Multimedia Processing
Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques in HEVC.
Multimedia Processing
EE 5359
Spring 2015
Advisor: Dr. K. R. Rao
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Texas, Arlington
Rahul Ankushrao Kawadgave
1001124353
rahul.kawadgave@mavs.uta.edu
Table of Contents
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Acronym
Goal
Overview of HEVC
Overview of Information Hiding
Different forms and applications of Information
Hiding
Approach
Manipulation on Non zéro DCT Coefficients
Results
References
Acronym:
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CTU : Coding Tree Unit
CU : Coding Unit
DCT : Discrete Cosine Transform
FSS : Four steps search
GOP : Group of Pictures
HD : High Definition
HEVC : High Efficiency Video Coding
HM : HEVC Test Model
ITU : International Télécommunication Union
ITU-T : ITU Télécommunication Standardisation Sector
JCT-VC : Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding
LSB : Least Significant Bit
MB : Macro Block
ME : Matrix Encoding
ME : Motion Estimation
MPEG : Moving Picture Experts Group
PU : Prediction Unit
RDO : Rate Distortion Optimization
TB : Transform Block
TBD : To be done
Goal:
• Information hiding refers to the process of inserting
information into a host to serve specific purpose(s)[2].
Information hiding has its several forms and different
applications, and techniques to implement. HEVC[1] is new
standard for video coding, where information hiding
techniques are still under study. Some research has already
shown techniques for information hiding that can be
applied to HEVC[1], also several new techniques in future
can be applied. In this proposed project, plan is to analyze
information hiding technique based on nonzero DCT
(discrete cosine transform) *28] coefficients are
manipulated based on the transform block size in all slices
using local setup created for HEVC[1] using HM[21]
software and share the results.
Overview of HEVC:
• High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)[1] is
currently the newest video coding standard of
the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group and the
ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group. The main
goal of the HEVC[1] standardization effort is to
enable significantly improved compression
performance relative to existing standards—in
the range of 50% bit-rate reduction for equal
perceptual video quality. Figure1 provides an
overview of the of the encoder of HEVC[1]
standard.
Figure1: Typical HEVC[1] video encoder.
Overview of Information Hiding:
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Information hiding refers to the process of inserting information into a host to serve specific
purpose(s).[2] Currently, with the existence of broadband Internet service and ubiquitous network
coverage through a cellular data plan, video can be conveniently downloaded and broadcast
through social networking services such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter. Therefore, there are
various needs to manage and/or protect the vast number of videos including: 1) tracking illegal
distribution of copyrighted video to secure business revenue; 2) hyperlinking related contents while
ensuring the hyperlink information always stays intact with the video to enhance user experiences;
and 3) monitoring video broadcasts and Internet distributions to generate reports regarding when,
where, and how many times a video has been aired/streamed. Information hiding is one of the
possible solutions to serve the aforementioned needs. It refers to the process of inserting
information into a host to achieve certain features or to serve specific purposes. The components
of information hiding are summarized in Figure 2. In particular, we modify the watermarking
framework in [3] to a general framework of information hiding to emphasize on the information
insertion part. Here, the information is external to the content (e.g., ownership information and
secret message) or deduced from the content (e.g., checksum and hash value). The information is
inserted into the host by means of modifying part(s) of the host based on the representation
scheme in use and a key so that the output (i.e., content + inserted information as a single unit)
satisfies the imposed properties and requirements. These properties include high perceptual
quality, reversibility, secrecy of the inserted information, etc.[2]
Figure 2: General framework for
information hiding.[2]
Different forms and applications of
Information Hiding:
Approach
• One of the approaches used for information
hiding in HEVC is Manipulation on Nonzero
DCT coefficient to embed the required
information. Plan is to study this algorithm
and implement it using HM[21] 16 software
and to compare parameters like PSNR for
frames in different test video sequences. [6]
Manipulation on Nonzero DCT
Coefficient. [6]
• LSB manipulation of nonzero DCT coefficient (i.e., a special case of oddeven embedding) is the most frequently utilized technique for information
hiding [7] [8]. This technique allows external information to be
conveniently inserted into a digital content (i.e., image, video) without
causing significant impact on perceptual quality. Here, the odd-even based
technique is implemented on the nonzero DCT coefficients in each coding
tree unit. However, the implementation is restricted to AC coefficients in
the interval of [−8, 8] \ {0} and these coefficients are modified based on
the size of the TB in which they reside. Empirically it is observed that
modification on this range is adequate to maintain the perceptual quality
while providing sufficient payload simultaneously. In particular, AC
coefficients in the luminance channel is divided into four categories (i.e.,
ranges, R) based on the TB size in coding tree unit. Only AC coefficients in
R \ {0} are considered for information hiding. Let Yc and Yc’ denote the
original and modified DCT coefficient values, respectively, and let w be the
information bit to be embedded. The embedding process is summarized
as follows in Eq. (1) and (2). To extract the inserted information, the LSB of
each coefficient in the range specified by Eq. (2) is considered.
Manipulation on Nonzero DCT
Coefficient. [6]
• Equations show the embedding process using
DCT coefficients.
Manipulation on Nonzero DCT
Coefficient. [6]
• Yc: Original non zéro DCT coefficient.
• Yc’: Modified DCT coefficient.
• R: Set of nonzero coefficients under
consideration.
• w: Binary information to be embedded [0 or
1].
Intervals of nonzero DCT coefficients.
• To maintain the perceptual quality while
providing sufficient payload for information
hiding, AC coefficients under consideration are
divided into four categories. First, TBsize 4x4 and
second TBsize 8x8, make uses of interval [−8, 8] \
{0} which indicates that AC coefficients ranged
are from -8 to 8, not including 0. Third, in case of
TBsize of 16x16, -6 to 6 coefficients are used,
also not including 0. Similarly fourth case where
TBsize is 32x32 and -6 to 6 coefficients are used
and again not including zero. Table 1 shows the
information on intervals and block sizes.
Intervals of nonzero DCT coefficients
Process for embedding information.
Process for embedding information.
Input used for information hiding.
• Figure 5 shows binary image of size 256x256 is
used as an input for information hiding. This
image contains total number of pixels equal to
655346. To generate more information
required to hide for testing, same image is
used mulitple times to create. As shown in
Table 3 same image is used muplitle times to
create more information.
Input used for information hiding.
Input used for information hiding.
Input used for information hiding.
Results
• Results collected are for video sequences with different resolutions
416x240 and 176x144 and different frames. Information embedded
for different videos is different as size available for embedding
information is different. Results are collected primarily to show how
PSNR for different frames like “I or B” only and also for all frames
varies depending on number of binary pixels are increased. As per
results it can be seen there is decrease in PSNR values as number of
pixels embedded is increased.
• As shown in Table 5 where both I and B frames are considered while
compression for RaceHorses_416x240_30 and in Table 6 it can seen
that only I frames are considered for BUS_176x144_15_orig_01.
Also Figures 7,8,9,10,11 show the variations in PSNR values for
different scenarios, where PSNR-I frames is PSNR for I frames,
PSNR-B frames is PSNR only for B frames and total PSNR is PSNR
calculated for all frames in given test sequence.
Results
Results
Results
Results
Results
Results
Results
Conclusion:
• An information hiding technique using LSB
manipulation of nonzero DCT coefficients can
be implemented for HEVC standard. This
project shows how multiple binary images can
be hidden using this technique. Information in
the form of multiple binary images can be
hidden in a video encoded using HEVC
standard with very small variation in PSNR.
References:
[1] G. J. Sullivan et al, "Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard," IEEE
Transactions On Circuits and Systems For Video Technology, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1649 – 1668, Dec. 2012.
[2] Y. Tew; and K Wong; “An Overview of Information Hiding in H.264/AVC Compressed Video”, IEEE
Transactions On Circuits and Systems For Video Technology Vol. 24, pp. 305 – 319, No. 2, Feb. 2014.
[3] I. Cox, M. Miller, J. Bloom, J. Fridrich, and T. Kalker, “Digital Watermarking and Steganography, 2nd
ed. San Francisco, CA, USA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., Ch. 3 2008.
[4] F. L. Bauer, “Decrypted Secrets—Methods and Maxims of Cryptology.”, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany:
Springer-Verlag, 1997.
*5+ F. Petitcolas, R. Anderson, and M. Kuhn, “Information hiding–a survey,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, no. 7, pp.
1062–1078, Jul. 1999.
[6] Y. Tew and K. Wong “Information hiding in HEVC standard using adaptive coding block size decision”
2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 5502 – 5506, Oct. 2014
[7] R.-Z. Wang, C.-F. Lin, and J.-C. Lin, “Image hiding by optimal LSB substitution and genetic algorithm,”
Pattern Recognition, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 671–683, Mar.2001.
[8] C.-K. Chan and L. Cheng, “Hiding data in images by simple LSB substitution,” Pattern Recognition, vol.
37,no. 3, pp. 469–474, Mar. 2004.
[9] V. Sze and M. Budagavi, “Design and Implementation of Next Generation Video Coding Systems
(H.265/HEVC Tutorial)”, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Melbourne,
Australia, June 2014, available on http://www.rle.mit.edu/eems/publications/tutorials/
[10] HEVC tutorial http://www.vcodex.com/h265.html
References
[11] G.J. Sullivan; J. Ohm; Woo-Jin Han and T. Wiegand, “Overview of
the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard”, IEEE Trans. on
Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Volume: 22, Issue: 12, pp.
1649-1668, Dec. 2012.
[12] Ian Richardson “Video Codec Design : Developing Image and
Video compression systems”,Wiley,2002.
[13] G. J. Sullivan et al “Standardized Extensions of High Efficiency
Video Coding (HEVC).”IEEE Journal of selected topics in Signal
Processing” vol. 7, pp.1001-1016, Dec. 2013
[14] T.-J. Lin, K.-L. Chung, P.-C. Chang, Y.-H. Huang, H.-Y. M. Liao, and C.Y. Fang, “An improved DCT-based perturbation scheme for high
capacity data hiding in H.264/AVC intra frames,” J. Syst. Software, vol.
86, pp.604–614, Mar. 2013.
[15] Software repository for HEVC https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/tags/HM-16.0/
References
• [16] HEVC white paper –Ittiam systems http://www.Ittiam.com/Downloads/en/documentation.aspx
• [17] Video test sequences http://forum.doom9.org/archive/index.php/t-135034.html or
http://media.xiph.org/video/derf/ or
ftp://ftp.kw.bbc.co.uk/hevc/hm-11.0-anchors/bitstreams/
orhttp://forum.doom9.org/archive/index.php/t-135034.html
• [18] M. Wien, “High efficiency video coding: Tools and
specification”, Springer, 2015.
• [19] I.E. Richardson, “Coding video: A practical guide to HEVC and
beyond”, Wiley, 11 May 2015
• [20] V.Sze, M.Budagavi and G.J.Sullivan “ High Efficiency Video
Coding(HEVC) –Algorithms and Architectures”, Springer, 2014.
• [21] HM Software Manual https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/