Rocks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg
http://www.beg.utexas.edu/mainweb/publications/graphics/granite.htm
http://www.gccaz.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/gneiss.htm
Remember the
Rock Cycle? Lets look in
more detail at Rocks
Atoms combine to make
compounds that combine to
make minerals.
Minerals are
naturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds
having an orderly internal structure
and a characteristic chemical composition,
crystal form and
physical properties
alunite, amethyst, amphibole, analcite, anatase, andalusite, andesine, andradite, anglesite, anhydrite, ankerite,
annabergite, anorthite, anthonyite, anthophyllite, anthraconite, anthraxolite, antigorite, apatite, aphrosiderite, apophyllite,
aragonite, ardennite, argentoalgodonite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, atacamite, attapulgite, augite,awarurite, axinite, azurite,
babingtonite, baddeleyite, barite, bassetite, bastnaesite, beaconite, beryl, biotite, bismuthinite, blomstrandine, bornite,
bowlingite, brannerite, braunite, brochantite, bronzite, brookite, brucite, brunsvigite, buttgenbachite, byssolite, bytownite,
calciovolborthite, calcite, calderite, calumetite, carnallite, carnelian, celadonite, celestite, cerargyrite, chabazite, chalcedony,
chalcocite, chalconatronite, chalcopyrite, chalcotrichite, chamosite, chert, chloanthite, chlorargyrite, chlorastrolite, chlorite,
clinochlore, clino-chrysotile, clinozoisite, collophane, columbite, copiapite, copper, coquimbite, cordierite, corrensite,
corundum, covellite, crocidolite, cubanite, cummingtonite, cuprite, dahllite, datolite, daubreelite, delessite, diabantite,
diallage, diamond, dickite, digenite, dihydrite, diopside, dioptase, djurleite, dolomite, domeykite, forsterite, francolite,
freirinite, fuchsite, fulgurite, galena, garnet, garnierite, gersdorffite, gibbsite, glauconite, goethite, gold, halite, halloysite,
halotrichite, harmotome, heterosite, heulandite, hisingerite, hollandite, hornblende,
hyacinth, hydrocarbon, hydrohausmannite, hydromica, hydromuscovite, hydrotroilite, hypersthene, iddingsite, illite,
ilmenite, isle royale greenstone, jacksonite, jacobsite, jasper, jaspilite, julgoldite, kamacite, kamiokite, kaolinite,
kearsargeite, keweenawite, kinoite, koutekite, kupfferite, kutnahorite, kyanite, labradorite, langite, laumontite, lavendulan,
lead, lechetelierite, ledouxite, leonhardite, lepidocrocite, lepidolite, manganoan siderite, manganocalcite, marcasite,
margarite, marmolite, martite, masonite, maucherite, melaconite, melanochalcite, melanterite, melilite, mercury, mesolite,
meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metatyuyamunite, microcline, millerite, minnesotaite, mirabilite, mohawk-algodonite,
mohawkite, molybdenite, monazite, montmorillonite, muscovite, nacrite, nantokite, natrojarosite, natrolite, neltnerite,
neotocite, niccolite, nontronite, oligoclase, oligonite, olivenite, olivine, orientite, orthoclase, ottrelite, palygorskite,
paragonite, paramelaconite, pararammelsbergite, paratacamite, pargasite, patricianite, paxite, pectolite, pennine,
pentlandite, peristerite, perthite, pharmacolite, phengite, phillipsite, phlogopite, phosphides, phosphorite, picrolite,
picropharmacolite, pigeonite, pistacite, pitchblende, plagioclase, plancheite, plessite, polyhalite, posnjakite, powellite,
prehnite, priorite, prochlorite, protolithionite, pyrolusite, pyrope, pyrophyllite, pyrostilpnite, pyroxene, pyrrhotite, quartz,
rammelsbergite, rauenthalite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite, riebeckite, ripidolite, roscoelite, rubellan, rutherfordine, rutile, salite,
salt, sanidine, saponite, saussurite, scapolite, scheelite, schefferite, schorl, schreibersite, scolectite, seamanite, semiwhitneyite, sericite, serpentine, siderite, silicon, sillimanite, silver, smaltite, smectite, soapstone, specularite, spessartite,
sphalerite, sphene, spinel, spodumene, staurolite, steatite, stellerite, stibiodomeykite, stilbite, stilpnomelane, stinkstone,
strontianite, sulfur, sussexite, sylvanite, sylvite, synchisite, szaibelyite, taenite, talc, tantalite, tellurium, tenorite, tetrahedrite,
thomsonite, thuringite, tirodite, titanite, titanomagnetite, topaz, tourmaline, tremolite, trichalcite, tridymite, troilite, tyrolite,
uralite, uraninite, uranothorite, uvarovite, vaterite,, vesuvianite, violarite, viridite, vivianite, vladimirite, wairakite, whitneyite,
williamsite, wollastonite, wurtzite, xanthosiderite, xonotlite, zeolite, zircon, zoisite, zonochlorite
There are over 3000 types
of minerals
Minerals combine to form Rocks
Some Rocks are made up of just one
mineral - like rock salt (made up of
the mineral halite) that is mined near
Detroit.
Others Rocks are made up of many
minerals - like the granites and
gneisses (made up of feldspars,
quartz, and other minerals) found
near Marquette.
This slide show is intended to help you
understand important types of rocks.
The diagram in the next slide represents the ROCK
CYCLE—a scheme that represents the processes of
continuous changes that connect the three major groups
of rocks:
SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS
METAMORPHIC
It also shows two other important parts of the “Rock
Cycle” – SEDIMENTS and molten LAVA and MAGMA
Here is another version of the Rock Cycle
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8 -Sedementary Rock
1- Igneous Rock
15- Metamorphic Rock
1) IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Form by solidification (crystallization) of
melted minerals
• Beneath the surface, MAGMA hardens to
form 2) INTRUSIVE rocks with easily
visible (COARSE-GRAINED) crystal
texture.
• At the surface, LAVA hardens to form
3) EXTRUSIVE rocks with tiny (FINEGRAINED) crystals or GLASSY (no
crystal) TEXTURES
Intrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS
4) Granite
• Light-colored, coarsegrained, no pattern
• Mostly quartz,
feldspar, mica, and
hornblende
• Often used for
buildings and
monuments
Extrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS
5) Basalt
• Dark-colored, finegrained, extrusive
• Formed where lava
erupted onto surface
• Most widespread igneous
rocks
Intrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS
6) Gabbro
• Dark-colored, coarsegrained intrusive
• Similar composition to
basalt—plagioclase
feldspar with some
pyroxene and olivine
Extrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS
7) Obsidian
• Natural volcanic glass
• Forms when lava cools
very quickly
• Usually dark, but small
pieces may be clear
• Fractures along curved
(conchoidal) surface
• Used as spear and
arrow points, knives
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Pumice and other igneous rocks
• Light colored, frothy
(many air spaces)
Back to Chart
• Same minerals as in
granite, but finer in
grain size
8) Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks may be made of rock fragments—
sediments—or by chemical reactions. The classification of
sediments is shown below.
Sedimentary Rocks
9) Clastic rocks–made of cemented
sediments—are classified by their grain
sizes.
Sedimentary Rocks
Non-clastic rocks form by 10) chemical
precipitation (settling out from a solution.)
Limestone is made from calcite, chert from
quartz, and halite is rock salt.
11)
13)
12) Biologic sedimentarySedimentary
rocks Rocks
come from the remains of organic
matter.
• The most important of
these is coal.
Anthracite coal results
from the greatest
pressure and releases
the most energy when
burned. Other varieties
are bituminous and
lignite. “Petrified”
(permineralized) wood
is another organic rock.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
More about sedimentary rocks
• 14) Shale is the most
common sedimentary
rock
• Sedimentary rocks
cover about threequarters of the land
surface
Back to Chart
15) Metamorphic Rocks
• Formed by heat and pressure changing
existing rocks
• REGIONAL METAMORPHIC affects a
large area and results from plate tectonics
• CONTACT METAMORPHISM affects
rocks on a local scale, such as “baking”
sedimentary rocks next to magma or lava
Metamorphic Rocks
16) “Foliated” rocks contain much mica and
other rocks that produce layering or banding
17)
18)
Gneisses and schists are common in New York City and
Westchester.
Metamorphic Rocks
19) Non-foliated metamorphic rocks include
marble, which comes from limestone, and
quatzite, which comes from sandstone
20)
Name____________________________ Period____
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