Initiative
Runway
Safety
Participants
• EASA
• Airbus
• CANSO
• Embraer
• IFALPA
• ACI
• FAA/CAST
• IATA
• LVNL
• ERA
• Boeing
• Eurocontrol
• DGAC France
• AAPA
• Flight Safety Foundation
• US NTSB
• IFATCA
• AEA
• NLR
* ALTA
• Honeywell
RSI Meetings
1. Initial RSI meeting in Amsterdam 7 and 8 Feb 2007
2. Meeting in Brussels 30 and 31 May 2007
3. Meeting in Toulouse 6 and 7 September 2007
4. Meeting in Miami 9 and 10 January 2008
5. Meeting at NTSB in Washington on 7 and 8 May 2008
6. Meeting at EASA in Cologne on 20 and 21 August 2008
7. Meting at Boeing in Seattle on 13 and 14 November
Definition:
A Runway safety issue is any safety issue
that deals with the runway environment (or
any surface being used as a runway) and
the areas immediately adjacent to it (e.g.
overruns, high speed taxiways).
Runway Safety Issues
•
Runway Incursions
•
Runway Excursions
•
Runway Confusion
New ICAO Definition of Runway Incursion:
“ Any occurrence at an aerodrome
involving the incorrect presence of an
aircraft, vehicle or person on the
protected area of a surface designated
for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.”
2007 runway safety events
- TAROM runway incursion accident (0 fatalities)
- S7 excursion report from MAK (126 fatalities)
- Garuda excursion in Indonesia (21 fatalities)
- TAM excursion (187 fatalities)
- Southwest Airlines Midway excursion report
- Air France A-340 Toronto excursion report
Some 2008 Runway Safety Events
- Hewa Bora DC-9 excursion (3 Fatal)
- Kalitta B747 excursion (0 fatalities)
- TACA A-320 excursion (3 Fatal)
- Sudan Airways A-310 excursion (30 fatal)
- Continental excursion in Denver (0 fatalities)
- Several corporate aircraft fatal excursions
8
Major Accidents
Commercial Jets
1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008
Source: Ascend
Date
Operator
Aircraft
Location
Runway
Excursion
Phase
Fatal
2 Januray
Iran Air
F-100
Tehran, Iran
Takeoff
0
17 January
British Airways
B-777
London, England
Landing
0
1 February
LAB
B-727
Trinidad, Bolovia
Enroute
0
14 February
Belavia
CRJ-100
Yerevan, Armenia
Takeoff
0
15 April*
Hewa Bora Airways
DC-9
Goma, DRC
Takeoff
3
25 May*
Kalitta Air
B-747
Brussels, Belgium
Takeoff
0
30 May*
TACA
A-320
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Landing
3
10 June*
Sudan Airways
A-310
Khartoum, Sudan
Landing
29
30 June
Ababeel Aviation
IL-76
Khartoum, Sudan
Takeoff
4
6 July
USA Jet Airlines
DC-9
Saltillo, Mexico
Approach
1
7 July
Kalitta Air
B-747
Bogota, Colombia
Takeoff
0
20 August
Spanair
MD-82
Madrid, Spain
Takeoff
154
24 August
Itek-Air
B-737
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Approach
65
30 August
Conviasa
B-737
Toacaso, Ecuador
Enroute
3
14 September
Aeroflot Nord
B-737
Perm, Russia
Approach
88
22 September*
ICARO
F-28
Quito, Ecuador
Takeoff
0
10 November
Ryanair
B-737
Rome, Italy
Approach
0
27 November
XL Airways Germany
A-320
Perpignan, France
Approach
7
20 December*
Continental Arilines
B-737
Denver, CO, USA
Takeoff
0
Major Accidents
Business Jets
1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008
Date
Operator
Aircraft
Location
Phase
Fatal
Climb
2
1 February
Symons Living Trust
Citation I
Agusta, Maine, USA
18 February
Avion Sales
Citation III
Venezuela
Enroute
3
4 March
Southwest Sports Clinic
Citation I
Oklahoma City, USA
Takeoff
5
4 March
Confort Vuela
HS125-800
Monterrey, Mexico
Landing
0
30 March
Relton Muse Aviation
Citation I
London, UK
Climb
5
12 June
FAI Rent-A-Jet
Lear 35
Kisangani, DRC
Takeoff
0
30 July
My Aviation
Eclipse 500
West Chester, PA, USA
Takeoff
0
31 July
East Coast Jets
Hawker 800
Owatonna, MN, USA
Approach
8
18 August
Corus Hardware Corp
Citation I
Santo Domingo, DR
Climb
1
19 September
Inter Travel and Svcs
Lear 60
Colombia, SC, USA
Takeoff
4
4 November
Mexican Government
Lear 45
Mexico City, Mexico
Approach
9
7 December
Tlaxcala State Government
Lear 23
Tlaxcala, Mexico
Approach
2
Source: Ascend
2008
Runway Safety Data
Total Accidents: 97
(44 Jet/53 TP: all Western and Eastern
built commercial jet and turboprop aircraft, Major or substantial damage)
Total Incursion Accidents: 0
Total Confusion Accidents: 0
Total Excursion Accidents: 38
(39%) - 32
Fatalities
Data Availability
• Runway Incursions
- Good
• Runway Excursions
- Good for Accidents and Incidents
with Damage
• Runway Confusion
- Limited (normally no damage, no
injury, no loss of separation)
1977 - KLM / Pan Am
Los Rodeos Airport -Tenerife
Canary Islands
US Airways Runway Incursion Accident –
Los Angeles: Controller cleared aircraft
to land with another aircraft on the runway.
February 1991
SAS
October 2001
Milan, Italy
Runway Incursions
• Part of the new breed of safety
challenge
- Not a lot of accidents
- Numerous Incidents
• Basic Risk Management:
Risk = (Probability) X (Severity)
The Players
•
Aircraft Manufacturers
•
Operators
- Aircrews
- Management
•
Airports
•
ATC
•
Regulators
Manufacturers
•
Safe/Reliable Aircraft
•
Data and procedures for normal
operations
•
Data and procedures for nonnormal operations
Operators
•
Stabilized Approach Criteria
•
True No-Fault Go Around Policy
•
Training
•
Decision making
- On approach
- On the runway
Airports
•
•
•
•
Airport Design
Lighting
Approach Aids (e.g. ILS, VASI, PAPI)
Runway Design (crown, grooved)
• Runway markings and signage
• Runway clearing/cleaning
• Runway condition measurement
• Runway End Safety Areas
• Airport AARF
,
ATC
• Stabilized Approach Assistance
• Pertinent and timely Information
- Weather
- Runway Condition
Regulator
• Provide appropriate and
professional oversight
• Stabilized Approach requirements
- Approaches with vertical guidance
Runway Safety Products Catalog
Runway Incursion:
Product Title
1. ICAO Runway Safety Toolkit
Originator
ICAO
Type Product
CD and web
2. Runway and Surface Safety
FAA
CD and web
3. Taxi 101
FAA
CD and web
Target Audience
Aircrew, Airports, ATM,
Management
Flight Instructors
Pilot Examiners
Maintenance personnel
4. Runway Incursion Prevention
Program
FAA, ACI,
IATA, PAAST
CD and web
Aircrew, Airports, ATM
5. European Action Plan for the
Prevention of Runway Incursions
Eurocontrol et al CD and web
6. Runway Incursion CAST JSIT
Reports
FAA (CAST)
CD
Aircrews, Airports, ATM
Vehicle drivers
Aircrews, Airports, ATM
7. FAA Runway Safety Website
FAA
Web site
8. Enhanced Taxiway Centerline
FAA
CD and web
9. AOPA Runway Safety Course
FAA, AOPA
Web site
General Aviation Pilots
10. ALPA Runway Safety Course
FAA, ALPA
Web site
Aircrews
11. ACI Airside Safety Handbook
ACI
Handbook
Airports
12. Runway Safety: It’s Everybody’s
Business
FAA
Handbook
Pilots, Controllers
13. Pilot Guide to Runway Safety
Sporty’s
CD
Aircrews, ATM, Vehicle
Drivers
Aircrews, ATM, Airports
General Aviation Pilots
Runway Safety Products Catalog
Runway Excursion
Product Title
1. ALAR Tool Kit
Originator
Flight Safety Foundation
2. Managing Threats and Errors
Flight Safety Foundation
During Approach and Landing:
How to avoid a Runway Overrun
3. Takeoff Safety Training Aid
FAA
Type Product
Target Audience
CD
Aircrews, ATM, Airports
Web
Aircrews
CD and web
Aircrews
Runway Safety Products Catalog
Runway Confusion:
??????????? (Many Runway Incursion Products may be
applicable here)
Runway
Confusion
Safety
Data
Incursion
Excursion
Accident Data
1995 – 2008
Commercial Aircraft
(Substantial and Major Damage, Western and Eastern built
Turbojets and Turboprops)
Jets
Major Substantial
286
372
Total
658
Turboprops
Major
528
Substantial
243
771
1,429 Total Accidents
(of all types, not just runway safety accidents)
Runway Safety
Accident Data
1995 – 2008
1,429 Total Accidents
Number
Percent of Total
Incursions:
10 (.7/year)
.6%
Confusion:
4 (.3/year)
.3%
Excursions:
417 (29.8/year)
29 %
Runway Related Accidents
1995 through 2008
Confusion
Turboprop
Incursion - Turbojet
Excursion
Turbojet
Excursion
Turboprop
Incursion
Turboprop
Confusion - Turbojet
Commercial Transport Aircraft
Runway Safety Data
1995 – 2008
Runway Excursion Data
• 36% of Jet accidents
• 24% of Turboprop accidents
• Turboprops have a higher risk of veer-offs
Jets have a higher risk of overruns
Business Jet Accidents
1991 - 2002
Total Accidents: 251
Excursions:
Excursion %:
63
25.1%
30 years of Taxiway and Runway Incursion / Confusion Accidents
1996 to 2007
Date
Location
Aircraft Type(s)
Accident
Fatalities /
Serious
Estimated Loss
27 Aug 2006
Lexington, KY, USA
CRJ-100
49 F
$147M + $15M = $162M total
3 Dec 2003
Denver, CO, USA
SA-227 / SA-226
Take off on short runway
26
Taxi collision
0
$0M + $4M = $4M total
31 Oct 2001
Taipei, Taiwan
B-747 / construction
equipment
Runway collision
83 F + 71 S
$250M + $66M = $316M total
8 Oct 2001
Milan, Italy
MD-87/ CJ-2
Runway collision
122 F + 71 S
$366M + $35M = $401M total
25 May 2000
Paris, France
MD-83 / Shorts 330
Runway collision
1F
$3M + $7M = $10M total
1997
Amsterdam,
Netherlands
Quincy, IL, USA
B-747 / grass cutter
Taxiway collision
0
$0M + $3M = $3M total
Be-1900 / Be-490
Runway collision
14 F
$42M + $12M = $54M total
269 Fatal
142 Serious
$808M + $142M = $950M
19 Nov 1996
$95M/year
Prior to 1996
Date
Location
Aircraft Type(s)
Accident
Fatalities /
Serious
Estimated Loss
2 Feb 1991
Los Angeles, CA,
USA
Madrid, Spain
B-737 / Be-1900
Runway collision
34 F
$150M
B-727 / DC-9
Runway collision
93 F + 30 S
$300M
Cranbrook, BC,
Canada
Tenerife, Canary
Islands
B-737 / snow plow
Runway collision
42 F + 5 S
$165M
B-747 / B-747
Runway collision
583 F + 59 S
$1800M
752 Fatal
94 Serious
$2,415M
7 Dec 1983
11 Feb 1978
27 Mar 1977
$120M/year
$100M/year Due to Runway Incursions
Three years of Runway Excursion Accidents
2005 to 2007
Date
Location
Aircraft Type(s)
Accident
9 Nov 2007
Quito, Ecuador
A340
Landed long & tailwind
$200M
26 Oct 2007
Butuan, Philippines
A320
Landed long
$60M
16 Sep 2007
Phuket, Thailand
MD-82
Landed long & fast
17 Jul 2007
Sao Paulo, Brazil
A320
Landed long
17 Jul 2007
Santa Maria,
Columbia
Yogyakarta,
Indonesia
Makassar, Indonesia
EMB-190
Landed long
B737-400
Landed long & fast
B737-400
Landed long
$15M
DC-10
Floated on wet runway
$20M
10 Oct 2006
Barranquilla,
Columbia
Stord, Norway
BAe-146
Landed long
$7M
3 Oct 2006
Tarakan, Indonesia
B737-200
Landed long
$15M
7 Sep 2006
Lagos, Nigeria
B727
Landed long & fast
$10M
9 Jul 2006
Irkutsk, Russia
A310
Thrust reverser
4 Jun 2006
Managua, Nicaragua
DC-10
Landed long
$15M
4 Mar 2006
Surabaya, Indonesia
MD-82
Thrust reverser
$15M
8 Dec 2005
Chicago, IL, USA
B737-700
Late thrust reverser
1F+1S
$35M
2 Aug 2005
Toronto, Canada
A340
Landed long & tailwind
11 S
$235M
1 July 2005
DC-10
Unstable approach
$25M
24 Jan 2005
Chittagong,
Bangladesh
Dusseldorf, Germany
B747-200
Landed long & fast
$60M
8 Jan 2005
Cali, Columbia
MD-83
Landed long & fast
$25M
7 Mar 2007
25 Dec 2006
17 Nov 2006
Fatalities /
Serious
Estimated Loss
$20M
199 F + 11 S
$602M
$37M
23 F + 15 S
131 F
354 Fatal
38 Serious
$52M
$70M
$1,518M
$506M/year
$500M/year Due to Runway Excursions
Runway Safety
Fatality Data
1995 – 2008
1,429 Total Accidents
(492 fatal accidents (33%))
Number of Fatal Accidents (Onboard Fatalities)
Incursions:
5 (129)
Confusion:
2 (132)
Excursions:
34 (712)
Fatal and Non-Fatal Runway
Accidents by Type 1995 thru 2008
Fatal
Runway Confusion
Non-Fatal
Runway Incursion
Runway Excursion
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Number of Accidents
350
400
450
Runway Safety Observations
•
Data shows we are being effective in
preventing runway incursion accidents, but
the number of incidents and severity still
indicates a very high risk
•
Data shows runway excursions are the most
common type of runway safety accident (96%)
and the most common type of fatal runway
safety accident (80%)
•
Severity of runway excursions dependent on:
- Energy of aircraft when departing the runway
- Airport layout, geography, and rescue capability
Runway Safety Observations
•
New procedures (e.g. Auckland, NZ) may be
helpful in reducing the risk in some runway
incursion and runway confusion situations –
but not all
•
In the case of runway confusion, many runway
incursion interventions may be useful (e.g.
moving map)
•
In the case of runway excursions, a major
risk reduction factor is flying a stabilized
approach with landing in the touchdown zone
Basics
-
Stabilized approach with landing in
touch down zone
Energy = Mass X V2
-
Effect of reverse thrust is significantly
greater on a contaminated runway
-
Calculations and rules are important,
but so is adhering to the conditions
used to calculate them:
* e.g. abort past V1
* Land long, land fast
The Way Forward
RSI Steering Team
Runway
Incursions
Support and Promote
the many current
efforts
* ICAO definition
* Global Data Base
Runway
Excursions
Lead the effort to reduce
the risk of excursions
* Establish data team to determine
highest risk areas and develop
interventions
* Publish interventions and best
practices, e.g.
- Stabilized approaches
- No-fault go around policy
- Contaminated runway data
Basic Plan
• 3 Critical Items for success:
1. Identify high risk areas (with data)
2. Develop interventions to reduce the
risk in the highest risk areas
3. Get information out internationally
* On a regionally tailored basis
* In a user friendly format
Global Plan
to Reduce the Risk of
Runway Excursions
FSF Goal:
Make Aviation Safer by reducing the
Risk of an Accident