What is Urban
•Urban – relating to or located in a city
What is Urbanization
•Urbanization - is the physical growth of urban
areas as a result of rural migration and even
suburban concentration into cities, particularly the
very largest ones
Urban Growth is Speeding Up
Time required to reach 2 million population:
Rome, Italy
2000 years
Vienna, Austria
400 years
Vancouver, B.C.
115 years
Shenzhen, China
20 years
•Over the next quarter century, increases in urbanization will be
almost entirely attributable to sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities
Urbanization and the Development of Cities
•The Earliest Cities
•Preindustrial Cities
•Industrial Cities
•The Structure of Cities
•The Process of Urbanization
•U.S. Urban Patterns
•The Rural Rebound
•Models of Urban Growth
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Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities
The Earliest Cities
•The very first cities were founded in
Mesopotamia after the Neolithic Revolution,
around 7500 BCE.
•Agriculture is believed to be a pre-requisite
for cities, which help preserve surplus
production and create economies of scale.
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•Cities reduced transport costs for goods,
people, and ideas by bringing them all
together in one spot.
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Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities
Preindustrial Cities
•Preindustrial cities were political units, like
today's states.They offered freedom from rural
obligations to lord and community.
•In the early modern era, larger capital cities
benefited from new trade routes and grew
even larger.
•While the city-states, or poleis, of the
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Mediterranean and Baltic Sea languished from
the 16th century, Europe's larger capitals
benefited from the growth of commerce
following the emergence of an Atlantic trade.
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Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities
Industrial Cities
•Rapid growth brought urban problems, and
industrial-era cities were rife with dangers to
health and safety.
•Poor sanitation and communicable diseases
were among the greatest causes of death
Slum in Glasgow, 1871
among urban working class populations.
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•In the 19th century, better sanitation led to
improved health conditions.
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Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities
The Structure of Cities
• In the grid model of cities, land is divided by streets that run at right
angles to each other, forming a grid.This model promotes development.
• The concentric ring model describes the city as an ecosystem in which
residents sort themselves into a series of rings based on class and
occupation.This model's general applicability has been challenged.
• Urban structure can also describe the location of the central business
district, industrial parks, or urban open spaces.
• The sectoral model says the city develops in wedge-shaped sectors
instead of rings: certain areas of a city are more attractive for various
Toronto's Central Business District
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activities, which flourish and expand outward in a wedge.
• The multiple nuclei model assumes that car ownership granted people
more mobility and led the the development of specialized regional
centers within cities.
• The irregular pattern model was developed to better explain urban
structure in the Third World.It attempts to model the lack of planning or
construction found in many rapidly built Third World cities.
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Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities
The Process of Urbanization
• Urbanization may be driven by local and global economic
and social changes, and is generally a product of
modernization and industrialization.
• Urbanization has economic and environmental
effects.Economically, urbanization drives up prices,
especially real estate, which can force original residents to
move to less-desirable neighborhoods.
• Environmentally, cities cause "heat islands", where less
Rural and Urban World Population
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vegetation and open soil raise city temperatures by 2 to 10
degrees Fahrenheit.
• Recently in developed countries, sociologists have
observed suburbanization and counterurbanization, or
movement away from cities, which may be driven by
transportation infrastructure, or social factors like racism.
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Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities
U.S. Urban Patterns
• Different agencies and individuals define urban
in different ways, but the U.S. Census Bureau's
definitions are considered standard.
• The U.S. Census Bureau defines "urban areas"
as areas with a population density of at least
1,000 people per square mile and at least 2,500
American urban areas by size
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total people.
• As of December, 2010, about 82% of the
population of the United States lived within the
boundaries of urbanized area.
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Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities
The Rural Rebound
• Much of the "rural" rebound was driven by
suburbanization, which is the movement of
people from cities to surrounding suburbs, exurbs, or edge cities.
• Suburbanization may be driven by white flight.
• Counterurbanization refers, broadly, to
A Suburban Neighborhood
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movement away from the city, which may include
urban-to-rural migration and suburbanization.
• Counterurbanization has created shrinking cities
and attempts to better control urban growth.
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Population and Urbanization > Urbanization and the Development of Cities
Models of Urban Growth
• The growth machine theory of urban growth says urban
growth is driven by a coalition of interest groups who all
benefit from continuous growth and expansion.Thus, the
growth of cities is a social phenomenon.
• Urban sprawl results when cities grow uncontrolled,
expanding into rural land and making walking, public transit,
or bicycling impractical.
• Critics of urban life often focus on urban decay, which may
Urban sprawl
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be self-perpetuating, according to the broken windows
theory.
• Urban renewal attempts to counter urban decay and restore
growth.
• The New Urbanism and smart growth movements both
challenge the value of urban growth and expansion, and they
try to improve urban life by keeping it on a human
scale.
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Appendix
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Population and Urbanization
Key terms
• central business district The central area of a city in which a concentration of certain retail and business activities takes place,
especially in older cities with rail transportation.
• counterurbanization A demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas.
• counterurbanization Counterurbanisation is a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural
areas.
• ex-urbs The expression exurb (for "extra-urban") was coined by Auguste Comte Spectorsky in his 1955 book The Exurbanites
to describe the ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area.
• gentrification A shift in an urban community toward wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values; often
resulting in poorer residents being displaced by wealthier newcomers.
• Human Ecology Human ecology described the city as analogous to an ecosystem, with natural processes of adaptation and
assimilation.
• industrial cities Rapid growth brought urban problems, and industrial-era cities were rife with dangers to health and
safety.Quickly expanding industrial cities could be quite deadly, full of contaminated water and air, and communicable
diseases.
• industrial era During the industrial era, cities grew rapidly and became centers of population and production.
• lord A titled nobleman or aristocrat
• Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Revolution or Neolithic Demographic Transition, sometimes called the Agricultural
Revolution, was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture.
• New Urbanism New Urbanism is an urban design movement that promotes walkable neighborhoods that contain a range of
housing and job types.
• Old World The known world before the discovery of the Americas.
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Population and Urbanization
• population density The average number of people who live on each square mile (or kilometer) of land.
• Preindustrial cities While ancient cities may have arisen organically as trading centers, preindustrial cities evolved to become
well defined political units.
• rural flight A term used to describe the migratory patterns of peoples from rural areas into urban areas.
• rural obligations For people during the medieval era, cities offered a newfound freedom from rural obligations.City residence
brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community.
• smart growth Smart growth programs draw urban growth boundaries to keep urban development dense and compact.
• suburbanization A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities; one of the many causes of the
increase in urban sprawl.
• urban open space In land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for parks, green spaces, and other open areas.
• urban renewal Urban renewal refers to programs of land redevelopment in areas of moderate- to high-density urban land use.
• urbanism the study of cities, their geographic, economic, political, social, and cultural environment
• urbanization The physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities.
• white flight The large-scale migration of whites of various European ancestries, from racially mixed urban regions to more
racially homogeneous suburban areas.
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Population and Urbanization
Broken windows
Broken windows in Detroit signal urban decay
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Population and Urbanization
American urban areas by size
This map shows major urban areas in America.
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Population and Urbanization
Slum in Glasgow, 1871
An example of slum life in an industrial city.
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Population and Urbanization
A Suburban Neighborhood
Suburban neighborhoods often feature large, manicured lawns.
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Population and Urbanization
Toronto's Central Business District
Skyscrapers populate Toronto's central business district
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Population and Urbanization
Urban sprawl
Chicago, seen by air, shows urban sprawl
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Population and Urbanization
Megacities Reflect Growing Urbanization Trend - YouTube
In the developing world, huge cities with sprawling slums have developed as agriculture and rural occupations have been supplanted by mechanized
industries.
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YouTube. "Megacities Reflect Growing Urbanization Trend - YouTube." Youtube License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFboV2m1yuw View on
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Population and Urbanization
Vatican City, a Modern City-state
Medieval cities were political units, like Vatican City, a modern city-state.
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Wikipedia. "Map of Vatican City." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Vatican_City.jpg View on Boundless.com
Population and Urbanization
Hoyt's Sectoral Model of Urban Growth
In Hoyt's model, cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors radiating from the center.
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Population and Urbanization
Concentric Zone Model
The Concentric Ring Model described the city as a series of concentric rings, each home to a different group and social function.
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Wikipedia. "Burgess model1." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burgess_model1.svg View on Boundless.com
Population and Urbanization
The ancient city of Ur
The ancient city Ur of Sumer, in present day Tell el-Mukayyar in Iraq, is one of the world's earliest known сities.
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Population and Urbanization
Rural and Urban World Population
Over time, the world's population has become less rural and more urban.
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Wikimedia. "Percentage of World Population Urban Rural." Public domain
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Population and Urbanization
The theory of urban growth which posits that people see neglect
around them, so they begin to neglect their own home is known as
what?
A) Urban decay
B) Broken windows theory
C) Urban sprawl
D) New Urbanism
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Population and Urbanization
The theory of urban growth which posits that people see neglect
around them, so they begin to neglect their own home is known as
what?
A) Urban decay
B) Broken windows theory
C) Urban sprawl
D) New Urbanism
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Population and Urbanization
A ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs, generally
occupied by well-educated, wealthy individuals is known as what?
A) Edge city
B) Commuter town
C) Exurb
D) Suburban flight
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Population and Urbanization
A ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs, generally
occupied by well-educated, wealthy individuals is known as what?
A) Edge city
B) Commuter town
C) Exurb
D) Suburban flight
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Population and Urbanization
Which of the following would be an example of white flight?
A) A group of wealthy college students living in a gated community
B) A neighborhood of Asian-Americans living among poor Hispanics
C) An ethnically diverse block of an affluent neighborhood
D) African Americans living the a poor neighborhood known as "The
Projects"
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Population and Urbanization
Which of the following would be an example of white flight?
A) A group of wealthy college students living in a gated community
B) A neighborhood of Asian-Americans living among poor Hispanics
C) An ethnically diverse block of an affluent neighborhood
D) African Americans living the a poor neighborhood known as "The
Projects"
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Population and Urbanization
What percentage of people occupy what percentage of the land
area of the United States?
A) 75, 25
B) 82, 2
C) 60, 19
D) 50, 5
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Population and Urbanization
What percentage of people occupy what percentage of the land
area of the United States?
A) 75, 25
B) 82, 2
C) 60, 19
D) 50, 5
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Population and Urbanization
The movement of middle and upper class individuals away from
cities while maintaining city lifestyles is known as what?
A) Suburbanization
B) Counterurbanization
C) Middle class drift
D) Exurbanization
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Population and Urbanization
The movement of middle and upper class individuals away from
cities while maintaining city lifestyles is known as what?
A) Suburbanization
B) Counterurbanization
C) Middle class drift
D) Exurbanization
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Population and Urbanization
The urban structure model in which the city divides itself into
wedges, and some wedges are more attractive than others, is
known as what?
A) Concentric Ring
B) Multiple Nuclei
C) Irregular
D) Sectoral
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Population and Urbanization
The urban structure model in which the city divides itself into
wedges, and some wedges are more attractive than others, is
known as what?
A) Concentric Ring
B) Multiple Nuclei
C) Irregular
D) Sectoral
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Population and Urbanization
The number one killer of people living in urban areas was what?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Cholera
C) Typhoid fever
D) Black lung
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Population and Urbanization
The number one killer of people living in urban areas was what?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Cholera
C) Typhoid fever
D) Black lung
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Population and Urbanization
In the early 19th century, what was the largest city in the world?
A) Paris
B) Baghdad
C) London
D) Venice
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Population and Urbanization
In the early 19th century, what was the largest city in the world?
A) Paris
B) Baghdad
C) London
D) Venice
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Population and Urbanization
All of the following are reasons the earliest cities started EXCEPT:
A) Government officials forced people to live in cities in order to facilitate
their growth
B) Reduced the transportation cost of goods and brought people together
C) Formed a basis of protection from barbarian armies
D) Food surpluses required storage and facilitated trade
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Population and Urbanization
All of the following are reasons the earliest cities started EXCEPT:
A) Government officials forced people to live in cities in order to facilitate
their growth
B) Reduced the transportation cost of goods and brought people together
C) Formed a basis of protection from barbarian armies
D) Food surpluses required storage and facilitated trade
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Population and Urbanization
In the Concentric Zone model, Zone B is likely to house what?
A) The city's industrial center
B) Wealthy commuter homes
C) Rural outposts
D) Formerly wealthy homes split into cheap apartments
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Population and Urbanization
In the Concentric Zone model, Zone B is likely to house what?
A) The city's industrial center
B) Wealthy commuter homes
C) Rural outposts
D) Formerly wealthy homes split into cheap apartments
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Population and Urbanization
What are the prerequisites for the existence of a city?
A) All of the answers
B) Good environment with water and a favorable climate
C) Advanced agricultural technology
D) Strong social organization
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Population and Urbanization
What are the prerequisites for the existence of a city?
A) All of the answers
B) Good environment with water and a favorable climate
C) Advanced agricultural technology
D) Strong social organization
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Population and Urbanization
What led to the creation of the exurbs?
A) Urban sprawl and crowds moving into the city
B) The high cost of suburban living
C) The housing boom of the 1980s
D) Gentrification
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Population and Urbanization
What led to the creation of the exurbs?
A) Urban sprawl and crowds moving into the city
B) The high cost of suburban living
C) The housing boom of the 1980s
D) Gentrification
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Population and Urbanization
What does human ecology theory address?
A) The relationship between humans and their environments
B) The way that humans impact technology
C) How human population reduces the variety of nonhuman species
D) The relationship between humans and other species
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Population and Urbanization
What does human ecology theory address?
A) The relationship between humans and their environments
B) The way that humans impact technology
C) How human population reduces the variety of nonhuman species
D) The relationship between humans and other species
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Population and Urbanization
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Ancient cities." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_cities#Middle_Ages
• Wiktionary. "lord." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lord
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/preindustrial-cities
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/rural-obligations
• Wiktionary. "urbanization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urbanization
• Wikipedia. "rural flight." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rural+flight
• Wiktionary. "suburbanization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/suburbanization
• Wikipedia. "counterurbanization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/counterurbanization
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Demography." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Demography#Urbanization
• Wikipedia. "Urbanization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization
• Utah Valley University. "Chapter 18 - Urbanization." CC BY http://freebooks.uvu.edu/SOC1010/index.php/ch18urbanization.html
• Wikipedia. "Gentrification." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification
• wikipedia. "Suburbanization." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanization
• Wikipedia. "Ancient cities." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_cities#Industrial_age
• Wikipedia. "Industrial Revolution." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#Factories_and_urbanisation
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/industrial-era
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/industrial-cities
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Population and Urbanization
• Wikipedia. "List of United States urban areas." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas
• Wikipedia. "Urban area." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area#United_States
• Wikipedia. "United States urban area." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_urban_area
• Wiktionary. "population density." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/population+density
• Wikipedia. "Ancient cities." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_cities#Ancient_times
• Wikipedia. "Ancient cities." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_cities#Origins
• Wiktionary. "Old World." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Old+World
• Wiktionary. "urbanism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urbanism
• Wikipedia. "Neolithic Revolution." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic+Revolution
• Wikipedia. "Counter urbanization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_urbanization
• Wikipedia. "Exurb." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exurb#Exurbs
• Wikipedia. "White flight." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight
• Wikipedia. "Shrinking cities." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinking_cities
• Wikipedia. "Edge city." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_city
• Wikipedia. "Exurb." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exurb
• Wikipedia. "counterurbanization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/counterurbanization
• Wikipedia. "ex-urbs." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ex-urbs
• Wikipedia. "white flight." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/white+flight
• Wikipedia. "Smart growth." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growth
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Population and Urbanization
• Wikipedia. "New Urbanism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Urbanism
• Wikipedia. "Urban development." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_development#Aspects
• Wikipedia. "Urban sprawl." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl
• Wikipedia. "Harvey Molotch." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Molotch#The_City_as_a_Growth_Machine
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/new-urbanism
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/urban-renewal
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/smart-growth
• Wikipedia. "Concentric ring model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_ring_model
• Wikipedia. "Multiple nuclei model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model
• Wikipedia. "Urban structure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_structure
• Wikipedia. "Central place theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_place_theory
• Wikipedia. "Irregular pattern model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_pattern_model
• Wikipedia. "Central business district." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district
• Wikipedia. "Grid plan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan
• Wikipedia. "Urban open space." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_open_space
• Wikipedia. "Industrial park." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_park
• Wikipedia. "Sector model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_model
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/human-ecology--2
• Wiktionary. "central business district." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/central+business+district
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Population and Urbanization
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/urban-open-space
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com