Triarko Nurlambang
Dept. Geografi FMIPA UI

Timeline of Geographic History
This is a compilation of key dates in the history of geography and the world.
476
632
982
995
1095
1154
1170
1271
1325
1347
1377
1405-
1433
1410
1418
1455
1492
1494
2300
BCE
450
334
240
45
The first city map was created in stone for Lagash, Mesopotamia
Herodotus compiled a map of the known world
Alexander the Great began conquring the Middle East and India
Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth
Julian calendar established
20 CE Strabo published his 17 volume Geography
77 Pliny the Elder wrote his encyclopedia of geography
79 Mount Vesuvius erupted and Pompeii was destroyed
150
271
Ptolmey published his Geography and included a map of the world with places labeled with a coordinate grid system
The magnetic compass was in use in China
326
Helena, Constantine's mother, traveled to the Holy Land to identify places sacred to
Christianity
The Fall of Rome
Muhammed died and Muslim expansion began
Eric the Red reached Baffin Island in North America
Leif Ericson established a colony in Newfoundland
The first Crusade began
Edrisi's book of world geography was published
The letter from Prester John , asking for help against infidels, "arrived" at the Pope
Marco Polo headed for China
Tenochtitlan founded by Aztecs
Bubonic Plague, "Black Death," in Europe, 30 million die ibn-Khaldun completed his history of the world
China ruled the seas through the seven voyages of
A translation of Ptolmey's
Columbus
Treaty of Tordesillas
Geography
Prince Henry the Navigator
Gutenberg invents the printing press reached the West Indies
Cheng Ho's Treasure Fleet was published in Europe established the Sagres research institute established Spanish and Portuguese control over new discoveries
Karya Al Idrisi-1154 M
Karya Fra Mauro 1459
Karya Ptolemy world-map 150 M

Timeline of Geographic History
This is a compilation of key dates in the history of geography and the world.
1761
1768-
1779
1769
1776
1779
1788
1789
1798
1803
1804-
1806
1817
1821
1825
1830
1500
1505
1517
1519
1543
1569
1582
1602
1620
1675
1714
Cabral discovered Brazil
Portugal established trading posts in East Africa
Martin Luther begins Protestant Reformation
Magellan began his circumnavigation of the earth
Copernicus published his On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres
Mercator created his map
Gregorian calendar established
The Dutch East India company was founded
Pilgrims landed in New England
The Royal Observatory was established at Greenwich, England
The British government offered a 20,000 pound reward to the person who could accurately determine longitude at sea
John Harrison's chronometer was perfected, allowing determination of longitude at sea
James Cook explored the earth
Alexander von Humboldt was born
British colonies in America declare independence
Carl Ritter was born
Hutton's theory of uniformitarianism was introduced ("no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end")
French Revolution
Thomas Malthus' first essay on population
Thomas Jefferson completed the Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark explored the western United States
The first volume of Ritter's Die Erkunde was published
Simon Bolivar gains independence for Venezuela, sparking widespread independence in South America
Erie Canal complete
The Royal Geographical Society was formed in London
Lyell published his Principles of Geology
Cantino Planisphere – 1502 M

Timeline of Geographic History
This is a compilation of key dates in the history of geography and the world.
1851
1855
1859
1864
1867
1869
1831
1840
1845
1848
1850
Charles Darwin began his travels
The Geological Survey of Canada was established
The first volume of von Humboldt's Kosmos was published
Gold was discovered in Calfornia
The first use of the camera for mapping takes place in France
William Morris Davis was born
The American Geographical Society was formed
Maury's The Physical Geography of the Sea was published von Humboldt and Ritter died
George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature was published
The USGS was established
Japan opened to western influence and trade
Transcontinental railroad established in United States
The Suez Canal opened
1874
The first Department of Geography was established in Germany (the Prussian government established a Chair of
Geography in every Prussian university)
1884-1885 Berlin Conference divides Africa among European colonial powers
1888 The National Geographic Society was formed
1895
1903
1904
The first Times Atlas of the World was published
University of Chicago established first American Department of Geography
The Association of American Geographers was established
Mackinder proposed his Heartland Theory
Peary reached the North Pole 1909
1911
1912
1913
Amundsen reached the South Pole
Wegner proposed his theory of continental drift
Greenwich is accepted as 0
1914-1918 World War I
° longitude

1999
2000
2001
2002
1969
1970
1979
1984
1989
1990
1991
1914
1922
1923-1957
1931
1933
1934
1939-1945
1945
1946
1949
1953
1957-1958
1961
1992
1994
1997
Timeline of Geographic History
This is a compilation of key dates in the history of geography and the world.
The Panama Canal opened
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was established
Carl O. Sauer taught at the University of California, Berkeley
Commonwealth of Nations founded
Walter Christaller introduces Central Place Theory
William Morris Davis died
World War II
The United Nations was founded
First Levittown
Peoples Republic of China formed
Hillary and Norgay reached the top of Mount Everest
The International Geophysical Year
Antarctic Treaty established
Humans land on the moon
The first Earth Day
China established One-Child rule
Hole in Ozone Layer was first observed
Berlin Wall tumbled down
Reunification of Germany
The end of the USSR and Yugoslavia
Persian Gulf War
The end of the Cold War
Channel Tunnel (Chunnel) opened, linking Great Britain to Europe
Geography at About.com
site established (formerly called Geography at The Mining Company)
Hong Kong returned to China
Euro established as currency in 11 European countries
Macau returned to China
U.S. President Clinton orders GPS Selective Availability turned off , instantly making GPS more accurate
New millenium began
Southern Ocean established by the International Hydrographic Organization
East Timor gains independence

Geografi 1775 - 1975
1775 1800
Filosofi Geografi
Immanuel Kant
Carl Ritter
1850 1900 1925
Alfred Hettner
Geografi Fisik
Alexander Van Humbolt
Geomorfologi
Geografi Penduduk
Thomas Malthus
Klimatologi
John Wesley
Grove Karl Gilbert
William Moore Davis
Vladimir Koppen
Friedrich Ratzel
Teori Lokasi
JH Von Thunen
C. Waren Thrornthwaite
Ellsworth Hutington
Ernst Revenstein
Alfred Webber
1950
Walter Christaller
August Losch
Walter Issard
Torsten Hagerstrand
1975

1. 1965 – 1983: MODERN / PRE-POSTMODERN
• Era kuantitatif: Brian Berry dll (kelompok Chicago Univ.), Petter
Haggett, Leslie J. King
• Pre-Postmodern: David Harvey, Richard Peet, Reginal G. Colledge,
David Ley, Gunnar Olsson, Nigel Thrift
2. 1984 – 1989: POSTMODERN GEOGRAPHIES
• Richard peet, Eric Sheppard, Henri Lefebvre, Edward W. Soja,
Michael J. Dear, David Harvey, dll
3. 1990 – 2000an: THE ALTERED SPACES OF POSTMODERNITY
• Julie Graham, Michael Stopper, Martin Dodge (Virtual Geography),
Michael Dear, John Pickel, dll
SEKARANG DAN AKAN DATANG?

LINK BETWEEN
GEOGRAPHY AND
SUPPORTING FIELDS GEOLOGY
METEOROLOGY
ENGINEERING
Quaternary
Studies Climatology
BIOLOGY
Photogrammetry, remote sensing
EARTH SCIENCES
GROUP
Biogeography
ECOLOGY GROUP
Geomorphology
MATHEMATICS,
COMPUTER SCIENCE
ECONOMETRIC
Cartography
Statistics, probablity
Operation research
Spatial optimization
Field methods sampling
Quantitative methods
Spatial organization
Environmental
Studies
Ecological
Analysis
GEOGRAPHY
Regional complexes
Natural resources
Conservation, resource planning
PLANNING
Population geography
Regional planning
REGIONAL SCIENCE
GROUP
Regional growth
Regional economics
ECONOMICS
Economic geography
Political geography
Urban sociology
Urban geography
Locational theory
Asian geography Asian languages
LINGUISTICS
URBAN STUDIES
GROUP
Asian anthropology
AREA STUDIES
GROUP
ECONOMICS
Asian history
SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY
HISTORY
Sumber: Peter Haggett, 1983

Ruang dan Kehidupan Kita
Tempat interpersonal
Tempat berkumpul/ kerumnan
(crowd) proxemic
Beberapa cara mendasar dalam mendefinisikan ruang
1.
Pengalaman
2.
Fungsi dan tindakan
3.
Rasa memiliki / kepemilikan
4.
Makna
5.
Ukuran
6.
Geografis: lokasi, struktur, komponen
7.
Kualitas sensori: warna, bentuk, temperatur, dll.

Lingkungan Hidup
Definisi
Lingkungan Hidup adalah kesatuan ruang dengan semua benda, daya, keadaan, dan makhluk hidup, termasuk manusia dan perilakunya , yang mempengaruhi kelangsungan perikehidupan dan kesejahteraan manusia serta mahluk hidup lainnya (UU no. 23 tahun 1997 tentang Lingkungan Hidup, Bab
1, pasal 1)
Ruang
Definisi
Ruang adalah wadah yang meliputi ruang darat, ruang laut dan ruang udara, termasuk ruang di dalam bumi sebagai satu kesatuan wilayah , tempat manusia dan mahluk hidup lain , melakukan kegiatan, dan memelihara kelangsungan hidupnya (UU no. 26 tahun 2007, tentang Penataan Ruang,
Bab 1 , Pasal 1)
• Hampir semua kegiatan kehidupan dan
Pembangunan perlu atau berkaitan dengan tempat/ lokasi/ ruang.
• Konsep Ruang identik dengan Lingkungan
PENGURANGAN RUANG
TERBUKA HIJAU DI
(Zone
JABODETABEK
(Zone B1
(Zone
(Zone
N2)
Sumber: Citra
Landsat 30-07-1992
1992
Oleh :Ditjen Penataan
Ruang dan LAPAN
2001
Sumber: Citra
Landsat 17-07-2001
Oleh :Ditjen Penataan
Ruang dan LAPAN

CONTOH PENERAPAN
KONSEP RUANG DALAM
BERBAGAI ASPEK

• Persepsi Ruang menggambarkan konstruksi pikiran
• Berbasis pada daya tangkap panca indera yang berbeda satu sama lainnya
• Dibentuk oleh pengalaman dan proses pembelajaran
• Dipengaruhi oleh kepribadian, emosional dan faktor kognitif (pengalaman dan pengetahuan)

• Fisik
Jenis kelamin, umur, kesehatan, kemampuan finansial
• Psikologis
Nilai/kepercayaan, keturunan, keperibadian
erkaitan dengan lokasi dan integrasi antara masyarakat, budaya dan alam
• Pengalaman/ pengetahuan
Tingkat pendidikan, sosialisasi

Daerah Aliran Sungai laut laut laut laut
Struktur Kota
(Pola Konsentrik)
Jaringan jalan
(Sistem Grid)

Expansion Diffusion
Combinataion of Expansion and
Relocation
Relocation Diffusion

19

Symbolic models
Analog Models
Iconic Models
Real World

Contoh
Titik : lokasi / tempat layanan
Garis: jaringan transportasi (jalan, sungai, garis layanan transporatsi udara
 dapat mempengaruhi alokasi tempat layanan atau sebaliknya
Area: wilayah layanan jasa/ produk tertentu untuk segmen pasar pada entitas wilayah layanan tersebut

Garis batas awal
Kabupaten A
Garis batas pemekaran Daerah
Contoh sekolah sekolah
Tipikal Konflik:
• ) Konflik antara pusat dengan daerah (konflik vertikal)
• Antara Kab A1 dg Kab A2
(konflik horizontal
Banyak keterkaitan fungsional pembangunan yang “terpotong” oleh akibat batas admnistrasi baru dan menimbulkan resiko masalah pengambilan keputusan sampai pelaksanaan di lapangan

Contoh
Jika menggunakan pendekatan
regional / spatial maka akan dilihat lebih holistik
/komprehensif dan sistemik; prioritas nya adalah kebutuhan stakeholder
REGION
“A”
Laju kelahiran tinggi
Permintaan tenga kerja tinggi
Output/ pekerja kurang
Pengang guran
Pertmbhn eko. rendah
Tabungan terbatas Sedikit input modern
Keluarga besar
Daya beli rendah
Pendapatan
/kapita rendah
Kurang modal
Produktifi tas rendah
Kesehatan buruk
Pendidikan kurang
Kemiskinan
Perumahan tak layak
Kondisi hidup tak sehat
Ouput pertanian kecil
Diet jelek
Kurang gizi
Jika menggunakan pendekatan
sektoral maka sulit menentukan prioritas

Level of
Year
1
Knowledge
Broad knowledge and understanding of areas of
Geography.
Fluency in subject vocabulary
Analysis
Problem solving ability.
Evidence of understanding.
Ability to apply concepts to novel situations.
Synthesis
Ability to bring together different facets of material, and to draw appropriate conclusions.
Evaluation
Ability to review, assess and criticise one's own work and that of others in a fair and professional manner.
Creativity
Ability to make an original, independent, personal contribution to the understanding of the subject.
Professionalism
Ability to act as a practising geographer, to present argument in a skilled and convincing manner and to work alone or in teams
Demonstrate a basic understanding of core subject areas, happy with geographical terminology. Demonstrate a knowledge of appropriate supporting analytical techniques (stats., computing, lab and field techniques ..)
Apply geographical techniques to real situations through class and field examples.
Understand that there may be unique or multiple solutions to any issue. Appreciate relative validity of results.
Be able to handle material that presents contrasting views on a topic and develop personal conclusions.
Draw conclusions from results and identify the relative significance of a series of results.
Evaluate the accuracy and reliability of information, results and conclusions.
Offer original comment on geographical material.
Display or present information in different ways.
Be effective in planning time, use of geographical resources including library, computer packages including databases.
Present information orally, and written to a high standard.
2
Demonstrate a comprehensive knowledge of specific subject areas. Be able to question the accuracy and completeness of information. Appreciate how different parts of the subject inter-relate.
Apply geographical theories to individual situations critically examine the results.
Understand that it may be appropriate to draw on multi- disciplinary approaches to analyse and solve geographical problems.
To locate and comment on diverse material, add personal research observations and integrate literature based information with personal results.
Review existing literature and identify gaps, appraise the significance of results and conclusions.
Develop original independent research skills, interpret data and offer personal comment.
Be able to display information in a variety of ways.
Confident use of computer packages for analysis and information presentation.
Confident worker in group and collaborative activities.
Produce written work to a high professional standard.
3
Demonstrate a deep understanding of a limited number of specialised subject areas and methods. Appreciate the provisional state of knowledge in subject areas.
Understand how to solve problems with incomplete information, how to make appropriate assumptions. To develop appropriate research hypotheses. Question and verify results.
Appreciate the breadth of information available.
To identify and tap into key elements of the material. Produce coherent reports.
Critically appraise information, evidence and conclusions from personal and others work.
Gather new information through personal research, draw personal conclusions and show where these insights link to the main subject areas.
Be able to set objectives, focus on priorities, plan and execute project work to deadlines. Produce structured, well argued reports. Demonstrate fluency in personal presentations and electronic communication.
MA
MSc
Demonstrate a broad, deep understanding of specialised subject areas and methods.
Understand where this knowledge dovetails withthe subject in general.
Understand the current limits of knowledge.
Demonstrate ability to propose solutions to geographical problems involving appreciation of different approaches, gaps and contradictions in knowledge or data.
Differentiation of unique and non-unique answers.
Appreciation of reliability of a proposal or result given constraints and assumptions involved.
Skills matrix for geographers, University of Leeds, 1998
Be able to collate material from a wide range of appropriate geographical and non - geographical sources, integrate personal research material and collate the whole in a coherent, thoughtful and professionally appropriate manner.
Be able to work to a specified brief.
Perform independent critical evaluation of information, evidence and conclusions, including their reliability, validity and significance.
Be able to form and justify judgements in the light of contradictory information.
Offer insights into the material under discussion that are independent of data immediately available.
Propose investigative approaches to geographical problems utilising geographical and nongeographical methods as appropriate.
Be able to make effective confident presentations, answer detailed questions thoughtfully and clearly.
Produce substantive reports that are well structured, well reasoned, well presented and clear. Work effectively as a team member and team leader