Introduction to TCP/IP
and
Internet Governance
Sirak Kaewjamnong
1
What is TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol
 TCP/IP refers to an entire suite of
networking protocol, developed for use
on the Internet.
 TCP and IP are certainly two of the most
important.

2
TCP/IP Characteristics

TCP/IP provides the services necessary to
interconnect computers and to interconnect
networks, creating the Internet.
 Independent from underlying network
topology, physical network hardware, and OS.
 Unique IP address
 Universal connectivity through out the network
3
TCP/IP Internetworking
4
TCP/IP Networking Software
TCP/IP protocol suites define a set of
universal communication service/
 Service can be implemented in
standardized manner in the networking
software, normally bundled in OS.

5
TCP/IP and Internet






1957 USSR Spunik , USA establish ARPA
1969 ARPA funded ARPANET
1971 Network with 15 nodes
1973 Ethernet (Bob Metcalfe, Ph.D.
Dissertation)
1983 TCP/IP as a core protocol
1983 BSD 4.2 (U. Berkeley ) with TCP/IP
6
TCP/IP Implementations





1983 4.2BSD: first widely available TCP/IP
release
1986 4.3BSD: performance improvements
1988 4.3BSD Tahoe: add slow start,
congestion avoidance and fast retransmit
1990 4.3BSD Reno: add TCP header
prediction. SLIP compression, new routing
table
1993 4.4BSD: add multicasting
7
Internet Growth
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
8
Internet
The world wide group of networks
combined with TCP/IP
 Who control Internet?

No single administrative organization
 IETF determines standards
 industry also preemptive control standards

9
Internet Technical Bodies Structure
ISOC
Internet Society


IAB
Internet
Architecture Board
Internet Engineering
Task Force


A forum of working
groups managed by
Internet
Engineering
Steering Group
Develop of protocols
and specifications
for standardization


International, nonprofit
organization
Promote research and other
activities relating to the Internet
Technical Advisor to the ISOC
Oversee the development of TCP/IP
protocol
IRSG
IESG
Internet Research
Task Force

W
G
IETF
W
G
W
G
W
G
IRTF

A forum of
working groups
managed by
Internet Research
Steering Group
Conduct longterm
research
10
Internet Registries

IP addresses space, Autonomous
System Numbers (ASN), reverse
resolution
ARIN : North America
 APNIC : Asia-Pacific
 RIPE : Europe
 AFRINIC : Africa
 LACNIC : Latin American and Caribbean

11
Standard track
Internet Standard Process
Internet Draft
draft version for informal review
and comment
RFC
official publication for Internet
standard and other publications
Proposed
Standard
entry-level, protocol specifications
should be stable technically
Draft Standard
at least 2 independence and
interoperable implementation that
test all specification functions
Internet
Standard
have had significant field use and
clear community interest in
production use.
12
ICANN
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

Formed in October 1998

Internationalization of Policy Functions
for DNS and IP Addressing systems and
Private Sector (Non-governmental)
Management
13
What does ICANN do?

Coordinates policies relating to the unique assignment of:
 Top Level Domain Names (gTLDs, cTLDs)
 IP Address
 Protocol Port and Parameter Numbers
Coordinates
-
the DNS Root Server System
through Root Server System Advisory Committee
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
14
Does ICANN regulate/govern?


ICANN coordinates.
What ICANN is NOT
 Technical Standard-Setting Body
 Internet Police Force
 Consumer Protection Agency
 Competition Authority
 Legislature or Court
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
15
Situation Before ICANN
Most Internet DNS and IP Address coordination functions
performed by, or on behalf of, the US government




Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
 Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of University of
Southern California
 Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
National Science Foundation (NSF)
 IBM, MCI, and Merit
 AT&T, General Atomics, Network Solutions, Inc.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
US Department of Energy
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
16
IANA
Jon Postel
1943-1998
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
17
What are the IANA functions?



Protocol parameter assignments
 Under March 1, 2000 IETF/IAB/ICANN
Memorandum of Understanding
IP Address Allocations
DNS root zone file management
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
18
Need for Change






Globalization of Internet
Commercialization of Internet
Need for accountability
Need for more formalized management structure
Dissatisfaction with lack of competition
Trademark/domain name conflicts
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
19
Status of Transition from USG

25 November, 1998 - ICANN recognized in MoU
 June, 1999 - Cooperative agreement among ICANN, US Government,
root server operators
 10 November, 1999
• ICANN and Network Solutions sign gTLD registry and registrar
agreements
• DoC transfers root authority over gTLDs to ICANN
 9 February, 2000
• Contract with US Government to complete transfer of IANA
functions
 Year 2000:
 ccTLD registry agreements
 RIR (Regional Internet Registries) agreements
 LACNIC and AfriNIC
Source: Andrew McLaughlin
20
ICANN Structure
ICANN Board of Directors
[18 Directors + President and CEO]
Domain Name Supporting
Organization
[3 Directors]
Protocol Supporting
Organization
[3 Directors]
At Large Membership
APNIC
IETF
At Large Members
ARIN
W3C
RIPE NCC
ITU-T
Address Supporting
Organization
[3 Directors]
Business/Commercial
Non-Commercial
ISPs
ccTLD Registries
[9 Directors]
ETSI
gTLD Registries
Registrars
Trademark and IP
Root Server System
Advisory Committee
Governmental
Advisory Committee
Membership
Task Force
Funding
Task Force
21
ICANN Board of Directors
At Large Directors:
 Karl Auerbach (USA)
 Ivan Moura Campos (Brazil)
 Frank Fitzsimmons (USA)
 Masanobu Katoh (Japan)
 Hans Kraaijenbrink
(Netherlands)
 Andy Mueller-Maguhn
(Germany)
 Jun Murai (Japan)
 Nii Quaynor (Ghana)
 Linda S. Wilson (USA)
ASO Directors:
 Rob Blokzijl (Netherlands)
 Lyman Chapin (USA)
 Sang-Hyon Kyong (South
Korea)
DNSO Directors:
 Amadeu Abril i Abril (Spain)
 Jonathan Cohen (Canada)
 Alejandro Pisanty (Mexico)
PSO Directors:
 Helmut Schink (Germany)
 Vint Cerf (USA) - Chairman
 Phil Davidson (U.K.)
ICANN President
 M. Stuart Lynn (USA)
22
New gTLDs
.aero : aerospace
 .biz : business
 .coop : CoOp
 .info : Information
 .museum :
museum under
International Council of Museums
 .name : individual
 .pro : professionals

23
Registry and Registrar

What is Registry?


The organization responsible for the
actual administration and maintenance
to a top-level domain
What is Registrar?

The organization responsible for the
actual registration of the domain name
24
Sample Registry/Registra
Domain
Registry Registrar
.com, .net., .org
.mil
.edu
.gov
.int
.jp
.ca
.th
Verisign
DDN NIC
EDUCAUSE
U.S. GSA
IANA
JPRS
CIRA
THNIC
Several accredited registrar
DDN NIC
EDUCAUSE
U.S. GSA
IANA
JPRS
~70 accredited registrar
THNIC
25
Payment Path
ICANN
Registry
Registrant
Registrar
26
Redelegation Parties

A process to transfer
domain administrative
authority
ICANN
Old-Admin
Government
Agency
New-Admin
27