CEE 210 Environmental Biology for Engineers
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Lecture 3: Cell Biology CEE 210 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS Instructor: L.R. Chevalier Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Southern Illinois University Carbondale Objectives Review the size and basic structure of the cell Identify major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Review cell reproduction Understand the difference between binary fission, mitosis and meiosis Review current research trends Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology CELLS alive! Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology CELLS alive! How Big? Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Relative Sizes and Detection Devices 1m 1dm 1m 10-1m 1cm 1mm 100mm 10mm 1mm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 10-2m 10-3m 10-4m 10-5m 10-6m 10-7m 10-9m 10-8m 1A 0.1 A 10-10m 10-11m Electron Microscope Human Eye Light Microscope Small Molecule Apple Ant Human Wasp Cell Virus Atom Hair Bacteria Environmental Biology for Engineers Electron Orbital DNA Cell Biology Types of cells Prokaryotes ◦ Include bacteria Eukaryotes ◦ Plants, animal and _____ ◦ _______ eukaryotes do not have a cell wall ◦ Feature lost by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to the kingdom Animalia Main distinction ◦ Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, all genetic material is contained in a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in cytoplasm ◦ Eukaryotes have a nucleus that contains long, complex chains of DNA called chromosomes Environmental Biology for Engineers Most cells range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope. Cell Biology Types of cells: Prokaryotes The highest level of biological classification, the domain, is based on the cell type Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the __________________of life on earth Prokaryotes are/are not able to live and thrive in various types of environments including extreme habitats such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, swamps, wetlands, and the guts of animals A scanning electron micrograph of Listeria monocytogene cells Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Prokaryotes prokaryotes (from the Greek pro, meaning "before" and karyon, meaning "kernel" or "nucleus") because they contain a nucleoid region rather than a true nucleus where their genetic material is found. Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology CELLS alive! Prokaryotes Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Types of Cells: Eukaryotes More complex than prokaryotic cells ◦ Can either be single-celled (amoeba) or multi-celled ◦ Can reproduce in one of several ways (e.g. meiosis, mitosis) Have cell nucleus within containing its _______ The nucleus is the most evident distinction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes Most organisms that we can see, such as trees, grass, worms, flies, mice, humans, mushrooms and yeast are eukaryotes Human breast cancer cell Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Overview Comparison Environmental Biology for Engineers _______, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes ___________, a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of material _________, the rest of the material of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleoid region or nucleus, that consists of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles and other particulates suspended in it ___________, the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place Cell Biology Types of Cells: Eukaryotic Eukaryotic cells (from the Greek eu, meaning "true" and karyon, meaning "kernel" or "nucleus"). Below is an animal cell. Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Eukaryotic: Plant Cells Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Structure and Function of Cell Parts Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells Environmental Biology for Engineers Structure Function Nucleus Contains genetic material Ribosomes Protein synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum Synthesis/modification and transport of proteins and lipids Golgi apparatus Processing, distribution of proteins, lipids Lysosomes Digestion of substances in cell Peroxisomes Digestion and detoxification Chloroplasts Photosynthesis Flagella/Cilia Cell movement Vacuole and vesicle Storage of cellular substances Centriole Cytoskeletal organization Cell Biology CELLS alive! Eucaryotic Cell Interactive Animation Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Plant and Animal Cell Simulation Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology How cells divide Most prokaryotes reproduce asexually ◦ Binary fission ◦ Single DNA molecule replicates and the original cell is divided into two identical cells. Begins with the single DNA molecule replicating Cell membrane begins to grow between the two DNA molecules Once the cell just about doubles its original size, the cell membrane begins to pinch inward A cell wall then forms between the two DNA molecules dividing the original cell into two identical daughter cells DNA Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell membrane Cell Biology Binary Fission: Desmid Environmental Biology for Engineers B0004467 Credit Spike Walker, Wellcome Images Desmid (Micrasterias) undergoing binary fission, LM Cell Biology Video Resource: Single Cell Organisms Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology How cells divide Presence or absence of a nucleus is important when it come to cell reproduction Recall that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission ◦ Genetic material is in a single strand of DNA Environmental Biology for Engineers Typical eukaryotic cell contains about ______ more DNA Instead of a single strand, DNA forms many distinct molecules called _____________ Mitosis is the complex and multistep process for assuring that daughter cell receives one and only one of each ________________ Cell Biology How cells divide: Mitosis Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Reproduction: Mitosis Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology NSF VISUAL Exhibit (Image 4) Environmental Biology for Engineers This image shows a mammalian cell getting ready to pinch into two daughter cells The purse-string is made up of the same molecular components found in our muscles In this image, the muscle-like material is shown in red; it forms a band around the edge of the cell and at the middle, where the pursestring-like contraction occurs Also, notice that the red pursestring appears to be cutting through the green filaments-the microtubules-near the middle of the cell Cell Biology Cell Differentiation Environmental Biology for Engineers The majority of organisms consist of many more than one type of cell About 200 different types of cells -- many highly specialized -- make up the tissues and organs of the human body. Human originate as a single, simple-looking cell -- a fertilized egg, or zygote -- so tiny that it can barely be seen without a microscope. (A human egg cell is about 1/100th of a centimeter in diameter, or a bit smaller than the width of a human hair. ) Shortly after fertilization, the zygote begins dividing, replicating itself again and again All cells develop from this zygote Cell differentiation is controlled by genes, the genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of every cell Genes instruct each cell how and when to build the proteins that allow it to create the structures, and ultimately perform the functions, specific to its type of cell. Cell Biology Cell Differentiation Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Cell Differentiation Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis Environmental Biology for Engineers To make the move from asexual to sexual reproduction, nature took a system by which parent cells reproduced simply by dividing (asexual reproduction) and altered it to allow two parent cells to combine to create offspring (sexual reproduction) It met this challenge by devising (again, speaking from a human perspective) a system by which parent cells incorporate genetic information from both of its parents but contain half the amount of DNA With only half the DNA, when the parent cell combines with another parent cell, the proper amount of DNA is maintained This solution is called ___________ Cell Biology How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis Environmental Biology for Engineers _______ describes the process by which the nucleus of a cell divides to create two new nuclei, each containing an identical copy of DNA. Cytokinesis describes the division of the rest of the cell. Almost all of the DNA duplication in your body is carried out through mitosis. ______ is the process by which certain sex cells are created. If you're male, your body uses meiosis to create sperm cells; if you're female, it uses meiosis to create egg cells. Others cells in your body contain 46 chromosomes: 23 from your father and 23 from your mother Your egg (or sperm) cells contain only half that number - a total of 23 chromosomes When an egg and sperm unite to make a fertilized egg, the chromosomes add up to equal 46 Cell Biology How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Biology: An Overview of NSF Research Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Objectives Review the size and basic structure of the cell Identify major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Review cell reproduction Understand the difference between binary fission, mitosis and meiosis Review current research trends Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology References Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists – Chapter 4 Cells Alive ◦ http://www.cellsalive.com/toc_cellbio.htm Prokaryotes ◦ http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/prokaryotes.htm Biology Reference ◦ http://www.biologyreference.com/index.html Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Images Scanning electron micrograph of Listeria monocytogene cells ◦ http://www.biologyreference.com/Bl-Ce/Cell.html Schematic of prokaryote and eucaryotes (plant and animal) ◦ Wikimedia Commons, Mariana Ruiz Villarreal ◦ http://commons.wikimedia.org/ Binary fission ◦ http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/ ◦ B0004467 Credit Spike Walker Human breast cancer cell from Cellupedia ◦ http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryote_examples.html Mitosis ◦ http://myersscience.barrow.wikispaces.net/Biology+Home Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Images Relative Sizes and Detection Device Adapted from Molecular Expressions http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/index.html Biology – An overview of NSF Research NSF VISUAL Exhibit (Image 4) Environmental Biology for Engineers http://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/int_full.jsp http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.cfm?med_id=61577&from=mmg Cell Biology Video and Flash Mitosis (tdc02_vid_dnadivide) ◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org. ◦ ©1995, 2002 WGBH Educational Foundation ◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science Foundation Binary Fission (Single-Celled Organisms tdc02_vid_singlecell) ◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org. ◦ © 2002 WGBH Educational Foundation ◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science Foundation Cell Differentiation (tdc02_vid_different) ◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org ◦ ©1993, 2002 WGBH Educational Foundation ◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science Foundation Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Video and Flash Plant and Animal Cell Simulation ◦ http://www.forgefx.com/casestudies/prenticehall/ph/cells/cells.ht m How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis ◦ Nova Online ◦ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divide.html Dance of Development (sps07_int_devdance) ◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org ◦ © 2007 WGBH Educational Foundation. ◦ Adapted from the Exploratorium‘s Dance of Development http://www.exploratorium.edu/index.html ◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science Foundation Environmental Biology for Engineers Cell Biology Sources of photographs and images in the sidebar Human brain ◦ http://www.healthnak.com/mind/ X-rays images ◦ http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html Cold Virus (altered in Photoshop) ◦ http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/ About the Instructor Environmental Biology for Engineers Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Diplomat, Water Resources Engineering, American Academy of Water Resources Engineering (AAWRE) Board Certified Environmental Engineer, American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE) Licensed Professional Engineer, State of Illinois Cell Biology
