Morality Development
EDU 330: Educational Psychology
Daniel Moos
Example of a Moral Dilemma:
Heinz and the Drug
“In Europe a woman was near death from cancer. One
drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist
in the same town had recently discovered. The
druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the
drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband,
Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the
money, but he could only get together about half of
what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was
dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay
later, but the druggist said “No.” The husband got
desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal
the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done
that?” (Kohlberg, 1969, p. 376).
Morality Development: Introduction (I)
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Why consider moral development in education?
Moral issues embedded in curriculum (especially
History)
75% of HS students admitted to cheating on tests
(Bracey, 2005)
Cheating may be on the rise from ES to College
(Goodman, 2005; Selingo, 2004)
May lead to other immoral acts after school (i.e.
questionable accounting practices)
Ultimately, beliefs about right and wrong influence
behavior
Morality Development: Piaget (I)
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Responses to moral problems can be divided into
two broad stages:
 Moral Realism (Morality of Constraint)
– Rules are sacred, consequences determine
all guilt (6 yr olds)
 Moral Relativism (Morality of Cooperation)
– Rules are flexible, intent is important in
determining guilt (12 yr olds)
Morality Development: Kohlberg (I)
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Level I: Pre-conventional: Egocentric orientation focusing on moral
consequences for the self; reasoning found until about 10 years of
age
Stage
1: Punishment Obedience
2: Market Exchange
OR
Instrumental Relativist
Description
Moral reasoning based on immediate
consequences for the individual. An
act is moral if a person isn’t punished
for it. It is immoral if the person is
punished.
Moral reasoning based on reciprocity.
An act is moral if a similar act occurs
in return (i.e. satisfies own needs)
Morality Development: Kohlberg (II)
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Level II: Conventional: Moral reasoning linked to perspectives of,
and concerns for, others (i.e. loyalty, obeying the law, family
obligation); typical of 10 to 20 yr olds.
Stage
Description
3: Interpersonal
Harmony
Moral reasoning based on concern for
others or the opinions of others. An
act is moral if others demonstrate
similar acts, or it helps others (i.e.
behavior likely to please others)
Moral reasoning based on rules, laws,
and orderly society. An act is moral if
it follows rules or promotes an orderly
society.
Or
Good boy-nice girl
4: Law and Order
Morality Development: Kohlberg (III)
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Level III: Post-conventional. Reasoning transcends society’s rules;
reflects an understanding that rules sometimes need to be
changed/ignored.
Stage
Description
5: Social Contract
Moral reasoning based on principled
agreements among people. An act is
moral if it is consistent with a
principled agreement. (ex: Bill of Rights)
6: Universal Ethical
Moral reasoning based on abstract
principles. An act is moral if it is
consistent with an abstract principle
that transcends an individual’s
society.
Summary of Kohlberg’s Six Stage Theory of Morality Development:
1: Punishment and Obedience
Moral reasoning based on immediate consequences for the individual.
2: Market Exchange
Moral reasoning based on reciprocity. An act is moral if a similar act occurs in
return.
3: Interpersonal Harmony
Moral reasoning based on concern for others or the opinions of others.
4: Law and Order
Moral reasoning based on rules, laws, and an orderly society.
5: Social Contract
Moral reasoning based on principled agreements among people.
6: Universal Principles
Moral reasoning based on abstract principles.
Morality Development: Exercise (I)
1. If I stay out I will be in big trouble with my parents.
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience
Preconventional Ethics: Young children, some teenagers
2.
Nobody’s doing anything anyway so I won’t be missing
anything.
Stage 2: Market Exchange
Preconventional Ethics: Young children, some teenagers
3.
My parents and I agreed that midnight was fair, and you can’t
go back on your agreements.
Stage 5: Social Contract
Postconventional Ethics: Middle school to high school students
4. If I stay out my parents will be worried.
Stage 3: Interpersonal Harmony
Conventional Ethics: Middle school to high school students
Morality Development: Exercise (II)
5.
It’s the curfew, so I’ll be in by midnight.
Stage 4: Law and order
Conventional Ethics: Middle school to high school
students
6.
My friends have curfews, too, and they’re going to be
home by then.
Stage 3: Interpersonal Harmony
Conventional Ethics: Middle school to high school
students
Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan:
Moral Development
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Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
Acceleration of moral development through
instruction is limited
 Moral dilemmas are too removed from everyday
social interactions
 Theory does not adequately address micromoral
issues
 Too much emphasis on moral reasoning and not
enough on moral behavior
 Research sample (white males) limits the
generalizability of the findings
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Morality Development: Gender
Differences
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Are there gender differences? Do men and women
approach moral dilemmas differently?
Some suggest:
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Men: judgment on abstract concepts (justice, rules,
individual rights)
Women: Interpersonal connections and attention to human
needs
Ultimately, findings mixed
Kohlberg focused exclusively on cognitive aspects of
moral reasoning/development
Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan:
Moral Development
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Gilligan’s View of Identity and Moral
Development
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Student of Kohlberg and later became critical
of some of him
Females develop along different path
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Preconventional. Care is egocentric
Conventional. Care results from internalized focus
on others, while neglecting oneself
Postconventional. Critical of approach in
Conventional stage; Learn to balance caring for
self with caring for others.