hydro workers, bringing fortune to the
fatherland, to the people
The march of modernized construction brings the people an
undying star
Morning!
1
Substations and
Subregions
Large-scale hydropower and local
development in Yunnan and southwest China
Darrin Magee, Ph.D.
dmagee@u.washington.edu
2
Presentation Outline

Regional Development: Yunnan peripheral,
Yunnan central




Details of Yunnan hydropower projects
Decision-making & institutional challenges




Economic, political, and cultural marginality
Centrality to regional development policies
Protection vs. Development
Civil Society vs. Control
Water Law vs. Bureaucratic Inertia
Suggestions for further research
3
Centrality and Marginality
Development Frameworks and Major
Energy Infrastructure Projects
4
Regional Development: Domestic

Western Development Strategy (西部大开发)



Attempt to address coastal bias of reform era
Emphases on transportation, power, & industry
Pan-Pearl River Delta (凡珠三角)



2004 Discussion Forum and Trade Negotiations
on Greater Pearl River Delta Cooperation &
Development
Nine provinces from Fujian to Yunnan, plus
Macao and Hong Kong (“9+2 Region”)
China Southern Power Grid (南方电网)
5
RD 1: China’s “West”
Yunnan
6
Go West, Young Han?

Viewpoints on Western Development range
from critical to optimistic



“Internal colonisation”
Further entrenchment and legitimacy for
longstanding patterns of resource extraction
or…
Real concern on behalf of Beijing leadership to
seek more balanced development and address
~10:1 east/west gaps in per capita GDP
7
Western Development Strategy






Official launch in 2000
Centerpiece of 10th FYP (2001-2005)
Increased direct fiscal transfers to west, along with
favorable loan terms for infrastructure projects
Some critics argue that further subsidies are not the
answer, call for new methods for financing capitalintensive projects (e.g., securities markets)
Basic infrastructure, “ecological construction”
Uncertainty about policies, but certainty that western
resources play a key role
8
Key Projects (announced in 2000)
Project
Location
Ningxia-Tibet Railway
Ningxia Province to Tibet
Chongqing-Huaihua Railway
Chongqing Municipality to Huaihua City
Western regions road construction
Various areas
Western regions airport construction
Various areas
Chongqing light rail
Chongqing Municipality
Sebei-Xining-Lanzhou gas pipeline
Qinghai Province, Gansu Province
Qinghai 300,000-ton potash fertilizer factory
Qinghai Province
Grain-for-Green project
Various areas
Higher education basic infrastructure
Various areas
Zipingpu Water Conservancy
Sichuan
中国西部开发大事记 (2003)
9
Electricity & Western Development

Send Western Electricity East (西电东送)


Send Yunnan Power to Guangdong (滇电粤送)


Among second set of major Western Development
projects prioritized in 2001
Ultra-high-voltage DC transmission lines (800 kV)
expected by 2010, aimed at reducing voltage losses
resulting from long-distance transmission
Send Yunnan Electricity Outward (云电外送)

Contract negotiations since late 1990s for power
sales to Thailand and later Vietnam
10
China’s Hydro Bases: Baker’s Dozen?
Northeast
11,983
U. Yellow
16,364.3
Yarlung
20,100
N. Yellow
6,408
Dadu
17,720
Jinsha
59,080
Wu R.
10,615
U. Yangtze
28,897
Min-Zhe
14,871
Nu
30,000
Huxi
7,735
Lancang
21,470
Nanpan/Red
12,012
11
Money for Megawatts


Guangdong investment in infrastructure to
support power transfers
Early 1990s…



2.39 B Yuan for Yunnan and Guangxi power
stations
35 M Yuan in design and planning work for
Xiaowan Dam on the Lancang
Guangdong currently receives 30-40% of
power from external sources
12
(Mis)perceived synergy?



Guangdong peak power demand occurs
during summer
Yunnan’s peak hydropower generation output
occurs during monsoon season (summer!)
yet…
Need for flood control is also highest during
times of peak runoff into rivers (summer!)
13
Three west-east corridors (通道)
Northern Corridor
From: Yalong Tsangpo
& Yellow
To: Capital area
Beijing /
Tianjin area
Middle Corridor
From: Jinsha/Upper Yangtze
To: Shanghai area
Southern Corridor
Shanghai /
Zhejiang /
Jiangsu area
Guangdong / PRD
From: Lancang/Nu
To: Guangdong area
14
RD 2: Pan-Pearl River Delta (PPRD)
PPRD Region
Pearl River Delta
15
PPRD & China Southern Power Grid


Severe power outages in Guangdong in
2003; PPRD created in 2004, with power
transfers as a key component
Creation of new regions such as PPRD
legitimize and naturalize certain policies and
investment patterns
16
PPRD Initiatives
Topic
Key Initiatives
Industry investment and basic infrastructure
Science and technology, west-east electricity
transmission, interprovincial highway
construction
Market construction
Quality control, commodity prices, intellectual
property, enterprise collaboration, market
oversight, trademark protection
Agriculture
Agricultural technology, trade, key agro-industry
promotion, specialized products,
standardization of production bases, quality
supervision and control
Regional environmental protection
Air quality monitoring in delta area, environmental
monitoring network and reporting over PPRD
area
Tourism, labor, science, education, culture,
sanitation, and health
Tourism cooperation, educational exchange and
resource sharing; food and medication
security; infectious disease prevention and
reporting
Create a convenient platform for information
exchange and a PPRD information network
Information network interlinking and maintenance
for government offices; website management
groups
Source: PPRD Office (2005)
17
Yunnan Electricity to Guangdong


Pan-Pearl River Delta
Core: Guangdong’s Pearl River Delta
PPRD Region
Pearl River Delta
18
Generation in the Southern Grid
Yunnan Guizhou
Guangxi
Guangdong
Total
No. of Dams
145
81
56
41
323
Installed Capacity (MW)
88,200
14,663
14,515
2,680
20,058
Annual Output (Billion
kWh)
437.3
65.64
64.4
9.68
577.07
Output as % of 4Province Total
75.6
11.4
11.2
1.7
Population (millions)
41.457
36.646
46.74
71.30
196.14
Per capita output
(MWh/person)
10.55
1.79
1.38
0.136
2.94
Source: (Ji & Duan, 2001)
19
Thematic Map of Power
Consumption
Data source: China Electric Power Yearbook Editorial Committee (Ed.) (2005)
20
Yunnan: Guangdong’s Powershed?




2001-2005, some 24 B kWh sent from
Yunnan to Guangdong, even while rolling
blackouts affected Yunnan
1993-2004, increase in dedicated generation
capacity from 300 to 1800 MW
Much of Lancang (Mekong) cascade capacity
will be for Guangdong
Yunnan likely to become sole supplier in near
future based on growing demand in Guangxi
21
Why “Powershed”?




Obvious analogy to watershed; space over
which a resource is collected/concentrated
Underscores the fact that Yunnan hydro is not
simply a Yunnan issue, and that familiar
scalar analytics like provinces fail to capture
the dynamics of interprovincial power transfers
Challenges comfortable rural-urban dichotomy
Opens door for simultaneous examination of
political economic power relations
22
Making the connection: grid linking




Southern Grid: Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi,
Hainan, Guangdong
110-kV, 220-kV, 500-kV, and 800-kV (2010)
transmission lines coexisting in porous grid
Southern Grid and China Power Grid (中国南
方电网和中国电网) both formerly housed
under the Ministry of Electric Power; split off
in 2002
Goal to create national grid by ~2015
23
Challenges to grid interlinking


Differing voltages necessitate step-down or
step-up stations (调度站)
Numerous local, low-voltage grids across
Yunnan (and other provinces)



Some in poor areas with little or no infrastructure
Some in rich areas with sufficient infrastructure
and little incentive (at present) to interconnect
Debate about national grid architecture

网对网 (grid to grid) vs 点对网 (point to grid)
24
Regional Development: International

Mekong River Commission (湄公河委员会)




Greater Mekong Subregion (大湄公河次区域)



Half-century history; re-established in 1995
Entrenched perception of “MRC vs China”
Little incentive for China to join, yet some recent
progress in technical cooperation
Launched by Asian Development Bank in 1992
Seen as less of a political challenge than MRC
ASEAN (东盟)
25
GMS: Naturalizing the Subregion
Yunnan
Myanmar
5 nation-states, one
province-state; call
for inclusion of
second Chinese
province (Guizhou),
but not Tibet
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Cambodia
GMS
26
GMS: Power, transport, tourism, trade


First transborder power sales from Yunnan to
Vietnam via Hekou/Lao Cai in fall 2004
Second GMS leaders summit held in
Kunming in July 2005


Agreements on electrical grid development and
interconnection, trans-border movement of people
and goods, disease prevention, etc.
Within Yunnan, GMS construct frequently
deployed as justification for infrastructure
investments (cf. Tibet)
27
GMS Projects










Agriculture
Energy
Environment
Human Resources
Investment
Telecom
Tourism
Trade
Transport
Multisector
Second GMS Leaders Summit in Kunming,
July 2005
28
GMS Transportation Loans to PRC
12/2004 Loan 2116: Dali-Lijiang Railway
9/2004 Loan 2094: Guangxi Roads Development Project II
10/2003 Loan 2014: Western Yunnan Roads Development Project
10/2001 Loan 1851: Guangxi Roads Development Project
9/1994 Loan 1325: Yunnan Expressway
29
GMS Transportation (partial)
3/2006 RETA 6310: Development Study on GMS North-South Economic Corridor
12/2005 TA 4742: GMS Northern Transport Network Improvement
9/2005 TA 4657: Preparing the Railway Development Project (Yunnan-Yuxi
Mengzi Railway)
8/2005 RETA 6251: GMS Rehabilitation of the Railway in Cambodia
3/2005 RETA 6235: GMS Southern Coastal Corridor
12/2004 RETA 6227: Coordinating for GMS: North-South Economic Corridor
Bridge Project (formerly Third Mekong Bridge)
12/2004 RETA 6228: Facilitating Cross-Border Trade and Investment in the GMS
10/2004 RETA 6193: GMS Infrastructure Connections in Northern Laos (SSTA);
RETA 6195: GMS Transport Sector Strategy Study
12/2002 TA 4050: Prep Kunming-Haiphong Transport Corridor Project-Viet Nam
30
GMS Regional Power Trade (RPT)
1/2006 RETA 6304: GMS RPT Coordination & Development; Also RETA 6301:
Developing the GMS Energy Sector Strategy
3/2004 RETA 4323: TA to the Lao PDR for Preparing the GMS: Nam Theun 2
(NT2) Hydropower Development Project- Phase II
12/2003 RETA 6147: Preparing the GMS Power Interconnection Phase I
1/2003 TA 4078: GMS: Cambodia Preparing the Power Distribution and GMS
Transmission Project
11/2002 RETA 6100: TA to Study a GMS RPT Operating Agreement
7/2000 RETA 5920: Regional Indicative Master Plan on Power Interconnection
7/1999 RETA 3222: Se San 3 Hydropower – Viet Nam
7/1997 RETA 2926: Nam Ngum 500 kV Transmission – Lao PDR
8/1996 RETA 5697: Se Kong-Se San & Nam Theun Basins Hydro Dev Study
9/1995 RETA 5643: Subregional Electric Power Forum
31
Transboundary power sales



Power sold to Vietnam at higher tariff than to
Guangdong or elsewhere in China
Transboundary transmissions to Vietnam currently
occur over low-voltage (110-kV) lines, but plans
underway to complete 220-kV circuit to Vietnam by
late 2006 and 500-kV circuit to Thailand via Laos
Late 1990s negotiations between Thailand and
Yunnan for joint investment in dams along with
power purchase agreements; yet loud criticisms
within Thailand of “Chinese” dams
32
Water to Watts
Details of Lancang (Mekong) and Nu
(Salween) hydropower development
33
River as Power Source


Major push underway since mid-1980s to develop
large-scale hydropower on Yunnan’s rivers
Lancang-Mekong



Nu-Salween





4800 km long (1200 in YN)
6 countries
2800 km long (600 in YN)
3 countries
Jinsha-Chang-Yangtze
Concern over impacts
Great uncertainty
Manwan Dam
34
Project Details
Yunnan
Guangdong
35
Background: Hydropower Potential


China has half the world’s large1 dams (20K)
TGP: 18,200 MW installed capacity






Hoover Dam: 2,067 MW
Grand Coulee: 6,809 MW
Columbia River: 24,149 MW
Lancang (Mekong) cascade: 16,150 MW
Nu (Salween) cascade: 21,320 MW
Concerns about downstream impacts and
resettlement of thousands of villagers
1. WCD: >15 m high; China: >250 MW
36
Regional Power Consumption Trends
14000000
12000000
10000000
10,000 kWh
Yunnan
8000000
Guangdong
Fujian
Shanghai
6000000
Tianjin
Beijing
4000000
2000000
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year
37
Urban Power Consumption Trends
Urban Electricity Consumption
Terawatt-hours (TWh)
30
25
Guangzhou
20
Shenzhen
15
Dongguan
10
Kunming
5
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year
38
Power Consumption by Region
6000
100 M kWh
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
2002
2001
2000
0
N
1999
NE
E
SC
1995
SW
NW
39
Middle & Lower Lancang Cascade
Dam Name
Installed
Capacity
(MW)
Annual
Output
(Twh)
Start Date
End Date
Dam
Height
(m)
(Est.) Cost
(Billion Yuan)
Reservoir
Volume
(billion m3)
Gongguoqiao
功果桥a
750
4.060
2006-2007
2010-2015
130
3.8
0.51
Xiaowan
小湾b
4,200
18.89
January 2002
2012
292
22.3 to 27.7
15.13
Manwan
漫湾c
1,500
7.805
May 1986
1995
132
3.4d
1.06
Dachaoshan
大朝山e
1,350
6.70
August 1997
October 2003
120.5
8.9
0.88
Nuozhadu
糯扎渡b
5,850
23.684*
End of 2005
2017
260
35.3
22.74
Jinghong
景洪b
1,750
7.931
2004
2009-2013
107
17
1.23
Ganlanba
橄榄坝a
150
0.899
?
?
?
0.6
?
Mengsong
勐宋a
600
2.888
?
?
65
2.2
?
40
Lancang (Mekong) River
澜沧江
41
Xiaowan Dam Site


292 m tall
~25 B Yuan (~ $3B US)
42
Middle & Lower Nu Cascade
Dam Name
Installed
Capacity
(MW)
Annual Output
(Twh)
Songta 松塔
4,200
Bingzhongluo 丙中洛
Start Date
(Est)
End Date (Est)
Dam Height
(m)
(Est.) Cost (Billion
Yuan)
17.87
2006-2007
2020-2030
307
19.7
1,600
8.34
?
2020-2030
54.5
5.2
Maji 马吉
4,200
18.97
2006-2007
2015-2020
300
18.5
Lumadeng 鹿马登
2,000
10.09
?
2020-2030
165
9.1
Fugong 福贡
400
1.98
?
2020-2030
60
2.3
Bijiang 碧江
1,500
1.18
?
2015-2020
71.4
5.9
Yabiluo 亚碧罗
1,800
9.06
2006-2007
2015-2020
133
6.0
Lushui 泸水
2,400
12.74
?
2015-2020
175
8.8
Liuku 六库
180
0.76
2006-2007
2015-2020
35.5
0.9
Shitouzai 石头寨
440
2.29
?
2020-2030
59
2.3
Saige 赛格
1,000
5.37
2006-2007
2015-2020
79
3.6
Yansangshu 岩桑树
1,000
5.2
?
2015-2020
84
4.4
Guangpo 光坡
600
3.15
?
2020-2030
58
2.9
43
Nu (Salween) River
怒江
44
Institutional Challenges
I: Environmental Impact Assessment
Law vs. “Development First” Paradigm
45
Development vs. Protection





Middle & Lower Nu River Hydropower Planning
Report submitted to the NDRC in July 2003
Environmental Assessment Law promulgated in
September 2003. Nu River (Upper Salween) widely
seen as a test case for “teeth” of law and
enforcement capabilities of State Environmental
Protection Administration (SEPA)
March 2004: Call for suspension of Nu projects
November 2004: Lancang EIA meeting held, but
closed to public
October 2006: Minister of Water Resources Wang
Shucheng calls Nu projects “predatory development”
46
Projects halted due to EIA Law
Responsible Company
Project
Three Gorges Project Corp.
Jinsha R. Xiluodu Hydro Station (12600 MW)
Three Gorges Project Corp.
TGP Underground Power Gen. (4200 MW)
Three Gorges Project Corp.
TGP Power Supply station (100MW)*
Taicang Harbor Env. Prot. Power Gen. Co.
Jiangsu Taicang Harbor 4th stage 2×600MW exp.
Xuzhou Huaxin Power Gen. Co.
Jiangsu Xuzhou 2×300 MW exp.
Jiangsu Xutang Power Gen. Co.
Jiangsu Xutang 2×300 MW exp.
Jiangyin Sulong Power Gen. Co.
Jiangyinxia Harbor 2×330 MW exp.
Jiangsu Huadian Yangzhou Power Gen. Co.
Thermal power & heat supply 2×300MW
Xiamen Huaxia Int’l Electric Power Dev Co.
Xiamen Songyu Stn. 2nd Stage 2×300MW exp.
Baotou East China Thermal Power Co.
Thermal power & heat supply 2×300 MW
Qingyuan No. 1 Power Gen. Co.
Gansu Qingyuan Stn. 3rd Stage 2×300 MW exp.
Ningxia Power Generation Group Co.
Ningxia Maliantai Stn. 2×330 MW
Jiangsu Xinhai Power Gen. Co.
Jiangsu Xinhai 2×300 MW Power & Heat Supply Exp.
Datang Int’l Stock Co.
Zhejiang Datang Wushashan Stn. 4×600 MW
Inner Mongolia Huolin River Power Gen. Co.
Inner Mongolia Huolin 2×300 MW
47
Projects halted due to EIA Law (cont’d)
Responsible Company
Project
Qufu Shengcheng Thermal Power Co.
Qufu Shengcheng 2×200MW
Sichuan Electric Power Co.
Nanchong-Wanxian 500-kV transmission project
Sichuan Electric Power Co.
Guang’an-Nanchong 500-kV transmission project
Fujian Province Electric Power Co.
Fujian Power Grid Xiamen Hepu R. Transformer Stn. 500-kV power
conversion & transmission project
China Guodian Group
Ningxia Shizuishan 2×330 MW tech upgrade
China Huadian Group
Guizhou Dafang 4×300 MW
Guodian Xuanwei Power Generation Co.
Yunnan Xuanwei Stn. 7th Stage 2×300 MW exp.
Henan Zhongfu Industry Stock Co.
Henan Zhongfu 2×300 MW exp.
Inner Mongolia Xinfeng Thermal Power Co.
Xinfeng 2×300 MW power and heat supply
Inner Mong. Zhungeer Dafanpu Power Stn.
Dafanpu Power Stn. 2×300 MW
Nanjing Suyuan Thermal Power Co.
Suyuan Thermal Power Co. 2nd stage 2×300 MW power & heat supply
China Nat’l Petroleum & Natural Gas Co.
Lanzhou Petrochem Stock Co. 1.2 Megaton/year delayed coking project
Foshan Huafeng Paper Industries Co.
Upgrade to 300 kiloton/year high-grade paper project
Inner Mongolia Transportation Bureau
Portion of Dandong-Lhasa highway project
Fuzhou City Development & Reform Comm.
Fujian Min R. North Harbor Southside Flood Prev. Project and South R.
road construction project
48
Institutional Challenges
II: Civil society vs. Legal Regulations on
Organizations
49
Civil Society Organizations





Since late 1990s, increasing concern among NGOs
in downstream countries about impacts of Chinese
development of upstream waters
Strong anti-dam NGO community in Thailand; no
real analog in China
Complicated by transboundary power sales
More recent development of organizations mobilized
around environmental and cultural preservation
within China
“Safe” topics, but idea of non-state organizations
generally troubling to China’s leadership
50
Fine print: dual oversight





CSOs could formerly register with industrial or
commercial bureaucracy as “non-enterprise units”
Registration with the Ministry of Civil Affairs
Adoption by a professional bureaucracy (forestry,
agricultural, transportation, science and technology,
etc.) that agrees to oversee the organization
Theoretically, only one organization at any one
administrative level focused on same issue
Many (80%?) exist peacefully below regulatory radar
as long as focus of work is not considered sensitive
(eg. poverty alleviation)
51
Fine Print 2 (2005)




No longer allowed to register with industrial and
commerce bureaucracy as non-enterprise (or nonprofit) units; instead, MUST register with civil affairs
Law targeted unregistered organizations and those
with “social science”, “research center”, or “research
institute” in their names
Two-week deadline given for re-registration with civil
affairs administration
Case of Green Watershed and Yu Xiaogang
52
Institutional Challenges
III: Bureaucratic Jockeying vs. Water Law
53
Analysis of decision making

Decision making about hydropower.





Who is at the table?
What leverage do they have?
How is this changing?
Reforms in water and electricity sector since
mid-1990s have left many conflicts, overlaps,
and ambiguities
Process depends on perspective
54
Perspective 1: Hydro Companies



Formerly part of central ministry
Restructuring from 1996 to 2002 changed the
shape of hydropower development authorities,
but perhaps not the way they do business
Maintenance of direct connections to Energy
Bureau of NDRC, and State Council
55
Ministry to SOE to Stock Company
State Power Grid
Southern Power
Grid
China Huaneng
Grid Companies
China
Huadian
Ministry of
Electric Power
(<1998)
State Power
Corp. of China
(1998-2002)
China
Datang
Generation
Companies
China Power
Investment
Design
Companies
China
Guodian
China Power
Engineering
China Hydro
Consulting
Sinohydro
Corporation
China
Gezhouba Co.
56
Perspective 2: Basin Commission




CWRC: One of seven watershed
commissions that are neither local nor
national in administrative scope
50 years as technical agency; less than five
as an enforcement authority
Chicken and egg: comprehensive plan vs.
hydropower plan
Hydro leading planning; authority of CWRC
being skirted.
57
Watershed (Basin)
Commission prepares
comprehensive plan
Survey & Design
Institute(s)
Developer solicits
project pre-feasibility
study
Input from local gov’t &
central ministries
(forestry, transportation,
navigation, agriculture
water, SEPA)
Pre-feasibility study
approved by Basin
Commission
Survey & Design
Institute(s)
Decision-Making Process
from CWRC Perspective
Banks and other
financiers
Developer solicits
technical plan &
feasibility study
Feasibility study &
plan approved by
Basin Commission
Developer begins
work on project
(bidding, contracting)
Construction
Companies
Developer submits
project application
report
Survey & Design
Institute(s)
Potential
State
Council
Intervention
Basin Commission
approves project
application report
58
Developer makes initial
project proposal
Survey & Design
Institute(s)
NDRC approves
project concept
Developer prepares
detailed proposal
Input from local
governments
Input from local gov’t &
central ministries
(forestry, transportation,
navigation, agriculture
water, SEPA)
Decision-Making
Process from
Company Perspective
YDRC approves
detailed proposal
Survey & Design
Institute(s)
NDRC approves
detailed proposal
Developer submits
project application
Potential
State
Council
Intervention
NDRC approves
project application
Developer begins
work on project
(bidding, contracting)
Banks and other
financiers
Survey & Design
Institute(s)
Construction
Companies
59
Further Research
Water, Power, Economic Development,
Decision Making, Environmental and
Human Health
60
Science and Sustainability


大型水电 = 可再生能源 (large hydro =
renewable resource)
Frequent conflation of scientific development
sustainable development


Implication: If it’s “scientific,” it’s sustainable
Whose scientists produce the science?
61
Nu/Salween Hydropower Cascade



Key arguments that have brought large-scale
hydro into question
If Nu 13-dam cascade is cancelled,
implications for local development
Implications for pluralization of decisionmaking processes regarding natural resources
and local development
62
South-North Water Diversion

Three routes


Technical issues




Eastern, Central, Western
Pollution & human health impacts
Environmental impacts
High-altitude transfers
Jurisdictional issues


Basin commissions
Provincial D & R commissions
63
Small-scale hydropower

Often touted as benign alternative




Run-of-river vs. impoundment
Local and inexpensive technology
Minimal investment
Less oversight, more shortcuts




Approval at prefecture/city level or lower
Start first, approve later
Few controls on construction
Little incentive to integrate with grid
64