Geografi Teknologi dan
Politik-Ekonomi
Mata Kuliah Geografi Ekonomi
Dept. Geografi FMIPA UI
Apalagi
yang akan
datang ?
Geographical
Knowledge and
Enlightenment
Foto
Udara
Pemetaan awal
dan
ensiklopedia
(Ptolemy,Colum
bus , Ratzel, dll)
Mental
maps
Export/
import
Berdagang /
barter
Hidup dari
lingkungan
Berburu dan
bertani
Lokal
Perdagangan
regional baru
GIS/ GPS
/ GPRS/
what else
?
Regional
Globalisasi
Berdagang /
transaksi benda
berharga (uang)
Jaman imperialisme
Tata dunia baru
(metanasional)
-------> Imperialisme gaya baru
Trans Continent
Enlightenment: as “related to theoeitical matters: to (objective) rational knowledge and to
Global
(subjective) facility in rational reflection about matters of human life” (Livingstone, David N, 1999)
Spatial
Dynamics:
Global
Regional
National
Local
Site
Pace of innovation
Long Wave Cycles of Innovation
1785
1st Wave
60 years
Electricity
Chemicals
Internal-combustion
engine
Steam
Rail
Steel
Water power
Textiles
Iron
2nd Wave
1845
55 years
Petrochemicals
Electronics
Aviation
Digital networks
Software
New Media
4th Wave
5th Wave
3rd Wave
1900
50 years
1950
40 years
Waktu perubahan (siklus) semakin pendek/singkat
1990
30 years
Kumulatif Sumbangan Moda Transportasi
terhadap Peluang Ekonomis
Produksi Massal
Peluang Ekonomis
Revolusi Industrial
Globalisasi
Telekomunikasi
Jalan darat
Udara
Kereta Api
Kapal Penyeberangan
Kapal Laut
Kuda
1750
1775
1800
1825
1850
1875
1900
1925
1950
1975
2000
2025
2050
Jarak Metrik
Jarak Sosial
Jarak waktu
Jakarta
Surabaya
Alat transportasi: kuda
Jakarta
Surabaya
Alat transportasi: kereta api
Jakarta
Surabaya
Alat transportasi: pesawat udara
Jakarta
Surabaya
Internet
Urban Places (based on buildings,
Urban electronic spaces (constructed
‘inside’ telematics network using
computer software
Teritory
Network
Fixity
Motion/flux
Embedded
Dis-embedded
Visible
Invisible
Tangible
Intangible
Actual
Virtual/abstract
Euclidean  social space
Logical space
Old Characterisations
New Characterisation
Space of places
Space of flows (Castells, 1989)
Physical presence
Telepresence (CEC, 1992)
Physical Mediation
Telemediation (Richardson, 1994)
Geography
Telegeography (Staple, 1992)
Distance
Speed and Time (Mulgan, 1991)
Closure
Openness and exposure (Virilio, 1987)
Locality
Globality (Knight and Gappert, 1989)
“Modern space”
Post-Modern ‘Hyperspace’ (Jameson, 1984)
Data spaces (Murdock, 1993)
Electronics spaces (Robbins & Hepworth, 1988)
Cyberspace (Gibson, 1984)
Netscape (Hemrick, 1992)
Networld (Harasim, 1993)
Dari Navigable space
conceptual space within ICTs
(Information Communication
Technology) rather technology itself
(Martin Dodge, 1999)
Pemanfaatan studi
tentang lokasi dan
tempat dengan
memanfaatkan info
spatial dijital
Pengembangan kajian yang dibagi atas 2
tahapan:
a. Makro: fokus pada perbedaan
karakteristik lokasi dan tempat
(konvensional
b. Mikro: fokus pada pengaruh perubahan
karakteristik lokasi dan tempat terhadap
individu ataupun masyarakat
Oct. 2001
Sept. 2000
Place
Space
Nodes
Space
Computer or
Cspace
Place
Nets
Cyberplace
Place/space: domain
geografi dg metode
konvensional;
menterjemahkan place
menjadi karakteristik
space
Cspace: abstraksi
suatu space
menjadi computer
space
Cyberspace
Cyberspace:
space-space yg
baru munculstlh
dikonversi melalui
cspace
Cyberplace: pengaruh
infrastruktur cyberspace
terhadap infrastruktur
tradisional di suatu
tempat (place)
Information spaces
Social spaces
Infrastructure
Tempat (place) : suatu lokasi sebagai wujud dari integrasi masyarakat, budaya
dan bentang alamnya
 ada satu hubungan yang sistematis antara individu dan
komponen landscape (Lowenthal, 1989)
Pemahaman landscape dapat dibagi dalam 4
perspektif paradigma:
a. The Expert Paradigm  applications design
for use by managers and planners
b. The Psychological Paradigm  meaning in
the perception of landscapes (value
stimulation)
c. The Cognitive Paradigm  meaning in
landscape in human terms (construct of
human mind)
d. The Experiential Paradigm  meaning of
human landscape interactions (human
environment interaction)
Interface
Attitudes
Perception
Cognition
Spatial behavior
Golledge, 1997
Learning
Behavior with the system
changes the interface
Change in the system
Environmental Structure
How Asians and Westerners Think Differently and WHY (Richard E. Nisbett, 2003)
Ecology
Economy
Ecology
Economy
Social Structure
Social Structure
Attention
Attention
Metaphysics
Epistemology
Metaphysics
Cognitive
Process
Epistemology
Cognitive Process
Asians Orientation
Westerners Orientation
Apa itu Perubahan ?
• Sebagai obyek
t
t’
Event/kejadian
+ proses
Event/kejadian
+ proses
Event/kejadian
+ proses
Berubah ukurannya (bertambah
besar/kecil – meningkat/menurun
Berubah bentuk
Berubah isi
Berubah karena skala (pengamatan)
• Sebagai kata benda
• Perubahan kepemilikan
• Perubahan nilai, fungsi, peran
Konteks Geografi EkonomiPolitik
Permasalahan Politik Ekonomi
Internasional
Internal
Politik
Ekonomi
Internasional
The meaning of the ‘political’
• Politics: struggles for power to exercise:
– control over others and self
– satisfy interests
– express or gain recognition for identities
• Power:
– force/coercion
– manipulation (tricks)
– consent (legitimate authority/persuasion)
Political perspectives
• Statist: state is singular source of identities
and interests, with people ‘serving’ the
collective enterprise that represents the
state
– The political is the arena of authority in which
absolute decisions are made and control is
exercised => National-security politics => risk
of authoritarianism and totalitarianism
• Liberal: state only manages and
adjudicates between private interests
Political constituents
• Historical configurations of power give rise
to hegemonies (mixes of coercion and
consent) exercised by, and serving the
interests of social groups or states (e.g.
aristocracy, Bush junior)
– This historical bias is built in specific places
(geographical distribution of types of political
regimes) => idea of ‘revolution’: break from
this bias (e.g. independence and revolution in
Cuba)
• Knowledge/discourse providing the logic
Some concepts in political
geography
• Location, Space, Place
• Distance, Distribution, Diffusion
• Scale, Hierarchies
• Territory, Territoriality
• Boundaries, Frontiers
• State, Nation
• Sphere of influence, Core and Periphery
Location
– Absolute
• longitude, latitude, altitude
– Relative
• with regard to physical features or to other political units
– Location theory
• seeks to account for the location of economic activities
– ‘rational’ economic behavior
– historical particularity of different phases of capitalist
development
– global context of these phases of development
– structural interdependencies between commodity production ,
social reproduction, and urbanisation
Space
– Absolute or objective space: distinct physical
entity (location, area).
– Relational or social space: sites in which
social practices take place (space exists
through social practices)
=> ‘social production of space’
Place
– Portion of geographical space occupied by a
person or a thing
– Elements of a place:
• Locale, the setting in which social relations are
constituted (e.g. street corner, state territory)
• Location, the geographical area encompassing the
settings for social interaction in absolute terms and
relative terms
• Sense of place, the local “structure of feeling” (e.g.
sense of ‘belonging’ to a region or a country =>
identity)
(see Agnew, J. (1987) Place and Politics: the geographical mediation
of state and society. Boston: Allen and Unwin)
Place and politics
• Characteristics shaping political activity in particular places:
1) spatial division of labour effecting class and social structures, and
community affiliations
2) communications technology and patterns of accessibility to it
3) characteristics of local and central states
4) expression of class, gender, ethnic divisions through local culture,
work authority, and history
5) predominant local bases for collective identity formation (class, ethnic,
gender divisions), and place-based identities oriented to the local,
regional, or national level
6) microgeography of everyday life through which patterns of social
interaction are spatially structured
Distance
•
Absolute or physical distance (e.g. km) and relative distance (e.g.
telecommunications and air travel transform physical distance by
reducing it in relative terms)
•
‘Socio-cultural’ distance among and between different people (e.g. social
classes; e.g. accessibility of air travel, visas; but also interpersonal
relations and sense of ‘community’ and social proximity
•
Functional distance: intensity of exchanges
– e.g. circulation of goods (material or cultural) between two places
•
Effects of distance:
– Friction or inhibiting effect of distance (time and cost / distance)
– Distance decay: attenuation of a pattern or process with distance
=> proximity and greater human interaction can result from: physical
proximity or its technological reduction; socio-cultural homogeneity;
functional complementarity
Distribution
• Location of people, things, ideas, or events
• Distribution of interactions and attributes can differentiate
between ‘Functional’ or ‘Formal’ areas (or regions):
– Functional areas constituted by interactions (e.g.
commercial or social exchanges)
– Formal areas constituted by homogeneity of attributes
(e.g. corn belt), characteristics (e.g. administrative
unit)
Diffusion
• Transmission across space and over time of a phenomenon
(changes in its distribution) - e.g. diffusion of industrial technology
and processes, democracy, epidemics …
• An analysis of diffusion is not only interested in its spatial
manifestation over time (especially the barriers through which
change is slowed down, or the pathways through which change is
channeled or operated), but also in the social processes driving this
change
– e.g. diffusion of AIDS epidemics along transport/trucking lanes in
Southern Africa, phenomenon of wage labour, prostitution, as
well as cultural and political resistance and weak capacity for
prevention by local authorities
t3
t3
t2
t2
t1
t1
Expansion Diffusion
Relocation Diffusion
Combination of Expansion and
Relocation
Spatial analysis
Scale
• Level of representation (e.g. resolution level in
cartography)
• Politics of scale, and political economy of scale:
production of space at different scales (e.g. global
organization of capital and location of energy sources,
national justification of nuclear energy use, local
experience of proximity to nuclear power stations).
• Local, national, regional, global/international
– ‘Globalization’, ‘Nationalism’
– Complex relations across scales
– Everything is ‘local’
Territory and territoriality
• General term used to describe a portion of space occupied by a
person, group or political unit
• Territoriality: practice by different social groups occupying or using
a space and resulting in the creation of bounded social space =>
the field of power exercised over space by (dominant) institutions
(e.g. ‘unsafe’ neighborhoods, gated communities)
– Territoriality put in practice:
• Popular acceptance of classifications of space (identity,
exclusion, …)
• Communication of a sense of place (boundary markers,...)
• Enforcing control over space (surveillance, policing, …)
=> concept of territorial sovereignty: claim of exclusive legitimate
control over a given area (e.g. territorial basis of state
sovereignty; or territorial jurisdiction of a court).
Triarko Nurlambang
Universitas Indonesia
Indonesia among other
countries in the World
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Country competitiveness: 28/30
Macro economic in domestic economy 24/30
Govt policy toward competitiveness 27/30
Enterprise performing in innovative, profitable, and
responsible manner 30/30
Basic technology, scientific, and human resources
meet the needs of business 30/30
World Investment Report (2003) 138/140
Human Development Index 110/173
Country risk 150/185
PERC: highest corruption index 7/102
From various sources
Society
•Hundreds of ethnic groups
•Unbalanced geodemographic
distribution (less densed pop. in
eastern)
•Dominated by muslim (concentrated
in western and center)
Scaterred
Resources
(tangibles and
intangibles)
Economy
Idealism:
United in Diversity
based on Pacasila
(?)
Environment
• Biodiversity; second richest in the
world (land + sea)
•Heavy exploitation in western rather
than eastern
•Economic/business activities
concentraed more in Western part
•Western part has better infrastructure
and business support
•Western part is closer to international
business center (Singapore-Malaysia
and East Asia)
• Big gap between urban and rural
economy
Confusing
Laws
• central vs local
• by sector
Isu Geografi Ekonomi Politik
Indonesia
• Disparitas pembangunan dan
kesejahteraan: Kawasan Barat vs
Kawasan Timur, Kota vs Desa, Pesisir vs
Pedalaman, daerah inti pertambangan vs
non-pertambangan
• Pemekaran Wilayah atau Aneksasi?
• Kepentingan Pusat vs Daerah, sentralisasi
vs desentralisasi (otonomi daerah)
• Pulau besar vs pulau-pulau kecil
Konflik Contiguity
 bersifat vertikal
Satu otorita daerah memiliki wilayah
pengelolaan yang tumpang tindih
dengan otoritas daerah yang lebih
tinggi. Contoh kasus Pemda Batam dan
Otoritas Batam., Pemda Tk 2 dan Tk 1 atau
Perda Pariwisata dan UU Suaka Alam
Konflik
Geografis
Konflik Teritorial
 bersifat horizontal
Konflik Gabungan
 vertikal + horizontal
Satu otorita daerah yang konflik
dengan otorita daerah lain yang setara.
Contoh kasus konflik batas negara, konflik
pengelolaan sumberdaya ikan laut antar
Propinsi/ kabupaten
Sebagai contoh adalah pembentukan
atau pemekaran Daerah baru. Contoh
lain (potensial) adalah penerapan
konsep Megapolis di Jabodetabek
Garis batas
awal
Kabupaten A
Garis batas
pemekaran Daerah
Tipikal Konflik:
•) Konflik antara
pusat dengan
daerah (konflik
vertikal)
•Antara Prop A1
dg prop A2
(konflik
horizontal
Banyak keterkaitan fungsional pembangunan yang “terpotong” oleh akibat batas admnistrasi baru dan
menimbulkan resiko masalah pengambilan keputusan sampai pelaksanaan di lapangan
Manfaat
• Terjadi Peningkatan
Kesejahteraan (sesuai
Tujuan)
• Timbul Peluang Kerja
• Rentang Kendali
mengecil
Resiko
• Konflik sosial-ekonomi
(masalah lokalitas nilai)
• disparitas sosialekonomi
• Biaya tinggi dan
tambah rentang
birokrasi, khusus untuk
aktifitas pembangunan
yang lintas batas 
inefisiensi; daya saing
melemah