“Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality
Assurance Program”
- FSQA Larry K. McMullen
ISU Extension Swine Field Specialist
Jones County Extension Office
Anamosa, Iowa
(319) 462-2791
lkmcmull@iastate.edu
Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality
Assurance Program
Good Production Practices
Which cow would you select to
produce the milk that you drink ?
Which steer for your “Mickey D” ?
Which pig for your pork ?
Which animal for your lamb,
poultry, and rabbit consumption?
Food Safety –
Results in a Delicious Treat !
FSQA – Livestock Species
 All 4-H / FFA members who exhibit the
following species need to be FSQA Certified
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Beef
Bucket-Bottle Calves
Dairy Cattle
Goats (Dairy & Meat)
Poultry (Chicken, Turkey, Duck, Geese, etc)
Rabbits
Sheep
Swine
Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality
Assurance Program
 Approximately 17 million pounds of
meat are produced by Iowa 4-H’ers
each year. Less than 1% of total
production.
 Reputation of the 4-H program.
 4-H’ers need to be responsible to the
consumer and the food industry.
Industry requirements must be met
and maintained.
 Many 4-H’ers are further away from
traditional food animal production.
Who is responsible for
SAFE FOOD ?
 All livestock producers,
handlers, processors,
food suppliers and
consumers.
Partners in SAFE FOOD
Food Supply Continuum
Farm
Farm
Transport
Preharvest
Market
Slaughter
Retail and
Processing Distribution
Harvest
Food
Services
Postharvest
Consumers
• Home
• Institutions
• Restaurants
Current Regulatory Agencies
Food and Drug Administration
•
•
Regulates medicated animal feed and most health products
Approves products and sets tolerance levels for antimicrobials
•
Sets tolerance levels for pesticides used in animal production
Food Safety and Inspection Service
•
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Inspects carcasses in Federally inspected packing plants
Examines plant sanitation
Approves plant sanitation
Handout – “Producing Safe Foods Includes
No Residue in Show Animals.
HACCP and Food Safety
Hazard
Analysis and
Critical
Control
Points
 A system used in meat packing plants to prevent
food safety problems
 Regulated by the USDA Food Safety and
Inspection Service (FSIS)
HACCP
 Identify potential hazards
(risks)
 Identify critical control points
(where it might happen)
 Set a critical limit (maximum
allowable level)
 Monitor the process
 Plan corrective action
 Keep accurate records
 Review the process regularly
HACCP and Food Safety
Hazards can be identified as:
* Microbial contamination
•
Bacteria, virus, protozoa,
* Chemical hazards

Antimicrobial and chemical tissue residues
* Physical hazards

Broken needles or metal
HACCP and 4-H?
Hazard Analysis and
Critical Control
Points
(HACCP)
Iowa 4-H Food Safety
and Quality
Assurance Program
(FSQA)
Food Industry
4-H food
producers
4-H’ers Responsibilities
 Understand and follow
the seven Good
Production Practices
 Produce safe food
products for
consumers
Good Production Practices
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Keep accurate records
Veterinary Client Patient Relationship
Healthy production practices
Proper care and handling
Provide adequate and safe feed
Biosecurity and Animal Welfare
Exhibit strong character traits (ethics)
FSQA Training Options
 Juniors – Ages 9 -11 must attended every year.
 Intermediates – Ages 12 – 14 (January 1) May
attend an FSQA session every year or they may
test out until they reach a 4-H senior level at age
15.
 Seniors – Ages 15 -18 (January 1) May attend an
FSQA session every year or they may test out. At
the age of 19 they must obtain an adult status with
PQA or BQA.
 Check with your county extension office for other
specific requirements !
Testing Out of FSQA
 Intermediates and Seniors may test out of
attending yearly FSQA sessions.
 To do so – they must take a 20 (I) or 30 (S)
question exam and receive a 70% passing score.
 At one setting, they may take a different exam 3
times if necessary to pass.
 Check with your county extension office for the
testing dates / times and for any specific
requirements for testing out.
Resources
 Iowa 4-H Food Safety
& Quality Assurance
Member Manual
 Iowa 4-H Food Safety
& Quality Assurance
Web site
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4
H/Agriculture/volunteers.htm
 PQA Level III
 Iowa BQA Manual
 4-H Project Manuals
GPP’s In Depth – 2007
 GPP 5 – Adequate and Safe Feed
 GPP 6 – Biosecurity and Animal Welfare
 GPP 7 – Ethics
GPP #5
Adequate and Safe Feed
Feeding Program
Goal --Most economical conversion of nutrients into lean
(muscle) tissue growth or milk production while
maintaining animal well-being and increasing the quality
of the animal as well as protecting the surrounding
environment
Needs ---
Quality Ingredients
Proper Formulation
Quality Manufacturing
… limiting unnecessary ingredients
What Impacts Nutrition?
Disease
Digestive Systems
 Monogastric (Simple Stomach)
 Consumes diets high in energy & low in
fiber – ex: cereal grains (corn, barley, oats,
wheat) and high protein sources such as
soybean meal, fish meal, etc.
 Ruminant (Four compartments to the
Stomach)
 Consumes diets low in energy and high in
fiber – ex: Forages such as pasture, hay, corn
and alfalfa silage, etc.
Handout – “Digestive Tract of Farm Animals”
Digestive Systems
Monogastric
Monogastric Monogastric
Ruminants
Swine
Poultry
Rabbit & Horse
Beef & Dairy Cattle,
Sheep and Goats
Mouth
Mouth
Mouth
Mouth
Esophagus
Esophagus
Esophagus
Esophagus
Crop
Stomach
Stomach
Stomach
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Cecum
Ceca
Cecum (enlarged)
Cecum
Colon
Colon
Large Intestine
Large Intestine
Large Intestine
Large Intestine
Anus
Cloaca
Anus
Anus
Chicken
Beak
Esophagus
Crop (2”)
Small Intestine (55”)
Proventriculus
Gizzard (2”)
Pancreas
Ceca (7”)
Large Intestine (4”)
Cloaca
Ruminant Digestion: assisted by microbes
in four-chambered stomach
Cow
_________________________________________
Large intestine
(33’, 8 gal)
Esophagus
Cecum
(3’, 3 gal)
Rumen (paunch)
(43 gal)
Mouth
Small intestine
(150’, 16 gal)
Abomasum
(glandular)
(5 gal)
Reticulum
(honeycomb)
(2.5 gal)
Omasum
(4 gal)
Pig
_________________________________________
Stomach
(2 gal)
Large Intestine
(16’, 2 gal)
Esophagus
Mouth
Cecum
(10”, 0.5 gal)
Small intestine
(60’, 2.5 gal)
Capacity of Digestive Tracts
Human
Pig
Horse
Sheep
Cattle
BW, lb
165
400
1000
175
1275
Rumen, Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
Total stomach. Qt.
…
…
1
1
…
…
9
9
…
…
9
9
18
1
2
21
133
21
16
170
Small intestine
Cecum
Large intestine
Total GI – Quarts
Total GI - Gallons
4
…
1
6
1.5
10
1
10
30
7.5
29
15
43
96
24
6
1
3
31
7.75
69
11
27
277
69
Balanced Diet
 Energy
 Protein
 Minerals
 Vitamins
 Fat
 Water
Adequate and Safe Feed
 Read and retain feed labels
 Understand the nutrient needs of the
animal
 Provide a balanced ration
 Ensure feed quality and safety

Follow Good Manufacturing Practices
Adequate and Safe Feed
Feed labels must contain…
 Brand and/or product name
 Intended species and production phase
 Medicated
 Guaranteed Analysis
 Ingredients
 Feeding Directions or Mixing Directions
 Warning or Caution
 Manufacturer’s name and address
 Net Weight
Handout – “Feed Tag Information”
Nutrients in a diet
• Energy (Carbohydrates & Essential Fatty Acids)
Corn, Barley, Wheat, Cereal by-products, Fat
• Protein & Amino Acids
Soybean Meal, Fish Meal, Grains, etc.
• Minerals
Limestone, Dicalcium Phosphorus, Iron, Zinc, etc.
• Vitamins
Vitamin A, D, E Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid
• Water
Ingredients
• Free of molds and mycotoxins
• High Quality ..
and no contamination
• Proper nutrient content
If not – reformulate diets
Livestock Water Requirements
 The most important nutrient that you can
give to your animal
 Water constitutes ~ 60 -70 % of an animal’s
live weight
 An animal can live ~ 45 – 60 days without
food but only ~ 3 – 7 days without water
Relationship between Water and Feed
 Water quality and quantity will affect feed
consumption and animal health
 Therefore, if you want maximum gain or
production from your animals water quality
and quantity must be considered.
 Think about the Derby contests ! Milk
production ! Animal growth for the fair!
 Are you monitoring your water supply?
Has it been tested !
Feed Additives
 Antibacterial agents
 Medications used to improve health
and performance
 FDA approved
 Antibiotics
Feed Additives
 Growth modulators
 Compound that alters nutrient use in animal
 Ractopamine hydrochloride (Elanco Animal Health)
sends energy into muscle growth instead of fat
• PAYLEAN - Swine
• OPTAFLEXX- Cattle
 Probiotics
 Living bacteria or yeast to enhance digestive tract
 Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Bacillus
Handout – “Paylean and Optaflex Labels”
Paylean –
Example of dilution in a diet
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Added to a diet at 9 grams / ton
Ton = 2000 lbs
1 lb = 454 grams
2000 x 454 = 908,000 grams
Ratio of 907, 991 : 9 = 908,000 grams or 1 ton
Analogy – 1 gram = 1 person
Iowa population is ~ 3,000,000 people - so compare
mixing 9 people in 1/3 of the population of Iowa. (Des
Moines is ~ 200,000 people (or mixing 2 people in Des
Moines)
Feed Additives
 Anthemintics (dewormers)
Feed – Water - Injection
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Organic acids
 Reduces stomach pH which can increase
protein digestion
 Reduces coliforms in intestines
 Preserves feed quality
 Citric acid, fumaric acid (nonruminants)
Feed Processing
 Grinding (Hammermill
or Roller Mill)
 Increases surface area to
improve digestion
 Corn, oats, barley, wheat,
etc.
Feed Processing
 Pelleting
Finely ground material, steamed and
extruded
 Reduces waste and dust in feed
 Reduces animal sorting
 More costly
 Increases feed efficiency – less feed per
lb. of gain
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Feed Processing
 Extruding
Usually done to individual ingredients
of ration
 Dog food
 Ground material forced through a die
under pressure
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Feed Processing
 Roasting
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Soybeans contain anti-nutritional
factor that must be heated to
inactivate it before feeding to swine
Feed Handling & Storage
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Identify feed
Keep storage area clean
Number or label bins
Inspect steel bins for leaks, mold
Control rodents
Clean up spills
Do not store near chemicals
Feeding Livestock
 Limit feeding
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Sow fed 5# feed per day
Beef cattle fed once per day
 Self feeding
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Feed remains in bunk / feeders at all time
for animal consumption
Feeding Livestock
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Provide enough feeder space
Keep equipment in good repair
Avoid spills to control rodents
Adjust feeders to reduce waste
Monitor feeders daily to be sure feed
is available
 Adjust feeding amount daily so
leftovers don’t spoil
Feeding Livestock
 Watch for sorting…indicates quality
problems
 Plenty of water
 Clean waters frequently
 Clean feed system after using
medicated feeds
 Clean and disinfect feed and water
equipment between groups
Feeder and Bunk Management
• Regularly check the feeder adjustment
• Minimize the feed wastage – the average
feeder loss is approximately 5 to 10%
• Monitor feed bunks for wasted and moldy
feedstuffs
• Bunk wastage variable due to feeding skills,
feedstuff quality, and weather environment
Good Manufacturing Practices
 Buildings and grounds
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Clean, neat and pest free
 Equipment
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Accurate, well maintained, cleanable
 Work space and storage areas
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Separated to prevent contamination
 Product quality assurance
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Cleanout procedures to prevent contamination & carryover
 Labeling
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Label all medications, retain labels, store separately
 Recordkeeping
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Include delivery date, method, carrier, record medications, retain for at least
one year after feed is used, store samples for 6 months
Adequate and Safe Feed
Keep all feed labels for one year
1997—FDA banned feeding restricted
mammalian proteins from rendered
animals to ruminant animals (meat, bone
meal)
This is the documentation 4-H’ers sign
before selling their animals.
GGP # 6 –Adequate and Safe Feed
Implications to Food Safety and
Consumer Acceptance ?
 Correct withdrawal time for feed drugs
 Proper use of feed additives
 Diet composition may affect the muscle
quality (taste, tenderness, and juiciness)
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Grass fed vs. grain fed cattle, sheep, goats.
High % fat, DDGS, etc. in pigs increases
backfat
Range fed vs confinement fed poultry
GPP #6
Biosecurity and Animal Welfare
How do diseases spread?
 Vectors
 Direct contact
 Excretions
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Manure
Urine
Nasal fluids
Aerosol fluids
First line of defense….SEGREGATION
What are some examples of animal
diseases and parasites ?
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PCVAD (cirovirus)
Mange / lice
Worms (roundworm)
Dysentery
Pseudorabies
Foot and Mouth
Brucellosis
Anthrax
 Clostridial
 Leptospirosis
 Coliform diseases (E
Coli)
 Salmonella
 Club Fungus
 Newcastle disease
 West Nile Fever
GPP # 6
Maintain Biosecurity
 External - Reduce disease spread risk
from outside the farm
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Unit location and maintenance
Transportation Controls
Isolation, acclimatization, and retesting
Visitor entry policies
Limit traffic of people and vehicles
Boot cleaning and disinfecting
Unit Location
 Diseases spread by wind, machines
 Control rodents, wildlife, birds
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Clean up around buildings
Mowing
Keep doors closed
Fix cracks and screens
Clean up spilled feed
Bait
Transportation Controls
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Clean and disinfect trailers
Give drivers disposable boots
Family loads…keep driver in truck
Do not allow animals to get back off the truck
Keep feed trucks out of animal areas
Limit visitors
Farm boots vs. town boots
Isolation
 Keep all new animals away from other animals (30
days)
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If entering animals are coming down with a disease, they
will show symptoms soon
If the originating farm develops a disease after the
animals leave, they could be exposed
Isolate after livestock shows
Visitor Entry Policies
 Identify production areas with signs
 Some facilities require signing book
 Generally 24 – 72 hours from livestock to
enter a livestock facilities
 7-days required if visitor from a foreign
country
 Give disposable boots
 Wash hands before and after entry
 May require shower in – shower out
GPP # 6
Maintain Biosecurity
Internal - Reduce disease spread
within the herd
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Herd examination with veterinarian
Utilize diagnostic tests
Routine post-mortems
Slaughter checks
Review records regularly
Internal Biosecurity
 Cleaning and Disinfecting
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Remove manure
Disinfect pens between groups
 Develop a biosecurity plan
Internal Biosecurity
 Vaccination vs. immunization
 Animal movement
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Separate ages
Do not add new animals without isolation
 People movement
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Visit healthy groups first
Chore from youngest to oldest age animal
Change or disinfect boots between farm units
Maintain Biosecurity
Internal - Reduce disease spread within the
herd
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Herd examination with veterinarian
Utilize diagnostic tests
Routine post-mortems
Slaughter checks
Review records regularly
Handout – “Black Light Demo of Disease
Spread”
Handout – “Bio-Security and Fairs – What
You Need to Know”
Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rights
defined by
American Veterinary Medical Association
 Animal Welfare – is a human responsibility
that encompasses all aspects of animal wellbeing, including proper housing,
management, disease prevention and
treatment, responsible care, humane
handling, and when necessary, humane
euthanasia.
Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rights
defined by
American Veterinary Medical Association
 Animal Rights – is a philosophical view
that animals have rights similar or the same
as humans.
 True animal rights proponents believe that
humans do not have the right to use animals
at all.
 Animal rights proponents wish to ban all
use of animals by humans.
Animal Welfare - Groups
 National Pork Board – Introducing in June PQA
Plus – combines the old Pork Quality Assurance
(PQA) and Swine Welfare Assurance Program
(SWAP) into one program
 Animal Welfare Institute (AWI)
 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals (ASPCA)
 Animal Protection Institute (API)
 “Numerous other groups”
Animal Rights - Groups
 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
(PETA)
 Humane Society of the United States (HSUS)
 Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
 Farm Sanctuary
 Farm Animal Reform Movement (FARM)
 “Numerous other groups”
The 4-H’er and Animal Welfare
 Health of Animal – Valid VeterinarianClient- Patient Relationship (VCPR)
 Proper pen space
 Receiving adequate water and feed
 Temperature and housing environment
 Proper nutrition
 Proper animal handling
 Proper and timely animal euthanasia
 NO WILLFUL ACTS OF ABUSE TO
ANIMALS !
Livestock Exhibition Shows
REMEMBER –
SOMEBODY MAY BE WATCHING YOU
AND RECORDING YOUR ACTIONS !!
Current Issues in Animal
Production
Bird Flu
 Avian Influenza – “Bird Flu”
 Can impact all birds – domestic and wild
 Virus
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Common strain is H5N1 (highly pathogenic)
Can mutate
 Potential to infect human via poultry
 Cooked properly - poultry products are safe to
eat
Livestock Production vs. Ethanol
 Rising corn price ~ $3.50 - $4.00 per bushel – for
livestock production due to demand for ethanol
production.
 DDGS – Distillers Dried Grain Soluble – a byproduct of the Ethanol industry as a feed source
for livestock
 Replacement of employment opportunities
Iowa Animal Identification Program
 Premises Identification Number – National
Animal Identification System (NAIS)
 Unique Premises ID number assigned to every
location involved in handling livestock.
 Animals on farm: Bison/Cattle, Swine, Poultry,
Goats, Sheep, Horses, Elk, Deer, Llamas, Emu,
Ostrich
 Currently voluntary – may be mandatory in future
 Consider obtaining a Premises Identification
Number
Bio-Terrorism Threat
 Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) Outbreak –
Could it happen in the United States, Iowa, Your
County, Your Township, YOUR FARM?
 Need to be able to identify and track animals
 If so – Tremendous Implications
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Stop movement on all livestock
Economic Impact
Logistic of coping with an outbreak
Currently – FAD Plans are being made in all counties
in Iowa and the USA.
Therefore, the need for a premises identification number
GPP #7
Exhibit Good Ethics
Just do the right thing!
Ethics
 Ethics is the demonstration of good character traits.
(Caring, Respect, Trustworthiness, Fairness, Responsibility, Citizenship)
 Knowing and doing the right thing.
Ethics and Livestock Shows
Ethics and Livestock Shows
Ethics and Livestock Shows
Ethics and Livestock Shows
Handout –
“Iowa Youth Code of Ethics – Sample copy”
Ethics
 Refer to the Iowa Code of Ethics Handout
 Do you know what is in the Iowa Code of
Ethics that you have signed ? ? ? ?
 What previously discussed items done in an
unethical manner could affect food safety to
the consumer ?
Ethics and You !
(Which person are you ?)
Review:
Good Production Practices
1. Keep accurate records
2. Establish a Veterinary Client Patient
Relationship
3. Follow healthy production practices
4. Provide proper care and handling
5. Provide adequate and safe feed
6. Maintain biosecurity
7. Exhibit strong character traits (ethics)
Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality
Assurance Program
Good Production Practices
Healthy Animals
Safe Food
From the Farm to Harvest to Consumer
Are You Supplying A Safe and Wholesome
Food Product to the Consumer ?
A Safe Food Product to the Consumer
Supplied by Iowa 4-H & FFA Members
Food Safety and Quality Assurance
County Livestock
Information – Weighin, fair rules, etc.
 State Fair Weigh-In
Information
 Health Requirements
for exhibition
Thank You for Attending the FSQA Program
Are there any Questions ?