Chapter 3:
Minerals & Rocks
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Periodic Table of the Elements
Ionic radius
Cations–positively charged atoms
Anions–negatively charged atoms
The charge on the atom is called valence
Anions tend to be larger than cations. The relative sizes of the atoms
in their common valence states dictates the three dimensional packing
that is possible between cation and anion and, thus, their crystal
structure and geometry.
Sodium and chloride ions
pack in a cubic structure.
Chloride
ion
Sodium
ion
Each cation is surrounded by
six anions, and vice versa.
Sodium and chloride ions
pack in a cubic structure.
Chloride
ion
Each cation is surrounded by
six anions, and vice versa.
Sodium
ion
NaCl crystal
Sodium and chloride ions
pack in a cubic structure.
Chloride
ion
Each cation is surrounded by
six anions, and vice versa.
Sodium
ion
NaCl crystal
Lewis diagram for ionic bond
Table
salt halite
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Silicate ion (SiO44–)
The silicate
ion forms
tetrahedra.
Oxygen ions
Silicon ion
(O2–)
(Si4+)
Quartz
structure
Silicate ion (SiO44–)
The silicate
ion forms
tetrahedra.
Oxygen ions
Silicon ion
(O2–)
(Si4+)
Quartz
structure
Silicate ion (SiO44–)
The silicate
ion forms
tetrahedra.
Oxygen ions
Silicon ion
(O2–)
(Si4+)
Lewis diagram for
Covalent bonds
Quartz
structure
Silicate ion (SiO44–)
The silicate
ion forms
tetrahedra.
Oxygen ions
Silicon ion
(O2–)
(Si4+)
Tetrahedra can arrange in other ways.
Quartz is
a silicate
polymorph.
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Mineral
Olivine
Chemical formula
Cleavage planes
and number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Isolated
tetrahedra
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
2 planes at 90°
Pyroxene
Silicate
structure
Single chains
(Mg, Fe)SiO3
2 planes at 60°
and 120°
Double chains
1 plane
Sheets
Amphibole Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Micas
Muscovite:
KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite:
K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Feldspars
Orthoclase feldspar:
KAlSi3O8
Plagioclase feldspar:
(Ca, Na) AlSi3O8
2 planes at 90° Three-dimensional
framework
Specimen
Hardness is a property that reflects the strength of the atomic bonding
Orthoclase
feldspar
Quartz
Biotite
Rocks are naturally
occurring aggregates
of minerals.
Plagioclase
feldspar
Plagioclase feldspar
Orthoclase feldspar
Biotite
Quartz
Rock (granite)
Classification of rocks–three types
Type of rock and Rock-forming
source material
process
IGNEOUS
Melting of rocks
Example
Crystallization
Coarsely crystallized
granite
Classification of rocks–three types
Type of rock and Rock-forming
source material
process
IGNEOUS
Melting of rocks
Example
Crystallization
Coarsely crystallized
granite
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering and
erosion of
Exposed rocks
Deposition,
burial, and
lithification
Cross-laminated
sandstone
Classification of rocks–three types
Type of rock and Rock-forming
source material
process
IGNEOUS
Melting of rocks
Example
Crystallization
Coarsely crystallized
granite
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering and
erosion of
Exposed rocks
Deposition,
burial, and
lithification
Cross-laminated
sandstone
METAMORPHIC
Rocks under high
temperatures and
Recrystallization
pressures
Gneiss
Igneous rock forming environments
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Igneous
intrusion
Igneous rock forming environments
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
Igneous
intrusion
Igneous rock forming environments
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
The resulting rock is
fine-grained or has a
glassy texture.
Igneous
intrusion
Igneous rock forming environments
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
The resulting rock is
fine-grained or has a
glassy texture.
Igneous
intrusion
Intrusive igneous
rocks form when
molten rock
intrudes into
unmelted rock
masses.
Igneous rock forming environments
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
The resulting rock is
fine-grained or has a
glassy texture.
Igneous
intrusion
Intrusive igneous
rocks form when
molten rock
intrudes into
unmelted rock
masses.
The slow cooling process
produces coarsely grained
rocks.
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Sedimentary rock forming environments
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
Metamorphic rock
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
Metamorphic rock
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
...are transported
downhill by erosion…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
Metamorphic rock
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
...are transported
downhill by erosion…
…and deposited as layers
of sediment…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
Metamorphic rock
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
...are transported
downhill by erosion…
…and deposited as layers
of sediment…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
…where they
form bedding.
Metamorphic rock
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
...are transported
downhill by erosion…
…and deposited as layers
of sediment…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
…where they
form bedding.
Buried
sediments
lithify.
Metamorphic rock
The weight of the sediment deposited at continental
margins weighs down upon the ductile
mantle. The mantle responds to this additional weight by
flowing away from the area of sediment accumulation,
thus, making space for more sediments to accumulate.
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
...are transported
downhill by erosion…
…and deposited as layers
of sediment…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
Siliciclastic
sediments
are made of
deposited
particles.
…where they
form bedding.
Buried
sediments
lithify.
Metamorphic rock
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
...are transported
downhill by erosion…
…and deposited as layers
of sediment…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
Siliciclastic
sediments
are made of
deposited
particles.
…where they
form bedding.
Buried
sediments
lithify.
Chemical and biochemical
sediments are precipitated
from seawater.
Metamorphic rock
Aragonite : orthorhombic
Calcite : trigonal/rhombohedral
oysters,
cave deposits
Corals, gastropods, forams,
coccoliths
Aragonite and calcite are the two most common forms of CaCO3, called polymorphs.
Polymorphs are minerals that have the same chemical formula, but different
arrangements of the constituent atoms.
Banded iron formations (BIFs)
chemical sedimentary rock deposited in Precambrian Oceans when dissolved O2(g) was very low.
Kakabeka Falls, near Thunder Bay
Metamorphic rock types
Trench
Continental
crust
Oceanic crust
Continental
lithosphere
Oceanic
lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Hornfels
formation
Sediments
Magma
Hornfels
Eclogite
Micaschist
Blueschist
Contact
Ultra-highRegional
High-pressure,
metamorphism pressure
metamorphism low-temperature
metamorphism
metamorphism
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Rift to drift
rock formation in a plate tectonic context
Sediments are buried to form
sedimentary rocks.
Sediments are buried to form
sedimentary rocks.
Sediment
Sedimentary
rock
Magma rises to form igneous rock.
Continental
lithosphere
Oceanic
crust
Continental
crust
Magma rises to form igneous rock.
Continental
lithosphere
Oceanic
crust
Continental
crust
Magma
Igneous
rock
Subsidence
Subsidence leads to formation
of sedimentary rock.
Subsidence
Sediment
Sedimentary
rock
Magma rises and cools to make
igneous rock.
Igneous
Magma
rock
Rocks are buried deeper, forming metamorphic
rocks. Weathering creates loose material that
erosion strips away.
Rocks are buried deeper, forming metamorphic
rocks. Weathering creates loose material that
erosion strips away.
Metamorphic
rock
Layers of sediment lithify to form
sedimentary rock.
Layers of sediment lithify to form
Sedimentary
sedimentary rock.
rock
Sediment
Sediments are buried to form sedimentary
rocks and the cycle begins anew.
Sediments are buried to form sedimentary
rocks and the cycle begins anew.
Slide 72
Sediment
Sedimentary
rock
Groundwater dissolves metal oxides
and sulfides. Heated by the magma, it
rises, precipitating metal ores in joints.
Deformed
country rock Geysers and
hot springs
Groundwater
Magma
Plutonic
intrusion
Groundwater dissolves metal oxides
and sulfides. Heated by the magma, it
rises, precipitating metal ores in joints.
Deformed
country rock Geysers and
hot springs
Groundwater
Magma
Plutonic
intrusion
Vein deposit