EOC Flashcard 1
FRONT SIDE:
BACK SIDE:
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Life
Processes
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Synthesis – to make (ex. protein synthesis)
Transport – to move (ex. osmosis)
Excretion – getting rid of wastes
Respiration – to make ATP from sugar (aerobic
or anaerobic)
Nutrition – food getting (producer or
consumer)
Growth and Development
Reproduction – to make more cells or
organisms (mitosis/asexual or sexual)
Regulation – to maintain homoestasis
EOC Flashcard 2
FRONT SIDE
Monomers/Subunits
of Organic Molecules
BACK SIDE
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Carbohydrates = monosaccharides
Lipids = glycerol and fatty acids
Proteins = amino acids
Nucleic acids = nucleotides
EOC Flashcard 3
FRONT SIDE:
Functions
Of Enzymes
BACK SIDE:
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Enzymes are proteins
Fit with substrate like a “Lock and Key” –
if enzymes “denatures” it won’t fit!
Act as a “catalyst” (speed up reactions)
Lower activation energy
Work best at “Optimum” conditions!
(this is different for each enzyme)
EOC Flashcard 4
BACK SIDE:
FRONT SIDE:
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Function of …
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts – site of
photosynthesis
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Mitochondria
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Mitochondria – site of
cellular respiration

Ribosome
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Ribosome – site of
protein synthesis
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** Site means location!**
EOC Flashcard 5
FRONT SIDE:
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Function of the
Cell Membrane
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BACK SIDE:
Selectively permeable
(regulates materials
coming in/out of the cell)
Gives cytoplasm a
boundary / shape
HOMEOSTASIS (home
stays as it is!!)
EOC Flashcard 6
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Differences between
Plant and Animal Cells
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Plant Cells – have cell
walls, chloroplasts, large
vacuoles
Animal Cells – have
Centrioles (used for cell
division)
*BOTH ARE
EUKARYOTIC! (have
membrane bound
organelles and a nucleus)
EOC Flashcard 7
FRONT SIDE:
 What happens when
cells are placed in a
saltier environments?
 Why?
BACK SIDE:
Cells lose water in
saltier than usual
environments
because of osmosis!!
EOC Flashcard 8
FRONT SIDE:
BACK SIDE:
Photosynthesis
And
Cellular Respiration
*Opposites of each other*
Photosynthesis
 Converts sunlight into chemical energy
 CO2 + H20 + light  glucose + O2
Respiration
 Converts sugars into cell energy (ATP)
 C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2 + ATP
 Used by ALL ORGANISMS!!
EOC Flashcard 9
FRONT SIDE:
BACK SIDE:
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis
 Makes identical copy of cell
 Produces 2 daughter cells
 Used by somatic body cells
Meiosis
 Reduces chromosome number
by half
 Produces 4 daughter cells
 Makes haploid gametes
EOC Flashcard 10
FRONT SIDE:
Genetic
Recombination
BACK SIDE:
Possible
gametes:
AB
ab
A A
B B
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a a
b b
A A
B b
a a
B b
Crossing Over
Takes place during
MEIOSIS
Possible
gametes:
AB
Ab
aB
ab
EOC Flashcard 11
Gametes
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Sex cells
Haploid (contains
only one copy of each
chromosome/half of
diploid)
Fuse together in
fertilization
EOC Flashcard 12
Asexual
Vs.
 Sexual
Reproduction
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Asexual = one
parent; makes
IDENTICAL COPY!!
Sexual = Two
parents; genetic
diversity; uses
gametes (egg and
sperm)
EOC Flashcard 13
What is a gene?
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Found on a
chromosome
Section of DNA
Used to make a
protein
Controls traits!
EOC Flashcard 14
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What happens in
Protein Synthesis
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DNA

transcription (mRNA)

translation

protein made

causes trait
EOC Flashcard 15
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If DNA is….
CGAAGCATT
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What would be….
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Complementary DNA
mRNA
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COMPLEMENTARY DNA
(give) CGA AGC ATT
(new) GCT TCG TAA
COMPLEMENTARY mRNA
(DNA)
CGA AGC ATT
(mRNA) GCU UCG UAA
EOC Flashcard 16
FRONT
Three types of RNA and their
function.
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BACK
mRNA – makes “copy” of
DNA/gene and takes to
ribosome
rRNA – makes up ribosome
along with proteins
tRNA – brings an amino acid
to the ribosome, anticodon
pairs with mRNA codon
EOC Flashcard 17
Recombinant DNA
DNA from two different species!
 Plasmid
Human
gene

cleave

splice together
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Gene+plasmid
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Recombinant DNA
EOC Flashcard 18
Gel Electrophoresis
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Makes a DNA
Fingerprint
Separates DNA by
size (smallest goes
farthest)
Identifies paternity
and criminals
EOC Flashcard 19
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Homozygous
Dominant (AA)
Heterozygous (Aa)
Homozygous
recessive (aa)
* Recessive phenotype

Dominant Phenotype
Three
Genotypes
EOC Flashcard 20
Paths of Inheritance
(be able to do punnett
squares)
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Dominant = one allele
dominant
Recessive = allele “hidden” by
dominant
Codominance= both alleles
equal, both show up! (AB)
Incomplete Dominance =
Neither allele dominant,
blending together (AA’)
Sex-linked = on X
chromosome, no male carriers
(XA Xa)
EOC Flashcard 21
Karyotype
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Picture of
chromosomes (should
have a total of 46 (23
pairs)
Shows chromosomal
abnormalities (Ex.
Down’s Syndrome =
Trisomy 21)
Usually follows an
amniocentesis
EOC Flashcard 22
Pedigrees
Parents are
carriers!
Rules to Remember:
1. Filled in shapes have the trait
2. Trait may be dominant or recessive!
3. If trait skips a generation, it’s probably recessive
4. Sex-linked traits are passed from mother to son
EOC Flashcard 23
Viruses
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Not living because they
cannot reproduce outside
a living organism (not
made of cells)
Two reproductive cycles
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Lytic – fast, destroys cell
Lysogenic – slower, viral
genetic material hides in
cell
EOC Flashcard 24
Bacteria
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Prokaryotic cells (no
nucleus; no membranebound organelles)
unicellular
Important for:
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decomposers,
for Nitrogen cycle,
for gene research
(recombinant DNA with
plasmids)
First cells to evolve
EOC Flashcard 25
Adaptations of
Unicellular
organisms
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For movement
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For water balance
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Cilia
Flagella
Pseudopodia
Contractile vacuole
For response to stimuli

Eyespot
EOC Flashcard 26
Causes of Evolution
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Adaptive radiation – a
population splits and
different traits are
adaptive.
Geographic isolation part of a population is
separated.
Genetic diversity – by
mutation or in gene pool
Natural selection
EOC Flashcard 27
Evidence for
Evolution
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Biochemical analysis (DNA,
amino acids, proteins)
Fossil record
Anatomy (if similar bone
arrangement = homologous)
Development / embryology
* More in common =
common ancestor*
EOC Flashcard 28
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Natural Selection
(Darwin)
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Variation in
populations
Overpopulation or
predators
Competition for
survival/mates
Survival/reproduction
of best adapted /
fittest.
EOC Flashcard 29
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Taxonomic Levels:
From most general/inclusive
to most specific/related
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Domain (general / most
number of species
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Scientific name
Species
* Most specific/ may
interbreed
EOC Flashcard 30
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Cladograms or
Phylogenic Trees
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Show evolutionary relationships
among organisms
Closer on tree, more closely
related
EOC Flashcard 31
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Plant responses to
stimuli

TROPISMS
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Phototropism (light)
Geotropism (gravity)
Thigmotropism (contact)
Controlled by HORMONES
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Auxin (cell elongation)
Cytokinen (cell division)
Ethylene (fruit ripening)
EOC Flashcard 32
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Flowers
And
Seeds
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Flowers – reproductive organ
of angiosperm plants
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Male part = stamen/pollen
Female part = carpel or pistil
(produce egg)
Pollination = transfer of pollen
Seed = plant embryo + stored
food (endosperm).
Surrounded by fruit (formed
from ovary of plant.)
EOC Flashcard 33
Behaviors as Adaptations
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Instinctive behaviors
improve survival rates.
Protective behaviors
(spray, teeth bared) turn
predators away and
defends resources
Parental behaviors
(advanced in birds and
mammals) increase
survival of young.
Communication and
courtship allow mate
recognition
EOC Flashcard 34
Innate Behaviors
Genetic and Inborn
 Automatic (reflex and
instinct)
 Courtship
 Territoriality
 Aggression
 Dominance hierarchy
 Biological rhythms
(migration, clocks)
 Some communication
(need to sing in birds)
EOC Flashcard 35
Learned Behaviors
Change with experience and
practice.
 Classical conditioning
(unrelated stimulus and
reward/punishment
 Operant conditioning
(trial and error learning)
 Insight / reasoning
 Language
EOC Flashcard 36
Food Web
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D
Secondary consumers
E
C
Primary Consumers
O
M
Producers
P *Arrows follow transfer for
energy
O
S *Producers have most energy
E
R *Energy is lost as it move up
S (10%rule)
EOC Flashcard 37
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
 - Respiration releases carbon
as CO2 (carbon dioxide)
 Photosynthesis removes
carbon and makes sugar
(C6H12O6)
Human Impact
 Burning Fossil fuels releases
CO2
 Deforestation increases the
amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere
EOC Flashcard 38
Symbiosis
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
 Commensalism
Two species “living
together” permanently
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Mutualism (+ +) both
benefit
Parasitism (+ -) One is
harmed
Commensalism (+, 0)
one benefits, the other is
neutral
EOC Flashcard 39
Environmental Problems
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Overpopulation – cause
of all environmental
problems
Global warming – too
much CO2 in atmosphere
increases average global
temperature ->flooding,
climate change
Acid Precipitation –
caused when NOx and
Sox react with water
vapor  lower pH of soil
and aquatic ecosystems
EOC Flashcard 40
Biomagnification
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
Pesticides and
contaminants “move up
the food chain”
Chemical contaminants
are stored
(bioaccumulation) and
magnified in organisms
higher up the food chain
because predators
accumulate pesticides in
the bodies of their prey.