SERNAWATI SIWASIWAN
Class : A
NIM : 20100540016
English Education Department
SENTENCE
What is sentence ?
sentence is a group of words that tells a
complete thought. It always tells who or
what and what is or what happens.
Here are Three Important Rules to
Remember When Writing a Sentence.
- A sentence must make complete sense.
- A sentence must have a subject and a
predicate.
- The first word of the sentence must begin
with a capital letter.
Simple Rule
Subject + Predicate = Sentence
Sentences Have Two Parts
Subject
Often a noun or pronoun.
Indicates who is speaking, who is spoken to,
or who or what is spoken about.
Predicate
Verb (action or “to be” form).
Tells what the subject is doing or what the
subject is.
PP 3-5
Simple Subject and Predicate
 The simple subject is the main word or
words in the complete subject.
 The simple predicate is the main word in the
predicate. It is always a verb.
Simple subject
My dog’s name
Simple subject
Diana
Simple subject
The little monkey
Simple predicate
is Boby.
Simple predicate
is reading a book.
Simple predicate
eat banana.
Compound Subjects
• You can combine two sentences with the
same predicate.
• Join the subjects with and to make a
compound subject.
Example:
Mela goes to school.
Dita goes to school.
Mela and Dita go to school
Compound Predicates
• You can combine two sentences with the
same subject.
• Join the predicate with and to make a
compound predicate.
Example:
Azka likes reading book
Azka likes watching TV
Azka likes reading book and watching TV
What is Complete Subject?
simple subject + its modifiers = complete subject.
What is Complete Predicate?
simple predicate + its modifiers = complete predicate.
Complete subject
My dog’s name
Diana
The little monkey
Complete predicate
is Boby.
is reading a book.
eat banana.
Sentence Formations
Simple sentences
Compound sentences
Complex sentences
Compound-complex sentences
PP 3-19
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent
clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it
expresses a complete thought.
Example:
- Some students like to study in the mornings.
- Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
- Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
Compound Sentences
A
compound
sentence
contains
two
independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The
coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,
so ( FANBOYS).
Example:
- The company had an excellent year, so they gave
everyone a bonus.
- I went shopping, and my wife went to her classes.
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined
by one or more dependent clauses. The two clauses are
connected by a subordinator (which, who, although, if, since,
because, after when, etc).
Example :
- The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the
error.
- The students are studying because they have a test
tomorrow.
- After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the
movies.
Compound-complex sentences
Compound - complex sentences contain at
least one dependent clause and more than one
independent clause. The clauses are connected
by both conjunctions and subordinators.
Examples:
- John, who briefly visited last month, won the
prize, and he took a short vacation.
- Jack forgot his friend's birthday, so he sent
him a card when he finally remembered.
Types of sentences
 An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong
feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark.
 An imperative sentence gives a command or
makes a request. It ends with a period.
 An interrogative sentence asks a question. It
ends with a question mark.
 A declarative sentence makes a statement. It
ends with a period.
Declarative Sentences
A declarative sentence makes a statement.
It ends with a period.
Example:
Yesterday I left school early.
Dina is studying.
Interrogative Sentences
An interrogative sentence asks a question.
It ends with a question mark.
Example:
What did the teacher say to you
yesterday?
Did you go to the movies yesterday?
An interrogative sentence usually begins
with a word that asks a question. Some
common asking words are: who, what, when,
where, why, how (5W+H) Because they must
end with a question mark ( ? ). An Interrogative
sentences
are
sometimes
sentences or Questions.
called
Asking
Example:
What is your name?
Where are you going?
Who is your father?
When did you go to Bali?
Why you study English?
How are you?
Imperative Sentences
This kind of sentence commands or tells
someone to do something. Imperative sentences
always begin with a capital letter and end with a
period. When writing some Imperative sentences, it
is often polite to begin with the word please.
Imperative
sentences
Command sentences.
are
sometimes
called
Example:
Leave that cat alone.
Get me some water.
Bring me ice cream.
Exclamatory Sentences
An exclamatory sentence expresses a
strong feeling. It ends with an
exclamation mark.
Example:
What a beatiful sea!
I love you so much!
Negative Sentences
A negative sentence (or statement)
states that something is not true or incorrect.
Tense
Present simple
Past simple
Present
progressive
Negative Element +
Contracted Forms
Examples
Do + not = don’t
I do not play
Does + not = doesn’t
She does not play
Did + not = didn’t
I did not play
Am + not (*no amn’t)
Is + not = isn’t
I am not playing
Are + not =aren’t
Was + not =wasn’t
I wasn’t playing
Were + not =weren’t
They weren’t playing
Has + not = hasn’t
She hasn’t played
Have + not = haven’t
I haven’t played
Present perfect
Has + not + been = hasn’t been
She hasn’t been playing
progressive
Have + not + been = haven’t been
I haven’t been playing
Past progressive
Present perfect
Tense
Negative Element +
Contracted Forms
Examples
Past perfect
Had + not =hadn’t
I hadn’t played
Had + not + been = hadn’t been
She hadn’t been playing
Future simple
Will + not =won’t
He won’t play
Future perfect
Will + not + have = won’t have
He will not have played
Conditional
Would + not =wouldn’t
I would not play
Cinditional perfect
Would + not + have
I wouldn’t have played
Can + not = can’t or cannot
I can’t play
Should + not = shouldn’t
We shouldn’t play
Past perfect
progressive
Modals
Passive and Active
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing doing the
action is the subject of the sentence and the
thing receiving the action is the object. Most
sentences are active.
THING DOING ACTION + VERB + THING RECEIVING ACTION
Example:
The professor
Subject
doing action
John
Subject
doing action
teaches
the students
verb
Object
receiving action
washes
verb
the dishes
Object
receiving action
Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the
action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
doing the action is optionally included near the end of
the sentence.
You can use the passive form if:
• you think that the thing receiving the action is more
important or should be emphasized.
• you do not know who is doing the action.
• you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
THING RECEIVING ACTION + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERB
+ BY + THING DOING ACTION
Example:
The students
are taught
by the professor.
Subject
receiving action
Passive verb
Doing action
The dishes
Subject
receiving action
are washed
Passive verb
by John.
Doing action
ADVICE
A.
must, ought, should
Example:
• You must read this book.
• You should grow your own vegetables.
• You ought to plan some trees.
This type is reported by advice + object.
• He advice me to plan some trees.
B. You had better + bare infinitive
Example:
•
You’d better not wait any longer.
C. If I were you I shoud/would
Example:
•
If I were you I’d buy a car.
This type is reported by advice + object.
•
He advised me to buy a car.
D. Why don’t you....?
Example:
•
Why don’t you take a holiday?
•
Why don’t you learn English?
When this is advice it is reported by advise + object.
•
He advise me to take a holiday.
•
He advise me to learn English.
REQUEST
Can/Could/May/Might + I/We
1. can/could/may/might I/We + have + noun/pronoun
Example:
a) Can I have a sweet?
“can” is the most informal.
b) Could I have a cup of tea?
“could + I/We” is the most generally use.
c) May I have a copy of the letter?
“may/might + I/We” are more formal than could.
These requests are usually reported by ask + for + object.
Example:

The little boy asked (me) for a sweet.

He asked for a copy of the letter.
2. Can/could/may/might I/We + verb
Example:
a) May/could I see Mr. Jones?
b) Could I speak to the secretary?
This type of request is reported by ask + to.
Example:
•
I asked to see Mr. Jones.
•
I asked to speak to the secretary.
3. Could/might I/We request can be preceded by
do you think/I wonder(ed)/was wondering if.
Example:
a) I was wondering if I could have tomorrow off?
b) Do you think I could speak to the secretary?
Could/will/would + you
1)
Could you
“ could you please show me the way?”
2) Will/would you
“ will/would you please show me the way?”
3) You’ll....won’t you? ( is persuasive type of request mainly
among friends)
“ you’ll write to me, won’t you?”
4) Would you mind + gerund
“ would you mind moving your car?”
5) Would you like to...?
“would you like to take the seat?”
6) I should/would be very grateful if you would
“I should be very grateful if you would take the seat.”
7) Would you be kind enough
“Would you be kind enough to keep me informed?”
8) I wish you would
“I wish you would give me English book”
RESOURCES
• http://www.eslbee.com/sentences.htm
• http://www.lessonsnips.com/docs/pdf/allaboutsentreview.
pdf
• http://www.myenglishlessons.net/powerpoints/sentences.
pdf
• http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/340685/four_ki
nds_of_sentences_declarative.html?cat=4
• http://www.whitesmoke.com/negative-sentences
• http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html
• Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (1985). A practical
English Gramar. London: Oxford University Press.