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Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the classification of
organisms - necessary to intelligently study
living things and share information
Classification is the grouping of objects or
information based on similarities.
Classification began in Europe with two
categories - plants & animals
Aristotle expanded taxonomy to several
Animal levels
Exploration & microbiology sparked two
major explosions in classification
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
• Earliest version of modern day organized
approach – He was Swedish
• Characteristics we can see- Phenetic approach
• Morphology - basic shape
• Form - body parts (head, legs, thorax…)
• Structure - bone and external supports
• Anatomy - muscle & organs
• Described 1,000’s of plants & animals in:
System Naturae and Species Plantarum
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
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(Domain Eukarya)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Eric Huffman
Period Five
Class of 2004
Characteristics of Domain Eukarya:
-Eukaryotic cells
-Complicated cells
-Unicellular (some Protists and
yeasts),
Colonial (some Protists) or
Multicellular (most ---Fungi,
Plantae, and Animalia) organisms
Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
- multicellular / eukaryotic
- lack cell walls
- ingestive heterotrophic (herbivores,
carnivores, parasites, etc.)
- motile
- store glycogen and fat
- nerve cells and muscle cells
(neuromuscular system)
- sexual/asexual reproduction
Characteristics of Phylum Chordata:
-A dorsal, hollow nerve chord
-A notochord (cartilage rod) at some time during development
-gill slits at some time during development
-A muscular post-anal tail at some during development
Subphylum: Vertabrata
-Notochord develops into vertebrae
Characteristics of Class Mammalia:
- Body covered with hair, reduced in some.
- Integument with sweat, scent, sebaceous and mammary glands.
- Mouth with teeth.
- Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears.
- Four limbs in most, adapted for many forms of locomotion.
- Four-chambered heart.
-Respiration system with lungs and larynx; muscular diaphragm.
- Brain highly developed.
-Endothermic
-Internal fertilization; eggs developed in a uterus with placental
attachment.
-Young nourished by milk from mammary glands.
- The presence of a placenta during development.
Characteristics of Order Primates:
General primate behavioral characteristics:
-many generalized mammalian characteristics rather than
specialized adaptations to narrow niches;
-basic arboreal adaptation, especially to tropical forests,
although some species have become terrestrial;
- excellent manual dexterity;
- well developed sense of sight;
- good hand-eye co-ordination;
- cerebral cortex highly organized, involving a
dependence upon
learned behavior;
- long infant dependency periods;
- complex social organizations.
General primate anatomical features:
-hands:
-prehensile with opposable thumbs;
-tactile pads and nails on fingers and toes;
-adapted for precision grip;
-facilitating feeding and locomotion in the trees;
-mobile arms: posture frees arms and hands for grasping;
-eyes:
-binocular vision;
-color vision;
-skull contains post-orbital bars for protection of eyes;
-development of visual organs is achieved at the expense of olfactory o
-face: large eyes and brain and reduced snout area;
-large brains: especially in cerebral cortex;
-bear single offspring.
Characteristics of Family Hominidae:
Hominids characteristic can be divided into two types:
-primitive, or generalized, characteristics, which are held in common with
other species within a more comprehensive group (primates, anthropoids,
catarrhines, and hominoids); and;
-derived, or specialized, characteristics, which are distinct to hominid lines
and are not shared with non-human primate species.
Characteristics of the Genus Homo:
-teeth: small front teeth (canines and incisors) and very large
molars relative to other primate species;
- posture: bipedal, involving numerous anatomical adaptations
including:
- a fully erect stance and gait,
- shortening of the arms relative to the legs,
- restructuring of the pelvic bones for weight bearing,
- restructuring of the foot or weight bearing, involving the
loss of toe opposability;
-hands: increased manual dexterity involving a lengthening of the
thumb;
-brain: increase in brain size, especially in the frontal lobes;
- face: reduction in the musculature and bone mass of the skull
and face involving a flattening of the muzzle area.
Homo Sapians
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species:Sapiens
Phenetic Approach - (remember phenotype)
Latin (dead language) - binomial nomenclature
Species and genus always italicized or underlined
Species is the basic unit - organisms share
common gene pool & can reproduce viable
offspring
genus - contains one or more species
2 million described, estimated 10 million left
International Commission on Nomenclature
Ligers
“Hobbs”
• Liger = lion dad and tiger mom
• born sterile
• Hobbs the liger is 2x the size of a full
grown Siberian tiger
Liger
Tigons
• Tigon = tiger dad and lion mom
• born sterile
Laura Ismar Class of 2006
• Top to bottom
• False Killer
Whale (DadI`anui Hahai ),
Bottlenose
Dolphin (MomPunahele )
• & Wolphin Keikaimalu
Edwin Arboleda &
Darshan Brahmbhatt
Class of 2006
Wolphin
• Her birth on May 15, 1985 was a big surprise for the Sea
Life Park staff. Her mother, a bottlenose dolphin
(Tursiops truncatus), and her father, a false killer whale
(Pseudorca crassidens), met on the job in the Whaler's
Cove show. Since they were two very different animals, it
was not expected that they would produce an offspring,
but they did, making Kekaimalu the world's only known
living wholphin. She has developed into a unique animal
combining characteristics of both of her parents.
Maggie Carlsson
Class of 2006
Hybrid Animals
By Hilary Ellis, Class 2007
Mule & Hinney
• The Hinney is a result
of breeding a female
donkey/burro to a
male horse.
• The mule is a result of
breeding a female
horse to a male
donkey.
Wholphin
• The result of mixing a
whale and a dolphin.
In this case, a Killer
Whale
and a Bottlenose
Dolphin.
Lepon
• The Lepon is a result
in mixing a male
leopard to a female
lion.
Jaglion
• The Jaglion is a result
in breeding a jaguar
with a lion.
Caraval Cross
• The Caraval is the
result of breeding a
male Caracal with a
female Serval.
Manchurian / Siberian Tiger Cross
• This tiger is the result
of breeding a
Manchurian tiger with
a Siberian Tiger.
Geep
• Result in mixing a
sheep with a goat.
Polecat / Ferret Cross
• This hybrid is the result of
breeding a Wild
European
Polecat and a
domesticated "European"
Polecat.
• It is suspected that the
European polecat is the
wild ancestor to today’s
domestic pets.
• Domesticated Polecats
are commonly called
ferrets.
Chausie Cat
• A chausie cat is the
result of breeding a
Jungle cat with a
domesticated cat.
Pumapard
• The pumapard is the
result of breeding
together a puma and
a leopard.
Bengal Cat
• The bengal cat is the
result of a
domesticated Cat and
the wild Asian
Leopard cat.
Savannah Cat
• The savannah cat is
the result in cross –
breeding a
domesticated Bengal
cat with a wild Serval.
Bobcat/ Lynx Cross
• This hybrid is a result
of breeding a bobcat
with a lynx.
Tabby/ African Wild Cat Cross
This hybrid is
the result in
breeding an
American wild
cat with a
domestic tabby
cat.
Ocelot/ Puma Cross
• This cat’s (artistic
conception) is the
result of breeding
a Puma with an
Ocelot.
Hybrid Dogs
• Dogote – By breeding
a domestic dog with a
coyote.
• Coydog – By
breeding any
domestic dog with a
coyote.
Yakalo
• A yakalo is the result
in breeding a buffalo
and a yak.
Yak / Milk Cow Cross
• This Yak cross is the
result of breeding
a Yak and domestic
milk cows.
Beefalo
• The Beefalo is a
cross between a
American Bison with
a domestic cow.
Zorse
• The Zorse is a result
in breeding a female
horse and a male
zebra.
Zonkey
• A Zonkey is the result
of breeding a female
donkey/ Borro/ ass
with a male zebra.
Zetland
• The Zetland is a
result of breeding a
female Shetland Pony
(mare) to a male
zebra.
Cama
• This hybrid is a result
in mixing a Llama with
a Camel.
• The parents are in the
background of the
picture.
Pig/ Wild Pig Cross
• This hybrid is the
result of breeding a
Wild pig with a
domestic pig.
Snowflake
• This is the only albino
gorilla ever known in
science.
• Snowflake was captured
in the African lowlands in
1966.
• Last known this gorilla
was in Spain at the
Barcelona Zoo for about
20 years.
• Sadly, this 40 year old
gorilla died in 2004 of
skin cancer.
Phylogenetic Approach
• Classifying based on homologies - traits based on
the assumption of a common history (evolution)
• paleontology - fossil records
• embryological development
• comparative anatomy
• genetic information - DNA, RNA & amino acids
• molecular clocks - estimate the time it takes to
observe a genetic change in the population
Patterns of Evolution
• Natural selection is the driving force
• Convergent - 2 unrelated species look
similar due to the environment - arctic white
hair
• Co-evolution - 2 unrelated species effect
each others development - rabbit and wolf
• Divergent - 2 related species that take on
different characteristics - finches beak shape
- 13 varieties
Characteristics
• Analogous - similar function &
appearance but different in genetic
make-up and form
• Homologous - same genetic basis
• ancestral - unchanged through
history
• derived - recent modifications