≈ 1760 - 1850

-> The Industrial Revolution occurred in England from about 1760 to 1850
- At this point in time, England was prime for change:
-> Improving medical technologies meant that there were…
-> Lower infant mortality rates
-> Generally longer lifespans
-> This led to a huge increase in population
Advances in agriculture (The Agricultural
Revolution) made food and raw materials easier to produce

Several changes in technology drove the
Industrial Revolution forward.
-> 1775 - James Watt perfects his replicating steam engine
- Originally used to remove coal from mines
- By 1780 the steam engine was applied to factories
Watt’s invention revolutionized the textile industry, and led to the creation of the modern factory.

- John Kay invents the flying shuttle doubles a weaver’s production
Lewis Paul’s roller spinner
- James Hargreaves creates the Spinning Jenny - weavers can now spin dozens of threads at once
- Richard Arkwright invents the water frame - reduces the expense of yarn, and the carding engine - creates wool more quickly
These innovations all contributed to the increase in industry. They made production of textiles, especially wool, easier, cheaper, and faster.

-> The creations of canals linked cities by water transport
- Road travel was still far from what we see now, though.
- > Carrier carts, stage coaches, and pack carts transported common people, the rich, and large hauls of goods.
-> The greatest innovation in transportation during the
Industrial Revolution was the locomotive
- Powered by James Watt’s steam engine the locomotive made it easy to get from industrialized city to industrialized city, and also helped spread English innovations across Europe.

EP Thompson states:
“
The Factory Movement, in its early stages, represented less a growth of middle-class humanitarianism than an affirmation of human rights by the workers themselves ”
- For the first time, there was a working class
- Prior to this, there had been an upper class, and a lower class, and, in some cases, a bourgeoisie.
EP Thompson says that “The English Working
Class was present at its own making”.
- What does he mean by this?
- How is a factory worker different from an agrarian worker? How is it different from a member of the bourgeoisie?

Class Activity
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PART 1
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Using the chart on the white board, have each member of your team reproduce the image taped there.
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Each team-mate should draw the image in their own square.
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Try to make your picture be as similar to the original as possible.

Class Activity
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Class Activity
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Assign each member of your group one
TASK.
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One group mate should be in charge of drawing the head-shape, one draw the nose, the ears, etc.
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Each group mate should have a different task.
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Now, take turns going to the board – have each team mate draw their item on all of the faces for your group.

Class Activity
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Read the information at the top of the
Division of Labor worksheet, and think of how this activity today was
to how division of labor worked in
American factories.

- Prior to 1760, most people worked at family farms, or worked a trade from their homes
-This is called the Cottage Industry
- However, factories were cheaper, more efficient, and produced higher quality materials
-> By 1800, the vast majority of people, both adults and children, men and women, were employed at a factory.
- > Factories provided jobs, and created a way for the “peasant farmer” to save money.

However…
-The conditions in the factories were not well regulated, and factories were highly dangerous.
- In the metropolitan cities, the average age of death, which had gone down because of medical advances, suddenly went up.
In Liverpool, the average age of death was 17
- In Manchester, you were lucky to see 15
- Even if you survived, many workers became disfigured because of the conditions
By 1830, it was taken for granted that the “average” industrial worker’s growth was stunted.
- Other common ailments were back hunches, bent fingers, bald patches, and, in extreme cases, missing limbs.

Child labor was not new…
- Kids worked alongside their parents at home, helping with chores, agriculture, and other tasks.
- Children of tradesman often worked with their parents, helping card wool, for example.
Working in a factory, however, was much different.
LISTEN and PAY ATTENTION to
Mrs. Quimby describe some of the jobs children did in factories.
There is no slide for this portion, but feel free to take notes based on what Mrs. Quimby says.

Discussion Summary
- In the factories, children worked alongside their parents.
- They were expected to work the same amount of hours as an adult worker
- Factories were especially dangerous for children
- Children as young as four were put to work crawling under looms, picking up lint.

- At home, parents could oversee their children
-The work was hard, but it was regulated
-Helping their parents at their at-home trade was less monotonous
Children weren’t expected to do the same task for hours on end
- However, industrialization made it harder to make a living at a trade, or as a farmer
-The children who would work alongside the parents at home now worked alongside them at the factories
- Children became additional wage earners, providing for the family like their parents were.
Do Now: Was child labor during the Industrial Revolution okay?
How is it different from children working at home? Why were so many children allowed to work?

- The Commercial Revolution introduced the ideas of
Capitalism to the working class.
- For the first time, individuals could control how things were produced.
- This was the start of the entrepreneur.
Individuals could borrow from banks and re-pay them later. This meant that they could start companies and open businesses.
- During the Industrial Revolution, there were two forms of
Capitalism.
- Commercial Capitalism
- Merchants (mostly pre-industrial Revolution) who bought and sold goods produced by others.
- Industrial Capitalism
-Produced and manufactured the goods themselves.
New to the Industrial Revolution.

- Industrial Capitalism is characterized by the factory system.
- Before the Industrial Revolution, you needed to be skilled in the whole process of making an item.
- For example, if a person wanted to create a shirt, they would have to take the wool, card it, spin it, dye it, weave it, and only then make the shirt.
- During the Industrial Revolution, with the rise of the factory system, there was no longer a market for individual skilled workers.
- Instead, division of labor divided the manufacturing process into a series of easy steps.
- Because a large amount of items could be produced very quickly, with little labor, the cost of these items dropped.

The Industrial Revolution quickly spread to the United States.
- Eli Whitney was an American inventor, his contributions revolutionized the textile industry on a global scale.
- Born in Westborough, Massachusetts
- Wanted to go to college, and worked as a farmer and schoolteacher to save money.
- Attended Yale
- After college, Whitney planned to go to South Carolina to be a tutor, however, he got sidetracked at a friend’s farm, and there had the idea to start a business.
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Whitney’s first factory made muskets.

- Eli Whitney created a system of interchangeable parts to make the production of the muskets standardized.
- Before this point, muskets had been handmade, and each gun was slightly different.
-Whitney created machinery that produced identical, easily replaceable parts.
-This machinery, with interchangeable parts , meant that Whitney could use division of labor.
This meant that Whitney’s muskets were produced very quickly, and in large numbers. These guns could also be easily repaired.

Eli Whitney’s most famous invention was not the use of interchangeable parts, but rather, the cotton gin.
- The cotton gin is a machine that cleans seeds from raw cotton.
- Before this point, processing cotton was tedious - people had to individually pick out all of the seeds.
- The cotton gin helped increase the production of cotton from less than
500,000 pounds in 1793 to
93 million pounds by 1810.
- Thanks to this invention, cotton became the US’s main export, and much of this cotton went to England.

- The cotton gin helped bring America into the industrialized world. It increased trade with Europe and made America a trade power.
- However, it also helped boost the slave trade in America, and the use of slave labor in general.
- Ironically, the cotton gin, designed as a labor-saving device, increased the use of slavery.
- Cotton could be cleaned faster, but not picked faster, and so slave labor increased in the southern US.
Due 11/30 *start outlining now* Mini Essay - 3 paragraphs
What impact did the cotton gin have on history?
Was it positive or negative?
Does the advancement to American society balance the increase in slave labor?

- Other advancements to the factory system continued to make things faster, cheaper, and easier.
- Key to the advancements in the factories was mass production - being able to produce large amounts of identical items.
- The Assembly Line was introduced in the late 1800s.
- Before this point, each part was produced individually, then assembled piece by piece, one complete item at a time.
- An Assembly Line, in contrast, had the pieces fitted together as they were produced.
- This again made production faster and easier!

- The Assembly Line was made popular by Henry
Ford - an American entrepreneur.
- Ford saw the potential of the assembly line in building automobiles.
On Ford’s assembly line, the metal frame of the car would travel down a conveyor belt. Each worker it passed added one of the thousands of small parts that the car needed.
- This mass production made it so that average families could have cars!
Ford used to say: “You can get the Model T in any color you like, as long as it’s black!”

Mass production on the assembly lines wasn’t just used for cars.
- Soon after the assembly line became popular, mass production became the standard for creating clothes, furniture, machinery… practically anything.
- This increase in the factory use led to the rise of the corporation. Not just individually owned factories, but franchises.

- Before the Industrial Revolution there were two major types of businesses
- A sole proprietorship is owned by one person.
- A partnership is a business owned by 2 or 3 people.
- In both cases, the owners were responsible for business debts (even if they were very large).
- These businesses usually had only a few employees, and so could not produce things as fast as large companies.
- The Industrial Revolution created the Corporation.
- By the 1800s, corporations were growing.

- A Corporation is a business where shareholders buy stock in the company.
Because shareholders “own” part of the company, they also get representation in the organization sometimes a member on the board.
- Shareholders receive dividends according to how well the company does.
- Unlike a proprietorship, each investor is limited to the amount they invest.
- If something goes wrong with the company, no one will go bankrupt!
- This made corporations really popular for investors.

- By the late 1800s, corporations were getting larger.
- 1901: J.P. Morgan (and associates) formed the United
States Steel Company - the first multi-billion dollar corporation.
- Making a company bigger did not necessarily increase profits!
- Until this point, factories that mass produced goods could sell them for a reasonable price, and make a profit.
- However, sometimes a market would be flooded with goods, which forced prices to go down.
- This also increased competition between companies selling similar things.

- Because of the issue of flooding the market, smaller businesses started losing money. Often the owners had to sell the businesses to larger corporations.
- The size of corporations were growing, however, there were also fewer corporations because of this competition.
- This led to monopolies in certain industries.
J. P. Morgan’s company became one of the first monopolies.
- If different organizations combined to create a monopoly, with varied goods, it was called a cartel.

- Adam Smith publishes his theories about economics in 1776.
- His book The Wealth of Nations talks about the natural economic laws in society.
-> According to Smith, there are two laws that govern all economies…
-> Law of Supply and Demand
- Producers of items will sell items for as long as customers want it. Once the market is saturated, the Law of
Competition comes in.
-> Law of Competition
Prices will be kept down by companies competing for business.

- Smith was the first to talk about the idea of free enterprise .
Do you think Invisible Hand theory is accurate? What does it say about today’s economy?
- Free enterprise: laborers have jobs, investors and owners make profits, and buyers receive better goods at cheaper prices.
- Another important theory of
Smith’s is the Invisible Hand of the Economy.
- This says that the economy is self-correcting and self regulating, and will always recover.

- The Iron Law of Wages
- Published in 1817 by
David Ricardo.
- The Iron Law of
Wages says that when labor is plentiful, wages are low. When labor is scarce, wages get higher.
- The more people who can work, the less they will get paid.
This theory says that workers are always poor, and always suffering.
This theory became known as “dismal science”.

- These theories of economics led to a policy called lassiez-faire .
This literally means “leave things alone” or, “let do”.
- In a lassiez-faire economy, the market controls production of goods.
- Before this, production guilds and governments controlled what items were produced.
- Lassiez-faire economics is what most western countries have today.
This stared causing problems though. People realized that things can’t be left entirely alone.
Humanitarians urged reforms, in order to improve the lives of the workers.

-> Social critics began writing about conditions in workhouses and factories, and suggesting changes to economic problems.
-> Charles Dickens wrote
David Copperfield about child workers, and Oliver
Twist about the London crime underworld.
- Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin wrote against materialism and published their essays.
- Jeremy Bentham wrote about utilitarianism.
- According to Utilitarianism, a law was good, and useful, if it led to the “greatest good for the greatest number”.

-> According to Utilitarianism, a law was good, and useful, if it led to the “greatest good for the greatest number”.
- How do you think Utilitarianism applies to the Industrial Revolution? Do you think it is a good philosophy for today’s economy?
- Answer these questions in your notebook right now. It should only take a few minutes!

-> At first, during the Industrial Revolution, everyone seemed to benefit.
-> Workers were making more money
-> Business owners were making a profit
-> Goods were cheaper, and easier to afford.
- However, with the rise of the corporation, there started to be a discrepancy.
-> Now, a few people became enormously rich, while most remained poor.

-> Under laissez-faire economy, the market should regulate itself.
- However, this led to some people being able to make far more money than others.
-> Some people started to argue that laissez-faire capitalism was not the best economic system.
- These people looked for reform - they said that the government needed to step in and “remedy inequalities”.
Socialism
Under socialism, governments own the means of production
(the companies) and operate them for the benefit of all people.
The key to socialism is removing the motive of profit .

Early Utopian socialists believed that everyone, not just the owners of the corporations, had a right to equal share of the profits.
Under socialism, governments own the means of production
(the companies) and operate them for the benefit of all people.
The key to socialism is removing the motive of profit .
UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS
Utopian socialists recognized that socialism would work best in small group settings.
In this situation, everyone would share ownership of the companies, and get equal profits.
This type of model community is called an Utopia.

-> The most influential utopian socialist was British entrepreneur Robert Owen .
- Owen quit school at age 10. By age
20, he and some partners had bought a spinning factory.
-> Owen believed that if people lived in a good environment, they would no longer be selfish - they would work for the greater good of the group.
- Owen helped his workers - he made sure they had good homes, could buy clothes and food, and had schools for their kids.
- He also encouraged his workers to form unions.
-> These cooperative communities were Utopian societies the ideal of utopian socialism.

- However, some people were not content with modifying the capitalist system.
-> Karl Marx was a German journalist and social critic, and the founder of a new form of socialism.
- Marx began writing against capitalism. These views made him unpopular, and so he moved to
London.
> Marx’s early work Das Kapital was a criticism of a flawed capitalist system.
-> With Freidrich Engels, Marx published the Communist Manifesto.
Marx said: “The history of all
…existing society is the history of class struggles.”

- In Communist Manifesto , Marx and
Engels summarized human history:
Marx said: “The history of all
…existing society is the history of class struggles.”
- How can you apply this summary to what we have discussed so far this year?
- What major events have we discussed that were triggered by class struggles?
- Write in your notebook!

- Marx claimed that each state of history involved some kind of inequality, and therefore some kind of struggle.
- Marx explained that, in the case of the Industrial Revolution, there was a class difference that caused stress.
Marx said that the class struggle of the 1800s was between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The proletariat was the working class, the bourgeoisie were the factory/company owners.
EVOLUTION OF A
TERM
- Where have we seen the word
“bourgeoisie” before?
- What did it mean then?
- What does it mean now, the way Marx uses it?

Marx said that the class struggle of the 1800s was between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The proletariat was the working class, the bourgeoisie were the factory/company owners.
- Marx said that all wealth was created by labor.
-> Capitalism = laborer only receives small fraction of the wealth.
-> Most of the wealth goes to the factory owners
(bourgeoisie).
-> In this situation, Marx theorized that the proletariat would eventually band together and overthrow the bourgeoisie.
- In these cases, the proletariat would have to establish a dictatorship until the bourgeoisie would “educated” enough to accept socialism.

PURE COMMUNISM
The final stage of Marx’s predicted society was called
Pure Communism.
The government would
“wither away”, leaving the people to regulate themselves.
Marx believed Pure
Communism was the inevitable outcome of human history.
The “hammer and sickle” was created during the
Bolshevik revolution (1917).
Why would the party use this symbol?
How is it related to communism?

- In Das Kapital, Marx published these theories about communism versus capitalism.
-> Marx believed that a communist is a person who believes people can work together, and live cooperatively, without being forced to.
Marx said, “ “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.”
- Marx also believed that this was the eventual historical outcome of civilized societies.
> Marx’s version of Socialism is called “Scientific
Socialism”.
- He believed that it was the natural historical outcome of an educated society.

“From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.”
Scientific Socialism
In Your Notebooks
Respond to this question.
What do you think it means?
Do you think it is fair?
How would it change society today, if we followed this idea?
- Will be collected by end of class.
Industrial +
Capitalistic societies would lead to a huge divide between proletariat and bourgeoisie. The proletariat would rise up, take over, educate the bourgeoisie, and then all would live in a perfect communist society.

Marx’s socialism is an ideal society, a form of Utopia.
- His ideas inspired other forms of socialism, which sprung up in different societies.
-> COMMUNISM / AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALISM
-> Radical thinkers. Believed that the only way to instate socialism was for a revolution to overthrow the government, and socialism to be established by force. The government would own all means of production, and control economic planning.
- Today, we see this government in China, North
Korea, Vietnam, and many South American countries. Russia was also Communist, but is now a
Republic.

-> DEMOCRATIC
SOCIALISM
> Moderate thinkers.
Believed that socialism could develop gradually through education and democratic government.
- This is why there are still socialist parties in modern democratic societies.

> Marx’s ideas will spread throughout the industrialized world…
-> They will take root especially in Russia, where an unhappy working class
(proletariat) will see socialism as an ideal government.
- This leads to the October
Revolution, in Russia (1917).
The socialist proletariat (led by the Bolsheviks) rebel against what they saw as an oppressive bourgeoisie.

- The Bolsheviks establish a socialist government creating the Soviet Union.
- The Soviet Union would spread communism throughout Eastern Europe, and Asia.
- The Cold War (1946-1991) would involve the USA in an ideological war, pitting communism against democracy.

-> Eventually, the industrial workers created unions
-> Unions began as
“sick clubs” - groups of workers who agreed to support each other if they couldn’t work.
- This early form of job security helped improve working conditions. If the workers weren’t happy, they could strike.

- Some groups took more extreme action against unfair wages, and working conditions
-> The Luddites were more organized than the trade unions, and weren’t afraid to use force.
-> 1811: The first Luddite Movement begins in Nottingham.
-The Luddites begin destroying the frames (looms) of factory owners who had cheated the workers.
-The original Luddites were non-violent focusing on getting back at the unjust owners, and not on hurting them.
- However, the second round of Luddism
(Yorkshire Luddism) was more violent, and led to riots, and serious injuries.

-> With the rise of Industrialism came the rise of
Methodism.
-> Methodism was founded in England by John
Wesley
- This is known as the Wesleyan revival
-> Methodism was based on the ideals of hard work, and of rejecting pleasure.
Methodists were only “saved” for so long as they didn’t sin. They needed to “maintain grace by serving the church, through a Methodical discipline in every aspect of life [and] above all, in labour itself,”
(Thompson). It was always possible to “backslide”, and regress into sin.

- Methodism became widely popular in the English Working
Class
- The beliefs of Methodism were directly parallel to that of the Working Class
-> Additionally, Methodist founded the first Sunday Schools
-> For many children (and adults) the Sunday Schools were the only education they received
- At the Sunday Schools, students were taught how to read and write.
-Sunday Schools ultimately began to stop teaching anything other than Methodism.
- However, Sunday Schools did positively impact the community, and Methodism provided a way for the
Working Class to socialize outside of the factory.

- 1820: Michael Faraday - English scientist.
- Connects magnetism to electricity, but still does not know how to harness it.
- 1840s: First lightbulbs are produced, but they are ineffective and burn out after only a few minutes.
-> 1882: Thomas Edison - American inventor
- Creates a lightbulb that lasts for two days.
- Later will perfect the lightbulb, creating what is basically the modern bulb.
- Electricity becomes standard.
- Electric motors replace steam engines in companies.
- Hydroelectric plants are created to harness water energy into electricity.

- 1870s: Alexander Graham Bell uses wires to transmit a human voice.
-> 1876: Bell patents the telephone.
- 1873: James Clark Maxwell theorizes that there are electromagnetic waves that can transmit information.
- 1880s: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz proves the existence of these waves.
- 1895: Guglielmo Marconi discovers how to use radio waves to transmit information.
- 1901: Marconi sends the first telegraph message from ship to shore.
-> Marconi is often credited with inventing the radio, but it was the work of many scientists. He shares a Nobel prize with Karl Ferdinand Braun for the radio.

But who do you think is more influential today?
MARCONI
Invented the
Telegraph
- First time messages are sent without wires.
- Creates the radio, means that now messages and music can be sent through the air.
BELL
Invented the telephone
- The telephone is still in use today!
- Began a chain of advancement that led to most Americans today owning a phone.

Think about it this way….
How would your life be different without Marconi or Bell?
MARCONI
Telegraph/Radio
Modern version:
Email, text messages,
IM - Skype, gtalk, radio, ipods/mp3 players…
BELL
Telephone
Modern version: the cell phone, voice messages.

-Evolution
-> Before the Industrial Revolution, most people believed that every animal had been created separately, and at one time.
Lamarck’s theory of
Inheritance
- Lamarck suggested that traits in an animal became permanent only if they were used.
MARCONI
Telegraph/Radio
Modern version:
Email, text messages,
IM - Skype, gtalk, radio, ipods/mp3 players…
- He thought that traits could be gained or increased during an animal’s lifetime, and passed to its offspring.

-Evolution
The Peppered Moth
-> Charles Darwin writes Origin of
Species
-> Proposes the idea of Natural
Selection: “Survival of the Fittest”.
-
Lamarck’s theory is disproved. Darwin’s
Theory of Evolution becomes widely supported.
-Industrial Revolution leads to more soot on the trees/buildings.
The buildings get darker.
- White peppered moths are easy to spot, and get killed/eaten.
- Black peppered moths survive, become more common.

- Darwin
- Even though Darwin knew all about inherited traits and all about survival of the fittest he still chose to marry his first cousin.
-He was very depressed when he noticed some of his kids were sickly, and when one of his daughters died very young.
Genetics
Darwin did not know how the traits were passed on.
The man who figured this out was a monk called
Gregor Mendel.
Mendel figured out that the peas, had linked traits, that he could control.

- Albert Einstein
->1905: Einstein develops his theory of relativity
- Comes up with the speed of light
- Relative motion
- E = Mc 2
- Time as the fourth dimension…
Einstein’s theories are still being used today - in cosmology, space travel, and relativity.

-> Use of anesthetics and antiseptics during surgery
-> Atomic theory
-> Psychology
- Pavlov and his dogs
- Freud and his analyses
- Creation of suburbs - people moving out of the cities
- Increase in public education, and education for women
- Advancements in art, culture, society, and music
These advancements added to a feel of change - called Fin de Siècle: “Turn of the Century”.
At the beginning of the 1900s, society, culture, science, medicine… literally everything was more advanced!

-> This feeling of advancement, and of cultural superiority, led to a way of thinking called Imperialism.
> Imperialism is the idea that your culture is more advanced than any others, and it is your responsibility to take over other societies, and teach them.
- This led to several conflicts…
Scramble for Africa
- Opium Wars
- Industrialization of Japan