What Makes Employees TickMotivational Strategies
Business Management
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
“Copyright and Terms of Service
Copyright © Texas Education Agency. The materials found on this website are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the
property of the Texas Education Agency and may not be reproduced without the express written permission of the Texas
Education Agency, except under the following conditions:
1) Texas public school districts, charter schools, and Education Service Centers may reproduce and use copies of the
Materials and Related Materials for the districts’ and schools’ educational use without obtaining permission from the
Texas Education Agency;
2) Residents of the state of Texas may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for individual
personal use only without obtaining written permission of the Texas Education Agency;
3) Any portion reproduced must be reproduced in its entirety and remain unedited, unaltered and unchanged in any
way;
4) No monetary charge can be made for the reproduced materials or any document containing them; however, a
reasonable charge to cover only the cost of reproduction and distribution may be charged.
Private entities or persons located in Texas that are not Texas public school districts or Texas charter schools or
any entity, whether public or private, educational or non-educational, located outside the state of Texas MUST
obtain written approval from the Texas Education Agency and will be required to enter into a license agreement that
may involve the payment of a licensing fee or a royalty fee.
Call TEA Copyrights with any questions.
What is Motivation?
• It is what makes us do things, or more formally, a set of
factors that influence an individual’s actions toward
accomplishing a goal.
• internal factors – a person’s beliefs, feelings, and
attitudes, also known as intrinsic
• external factors – rewards and punishments, also known
as extrinsic
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
2
Influence and Power
Position Power
the position the manager holds in
the company
Reward Power
the ability to control rewards and
punishments
Expert Power
power because of a manager’s
superior knowledge about the
work
Identity Power
power given because people
identify with and want to be
accepted by them
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
3
Motivation Theories
4
•
Herzberg, Frederick – “two-factors”
•
Maslow, Abraham – “hierarchy of needs”
•
Mayo, Elton – “human relations movement”
•
McClelland, David – “achievement theory”
•
McGregor, Douglas – “Theory X and Theory Y”
•
Taylor, Frederick – “monetary rewards”
•
Vroom, Victor – “Expectancy Theory”
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
Herzberg’s Two Factors
Hygiene
factors
Can result in
dissatisfied
employees if absent–
fringe benefits,
working conditions
Motivators
Can result in higher
job satisfaction if
present –
challenging work,
accomplishment
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
5
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Selfactualization
Esteem
Social
Security
Physiological
6
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
Mayo and Human Relations
• Mayo believe that when managers communicated with and
showed an interest in employees, they are motivated to do
their best work.
• Mayo also thought that employees work well when they
interact with each other and work in teams to accomplish
goals.
• Employee input was also valued.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
7
McClelland’s Achievement/Need
Theory
Achievement
Need – set
personal goals
Affiliation Need
– concerned
about
relationships
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
8
Power Need –
influence and
control others
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
• Theory X Assumptions:
– that people dislike work,
– that people need control,
– that motivation occurs through threats about job security
• Theory Y Assumptions:
– that working is natural,
– that work effort is related to employees wanting to meet
objectives and goals,
– that managers have faith in subordinates as people
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
9
Taylor’s Scientific Management
• Monetary Rewards
– Pay as a prime motivator
– Monetary alternatives
• i.e., buying or selling vacation days
– Applies more to assembly line work – piece rate pay
– Development of employees not emphasized
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
10
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
• Based on three components:
– Expectancy – more work effort will result in better
performance
– Instrumentality – the higher the performance the higher
the outcome or reward
– Valence – the ‘value’ perceived in the type of reward
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
11
Independent Practice Assignments
•
Motivation Theory Brochure – The students have been
asked by the area’s Chamber of Commerce to create an
informational brochure that can be distributed to business
owners who are new to the area. The goal of the brochure is
to provide new business owners with ideas using the various
motivational theories that will help them to create a happy,
enthusiastic workplace due to highly motivated employees.
The brochure can be created with any type of software, all 6
panels should be used, and each theory studied in this lesson
should have an example with it of a policy a store owner could
use in its business. Students may use the guide at the end of
this lesson for how the panels can be utilized.
•
M-O-T-I-V-A-T-I-O-N Acronym – Students are to create a
document using flipchart paper or other medium that displays
an “acronym” of Motivation. Each letter will be the beginning
of a sentence or phrase that describes the basic concepts of as
many motivation theories as possible. Creativity counts as
well.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
12
Independent Practice Assignments
(continued)
•
Comic Strip – Students are to create a comic strip using one of many
websites that are available to create online comic strips (some also
allow you to print the frames of the completed comic strip). The
frames should contain dialogue between a manager (or managers)
and an employee (or employees) discussing a situation at work and
how it would be handled taking into consideration any one of the
motivation theories discussed in this lesson. There should be an
ample number of frames to be able to determine which theory is
being demonstrated without it actually being stated in the comic strip.
•
Applied Motivational Theory Flyer – Students will research
companies on the Internet to discover how different real-world
companies actually motivate their employees. They will create an
information flyer using any software that either displays three
companies and one motivational practice from each company, or they
may choose one company and show three motivational techniques
from the same company. The document should be creative and
interesting to read. A benefit of this is that students can determine
what could potentially be a good company to work for in the
future, based on how they treat their employees.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
13