Anatomy and Physiology
2B Study Guide
Unit Test #l: The Nervous System
(This is not a complete list of all you need to know; however, it is a majority of
information)
You should be able to define, describe, and diagram the following:
I. The Nervous System: An Overview
Neuron: parts of the cell, function of each part, including axon hillock, axolemma,
Neurilemma, myelin and cells that produce this,
Neuroglia: astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells,
Satellite cells: what is the function of each? Primary tissue type? Location?
Types of neurons: multipolar, unipolar, and bipolar: sensory or motor? Location of each?
Number of dendrites? Number of axons?
Role of ions: calcium, sodium, potassium
Membrane potential and action potential
Axolemma vs. Neurilemma, ion concentrations across the resting membrane
Action potential: depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization,
Relative refractory vs. absolute refractory
Synapse: presynaptic membrane vs. postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitters. Vesicles.
Saltatory conduction
Myelin production
Effect of diameter on rate of nerve impulse transmission
Nerve fiber vs. Tracts
Connective tissue layers in a nerve
Organization of a nerve: fascicles, etc.
II. The CNS:
Know the embryonic origins of all parts of the brain and spinal cord.
Know the ventricles and CSF production.
Be able to trace the circulation of the CSF: spaces and connections between spaces.
Be able to describe the organization of the meninges around the brain and spinal cord.
Dura mater (septa): periosteal and meningeal dura
Falx Cerebri, Falx cerebelli, Diaphragma sellae, Tentorium cerebelli
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Be able to describe the cranial fossae in which the parts of the brain are located
Brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem,
Lobes, brain mapping, separations (e.g. Longitudinal fissure, etc.)
Structures and functions of diencephalons
Cortex, commissural tracts, association tracts, projection tracts
\.
Spinal Cord:
Anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, white columns and tracts, gray
Horns and commissural tracts
Cervical enlargement (brachial plexus) and lumbar enlargement (lumbosacral plexus)
Conus Medullaris
Cauda Equina
Denticulate ligament and Filum terminale
III. PNS:
Spinal nerves: organization
Brachial plexus: roots. Trunks, divisions, cords, Terminal branches
Muculocutaneous: area that is supplied, cord from which it arises
Median: same as above
Ulnar: same as above
Radial: same as above
Axillary: same as above
Lumbosacral plexus: how does the organization of the plexus differ from the
Brachial Plexus?
Femoral nerve:
Obturator nerve:
Sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve
Common fibular (peroneal)
Superficial branch
Deep branch
Cranial nerve: know the numerical designation, foramen through which it passes,
Innervation. Primary function (sensory. motor, or both)
Which have the autonomies?
Reflexes: which are monosynaptic? Which are polysynaptic? How many neurons?
Define the term "reflex". Ipsilateral? Contralateral?
Pyramidal Decussation
Patellar reflex, ankle jerk reflex, Photo pupillary reflex, Corneal reflex,
accommodation reflex: what is the sensory nerve? What is the motor nerve?
What are the receptors: Meissner’s, Pacinian, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ
Tracts: ascending vs. descending, sensory vs. motor. 2 neuron vs. 3 neuron
Corticospinal, Fasciculus Gracilis and Cuneatus, Spinothalamic: sensory?
Motor? Type of information conveyed? Somatic nervous system or ANS?
If ANS. sympathetic or parasympathetic
Where do the cross overs occur? Medulla? Point of exit?
.IV. ANS:
Somatic vs. Autonomic? (Thoracolumbar vs. Craniosacral)
Both are motor responses to a single sensory stimulus
All autonomic responses are visceral reflexes.
Is the structure or concept associated with the sympathetic?
Or parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Can you trace the possible pathways of an action potential throughout both portions of the
ANS from the pre- to the post-ganglionic synaptic events?
a. terminal ganglion
b. paravertebral ganglion
c. long preganglionic neuron; short postganglionic neuron
d. acetylcholine
e. short preganglionic neuron; long postganglionic neuron
f. prevertebral ganglion
g. gray ramus
h. white ramus
1. dorsal root ganglion
J. ventral root
k. splanchnic nerve
l. cranial nerve involved
m. speeds up heart rate
n. slows down heart rate
o. increases the respiratory rate
p. sweats
q. activation of the adrenal gland
r. exits out the ventral rootlet
s. cyton in the medulla
t. cyton in the intermediate horn
u. Craniosacral outflow vs. thoracolumbar outflow
Neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, epinephrine,
norepinephrine, GABA, melatonin.