LANDMARKS
IN HUMANITIES
Chapter 10
Baroque: Piety and Extravagance
ca. 1650–1750
The Catholic Reformation
2

Loyola and the Jesuit Order
 Ignatius
Loyola, fervent Spanish Catholic
 Society of Jesus
 “Soldiers
of Christ”; monastic order of the Catholic
Reformation


Militant return to fundamental Catholic dogma
Strict enforcement of traditional Church teachings
 Amalgam

Spiritual Exercises
 Council

of mysticism and militant religious zeal
of Trent
Reconfirmed seven sacraments; reasserted traditional
Catholic position on all theological matters
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The Catholic Reformation
3

Mannerist Painting
 Surge
in artistic activity spurred by Catholic
reformers
 Mannerism
 Spatial
complexity, artificiality, and affectation
 Psychological intensity
 Parmigianino
 Madonna
 El
of the Long Neck
Greco
 The
Agony in the Garden
 Captured mystical fervor of new Catholicism
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The Catholic Reformation
4

Music and the Catholic Reformation
 Council
of Trent tried to rid sacred music of
secular influence
 Banned
complex polyphony; message of text primary
 Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass


A cappella
“Music of mystic serenity”
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The Italian Baroque
5

The Italian Baroque
 Baroque:
artistic style dominated by florid
ornamentation, spatial grandeur, theatrical
flamboyance
 Enhanced

piety; extravagant settings
Italian Baroque Architecture
 Saint
Peter’s basilica
 Michelangelo
 Bernini

Piazza of St. Peter’s; baldacchino
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The Italian Baroque
6

Italian Baroque Sculpture
 Bernini
was leading sculptor
 David
 The


Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
Theatrical; illusionist
Italian Baroque Painting
 Realistic
detail; illusionistic effects
 Light/dark
contrast
 Foreshortening
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The Italian Baroque
7
 Caravaggio
 The
Crucifixion of Saint Peter
 Lifelike realization of natural world
 Appeal to senses rather than intellect
 Gentileschi
 Judith
Slaying Holofernes
 Female painter; favorite subject was biblical heroines
 Pozzo
 Church
of Sant’Ignazio, Rome
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The Northern Baroque
8

The Northern Baroque
 Protestants
stripped churches of ornamentation;
Bible exercised influence on the arts
 Patronage of middle class; interest in secular life

The Rise of the English Commonwealth
 “Glorious
Revolution” (1688)
 Constitutional
government established
 Bill of Rights (1688)
 Toleration Act (1689)
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The Northern Baroque
9

The King James Bible
 “Authorized”
English-language edition of Old and
New Testaments
 Lasting

influence on English language, literature
Donne
 Developed
sermon as vehicle for philosophic
meditation
 Meditations

“Conceits”
 Metaphysical
 Holy
poetry
Sonnets
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The Northern Baroque
10

Milton
 Political
activist
 Challenged
English society with expository prose
essays
 Desired
to compose a modern epic
 Paradise

Lost
The London of Christopher Wren
 Leading
architect of large-scale building activity in
London after fire destroyed much of city in 1666
 Saint Paul’s Cathedral
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The Northern Baroque
11

Seventeenth-Century Holland
 Holland
commercially active; citizens profited
 Patrons
 Maria
van Oosterwyck
 Vanitas

of the arts; Golden Age of painting
Still Life (1668)
Vermeer
 Master
of light
 View of Delft
 The Milkmaid
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The Northern Baroque
12

Rembrandt
 Produced
 Leading
landmark works in every genre
portrait painter
 Captain
Frans Banning Cocq Mustering his
Company
 Group
portraiture
 Self-portraits
 Self-Portrait
mirror history of his career
as Saint Paul (1661)
 Christ
Preaching
 Etching/printmaking
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The Aristocratic Baroque
13

The Aristocratic Baroque
 Emerged
 Absolute


in Western European royal courts
monarchy
Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV and the Arts
 Created
and subsidized government-sponsored
institutions in the arts (academies)
 Neoclassicist
 “The Sun King”
 Used arts for propaganda value
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The Aristocratic Baroque
14
 Louis
XIV moved capital from Paris to Versailles
 Symbol
of absolute order
 Baroque synthesis of Classical and Palladian
elements
 Magnificent gardens; symbolic of royal grandeur
 Hall of Mirrors
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The Aristocratic Baroque
15

Theater Arts
 Louis
established first permanent orchestra
 All members of court expected to perform basic
dances; minuet was favorite
 Extravagant ballets in which Louis participated
 Birth of professional dance; dance as
independent art form
 Choreography
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The Aristocratic Baroque
16
 Louis
also greatly influenced theatrical
performance
 Molière
 Comedies
focused on comic foibles of society
 The Misanthrope
 Dramatic
 Rules

tragedies popular in Paris
fixed by Academy
Morally uplifting; high-minded; Greek or Roman literary
characters
 Pierre
Corneille; Jean Racine
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The Aristocratic Baroque
17

Academic Art
 Academy
required artists to use formalized rules
of the Grand Style
 Poussin
 Arcadian

Shepherds
The Aristocratic Baroque Portrait
 Rigaud,
Portrait of Louis XIV
 Van Dyck
 Charles
I on Horseback
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The Aristocratic Baroque
18

Velázquez and Rubens
 Velázquez
 Las
was Spain’s most prestigious artist
Meninas (The Maids of Honor)
 Rubens
 Rape

of the Daughters of Leucippus
Power over privilege
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Baroque Music
19

Gabrieli
 Composed
dramatic polychoral and instrumental
religious music
 Use of acoustics
 In ecclesiis
 Concertato
 “Father
of orchestration”
 Dynamics
 Advanced
system of major-minor tonality
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Baroque Music
20

The Birth of Opera
 Emerged
out of Renaissance efforts to revive
music-drama of ancient Greek theater

Monteverdi
 Orfeo

Music at the Court of Louis XIV
 Jean-Baptiste
Lully
 Neoclassical
themes
 Included formal dance
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Baroque Music
21

Handel and the English Oratorio
 Developed
the English oratorio
 Homophonic

organization
Figured bass
 Messiah
 “Hallelujah

Chorus”
Bach and Religious Music
 Cantatas
inspired by Luther; based on chorales
 “A Mighty
Fortress is Our God”
 Passion According to Saint Matthew
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Baroque Music
22

Instrumental Music
 Rise
of music without extramusical text
 Music
for its own sake
 Refinements
 Equal
in tuning
temperament
 Standardization
 Amati,
of musical instruments
Guarneri, Stradivari families of Cremona, Italy
 Sonata
 Suite
 Concerto
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Baroque Music
23

Vivaldi
 Leading
Italian composer of Baroque instrumental
music
 Systemized concerto into three movements;
heightened contrasts between solo and ensemble
groups
 The Four Seasons
 Use
of program music
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Baroque Music
24

Bach and Instrumental Music
 The
Brandenburg Concertos
 Art of Fugue
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Beyond the West:
Aristocratic Landmarks
25

Japan
 Tokugawa
dynasty
 Shogun
enforced etiquette at court in Edo
 Artistic production reached new heights
 Irises at Yatuhashi

India
 Shah
Jahan
 Absolute
ruler; patron of the arts
 Sumptuous palaces
 Taj Mahal

Royal tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal
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