Nixon and Vietnam
• Henry KissingerNixon’s National
Security advisor
• Vietnamization: Gradual
withdraw of U.S. troops
= increased efforts of
the South Vietnamese
to fight the war.
• Continued to bomb
N.Vietnam as well as
Laos & Cambodia
Nixon & Foreign Policy
• New FederalismDistribute a portion
of Fed. power to
state and local Gov.
• Détente: easing
Cold War tensions
• Nixon opened
foreign policy with
China and Soviet
Union by visiting
them
Nixon’s Puppets
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
– Illegally wiretapped Democratic Party @
Watergate
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
– Investigated & compiled documents on
Nixon’s opposition
• Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
– Tax audits of antiwar and civil rights
activists.
Watergate: The President’s Men
•
•
•
•
H.R. Haldeman: Chief of Staff
John Ehrlichman: Chief Domestic Adv.
John Mitchell: Attorney General
John W. Dean III: Presidential Counsel
Watergate
• Spying on the
Democratic National
Party
• Cover-up in destroying
all evidence of the
break-in
• Bob Woodward and
Carl Bernstein of the
Washington Post
– Received little American
interest.
Watergate
• Senate investigation
• Nixon dismissed his
“inner circle”
• John Dean testified that
Nixon was “heavily
involved in the coverup”
• Presidential aide
Alexander Butterfield:
Nixon taped all
conversations
– Tapes were key in
revealing what Nixon
actually knew
Watergate
• Vice President Spiro
Agnew resigned
– Nixon appointed House
Minority Leader Gerald
Ford as the V.P.
• House Judiciary
Committee began
looking into
impeachment
• Nixon agreed to release
“edited tapes”
– Court wanted unedited
tapes = Nixon refused
– Court had enough
evidence for
impeachment
• Tapes finally released
on Aug. 5, 1974 / Nixon
resigned Aug. 8th
Gerald Ford
• President Nixon resigned,
then Vice President Spirow
Agnew resigned.
• Pardoned Nixon: cost him
public support
• Continued discussions with
the Soviet Union
– Helsinki Accords: Ford
acknowledges Soviet
dominance over Eastern
Europe
• South Vietnam surrendered
to the North in 1975
• Communist take-over of
Cambodia
Jimmy Carter
• Environmentalist
– presented more than 100 energy
conservation measures to Congress
– oil, gas, and automobile states blocked
• Human Rights-Freedoms and liberties
guide politics
– Moral principles as a guide for US foreign
policy
– Carter cuts off foreign US support to
countries who tortured their own citizens
• Brazil and Argentine
– Détente breakdown
Jimmy Carter
• Pardon of draft evaders
– Unconditional pardons
of Vietnam deserters
• Camp David AccordsIsrael/Egypt
– Carter calmed the
tension between Egypt
& Israel. Won Nobel
Peace Prize.
Middle East Flash Back!
• Post WWI--Ottoman
Empire collapsed
– Foreigners controlled region
• Muslim Islamic Religion
–Shia-Ali is rightful heir to
Mohammad (founder)
–Sunni-Mohammad died
without declaring a
successor (majority)
Jews vs. Arabs
• Post WWII-95% of misplaced European Jews
wanted to migrate to Palestine (Present day Israel)
– Palestine controlled by Great Britain
– Jews launch guerilla warfare on Brits in Palestine/Brits leave
• United Nations creates Jewish state within Palestine
– Truman & Stalin recognize new state of Israel
• Arab League (1945)--Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi
Arabia, Syria, Transjordan, and Yemen
– Refuse to accept Israel
– British arm Arabs against Israel
Israel Imperializes
Israel and Egypt Conflict
• Suez Canal---Fr. And Brits own
canal
• Egypt wants to nationalize
canal
• Fr., Brits, and Israel team up
and attack Egypt
• US (Carter) steps in and
negotiates peace
– Israel would leave Sanai
Peninsula
– Egypt would recognize Israel
Middle East Flash Back!
• Iran
– 89% Persian Country (Not Arab)
– Shia Muslim Region
– Post WWII-Iran aligns with US
– Shah-King (pro-US)
– US gives military aid and mo mo mo
– Iran gave US oil=US corporations foothold
• Early 1950s-Prime Minister Mohammad
Mosadegh is elected populist PM
• 1953 Coup– Wants to nationalize oil-US is unhappy
US and Iran
• Ayatollah Khomeini
– Muslim leader in Iran that led rebels to overthrow the shah,
& follow strict obedience of Qur’an- Islam’s holy book.
• Argo Clip-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6RGe
qNFaQM
• News Clip- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8bC1
DEYbI4
• Causes Breakdown- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7RaU
QqP_E8
http://youtu.be/Q_AHJ
QiMxIw
Jimmy Carter
• Iran Hostage Crisis
– Diplomatic Crisis
– Iranian revolution supporters took US
embassy hostage in Tehran
• 52 Am. Held hostage for 444 days
– US held the Shah of Iran
• Revolutionaries wanted him back to put him on
trial for crimes he committed against Iranians
– Carter failed at release negotiations
• Proved that Carter didn’t have enough
experience in dealing with foreign policy.
Frontline: Showdown with Iran
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/s
howdown/
Ronald Reagan
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
FDR was Reagan’s idol
– Reagan reduced welfare,
fought affirmative action
programs.
Big government was bad.
Military = good
Purpose of foreign policy =
defeat communism
Slash taxes
$$ to freedom fighters in 3rd
world countries fighting
communism
41% increase in defense
spending
Pledged to build 17,000 new
nukes
Reagan: Iran Contra
• Spring 1985
• Israel give Iran
American weapons
in exchange for
American hostages
in Lebanon
– U.S. would then
resupply Israel
– ***Trading weapons
for hostages
• NSC Staffer: Oliver
North
• Reaganomics- strategy to
give federal money to big
business in hopes that it
would trickle down to society.
• Strategic Defense Initiative
(Star Wars)- a strategy
Reagan wanted to develop to
keep Americans safe from
enemy missiles.
Ronald Reagan
http://youtu.be/qyXFN4ocN_o
• “Just Say No”http://youtu.be/9Ih4tBBiPTc Advertising Campaign
to discourage kids
from recreational
drugs
• AIDS-disease of human
immune system
• Sandra Day O’Connorfirst woman appointed
into Supreme Court.
http://youtu.be/60pAYxVdl04
Russian Relations
• Mikhail Gorbachev: Soviet President
– Wanted to greatly improve
Soviet relations w/the rest of the
world
– Transform the economy
– Glasnost- Openness
– Perestrokia- gov. restructuring
• INF Treaty: Agreement that the U.S.
and Soviets would destroy 4% of
their nuclear arsenal
– 1st time ever that a treaty of this
magnitude has been put into place
– Allowed monitoring of the destruction of
the nukes
• Not a Reagan victory but a gift by
Gorbachev
Collapse of the Soviet Union
• Fall of the Berlin Wall
Communism Continues in China
• Economic reform in early 80s
• Gov’t loosened grip small businesses
and price control
• Students demanded freedom of
speech
• April 1989-Tiananmen Square
– Student pro-democracy movement
demonstration in Beijing
– Premier Li Peng ordered military to
slaughter protesters
• Totalitarianism- Poltical system, gov’t
has total control
•
US as a World Power
Unit 9
http://youtu.be/DhFR_TRNdbI
George H. Bush
• Bush built on Reagan’s legacy
and promised “Read my lips:
no new taxes” in his
acceptance speech at the
Republican Convention.
George H. Bush
• Persian Gulf War
– 1980s, Iran/Iraq War
– Saddam Hussein- Iraqi
dictator
• Huge war debt
• Claims oil-rich nation of Kuwait
– Aug. 2, 1990-Iraq invades
Kuwait
– Iraq wants Saudi Arabia
too
• Would control ½ of worlds oil
fields
George H. Bush
• Operation Desert
Storm
– Bush organized
international coalition
against Iraq
aggression
– Congress and UN
support
– Norman Schwarzkopfcommander in chief
during Desert Storms.
George H. Bush
• January 16, 1991Massive air assault
• February 23, 1991Ground assault
• Feb. 28, 1991-Bush
announces Cease-fire
• Kuwait was liberated &
Operation Desert Storm
was over
http://youtu.be/l2TQ8a4LK3A
George H. Bush
• Bush was 89% popular after
Gulf War in 1991
• Nation hit recession and
Bush’s approval rating
dropped to 40%
• Bush had no clear strategy to
end recession and creating
jobs
Bill Clinton
Democrat
• H. Ross Perot-3rd
party candidate; TX
billionaire
– Federal budget
deficit #1 problem
• Clinton wins-b/c
moderate & plan to
strengthen nation’s
weak economy
http://youtu.be/i_1oZCdWo4w
Bill Clinton
• Domestic Front
– Health Care Reform: Hillary Clinton-1st lady
– Reduced Federal deficit
• Why? = booming economy
– Reformed welfare
– NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement
• Adds Mexico to free trade zone with US and Canada
• Strengthens all 3 economies
• Cons-American jobs go to Mexico where wages are lower
– Contract w/America
• Drafted by Newt Gingrich-Republican Congressman who
hated Clinton
• 10 Promises Rep. gave to win control of Congress
• 1994- Voters gave Rep. control
• Clinton clashes with Rep. controlled Congress
• Clinton caught lying under oath about affair with
White House Intern
•
Impeached but served the rest of his term.
Advanced Technology
Group Activity
• Brainstorm inventions that could improve
our society.
http://youtu.be/Kg4nHNQrKrs
http://youtu.be/uQ1MquE-skg
__________________________________
• Design it-What does it look like?
• How much?—Cost, public or private?
• Purpose- What social problem does your
invention solve?
• What affect or impact will your invention
have on society?—Could it lead to other
forms of advanced society?
1990s Technology Boom
• High-Tech Industries take over
– NASDAQ-National Association of
Securities Dealers Automated
Quotation System
• Technology-dominated stock index on Wall Street
– Bill Gates-Microsoft
– Dotcoms-high-tech business
nickname
– 1990s, Internet-international network
• instant text, images & sound
– Telecommute-work out of home
office
• Genetic
Engineeringartificial changing of
molecular biology of
organisms cells to
alter an organism
• Entertainment
Engineering
http://youtu.be/ppILwXwsMng
http://youtu.be/1wK1Ixr-UmM
Economic/Cultural Imperialism
• Globalization-Intnt’l integration
– Interchange of world views, products, ideas
– Advances in Transportation &
telecommunications
• European Union-Eco. & political union
– EU goals:
• Free movement of people, goods and services
Crime and Terrorism
1993- Waco, Texas Stand off
•Religious group suspected of weapons
violations
•51 day standoff with FBI
•Fire broke out killing 76 men, women, and
children
•6 FBI agents were killed
1995 Oklahoma City Bombing
http://youtu.be/qPIADtCY9f8
•Domestic terrorist bomb attack on federal building
• 168 people died from blast
•Gulf War Veteran, Timothy McVeigh found
guilty and sentenced to death
•Motivated by 1993 Waco Siege
•Timed attack to coincide with Waco
anniversary
Crime and Terrorism
• 1993 World Trade Center Bombing
– Truck Bomb
– Terrorists demanding US end aid and relations with Israel
• 1999-Columbine HS, Colorado
– 2 senior students murdered 12 students and 1 teacher,
and then shot themselves
– Motivation: wanted to rival the Oklahoma City Bombing
– Sparked debate over Gun Laws, bullying in schools, and
influence of violent video games
– Increased school security
George W. Bush
• 2000 Presidential Race
– Democrat Al Gore- Clinton’s
VP
– Republican George W. BushGov. of TX
• Election Confusion
– Recount in Florida-faulty
counting machines
– Supreme Court stops recount
• Bush Wins
George W. Bush
• Sept. 11, 2001- Terrorist Attacks
– Hijacked commercial jets struck twin towers of World
Trade Center in NYC-Symbol of American finance
– Pentagon hit
– 3000 killed
• Islamic Fundamentalism- Militant
ideology demanding political action
– Goal: Revive theoretical relevance of
Islam in the modern world
– Theory and praxis go hand in hand
• Al Qaeda- militant Islamist
organization
– Founded by Osama bin Laden
– Suicide attacks, simultaneous
bombings of different targets
– Members-Training camps
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq or Sudan
George W. Bush
• Response to 9/11 attacks
• Patriot Act:
-Domestic security against terrorism
-Surveillance procedures
-Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism
-Border security
-Victims of terrorism
-Terrorism Criminal Law
-Improved Intelligence
George W. Bush
• 2001 Invasion of Afghanistan
– US/NATO Goal:
1. Dismantle al Qaeda
2. Remove Taliban from political power
– Taliban-Islamic fundamentalist political
movement in Afghanistan Islamic
• Strict Islamic Law
• Brutal treatment of women
• Aided al Qaeda
– Oct. 7, 2001-US & UK launched Operation
Enduring Freedom
• Drove Taliban from power
• Built military bases in major cities
– May 2011- Osama bin Laden found and killed
– 3 weeks later, NATO plans exit strategy
Afghanistan War Today
– Resurgences-2008, reported Taliban rebuilds
• Suicide bombings increase by the Taliban
– Taliban and allies responsible for Afghan
Civilian Causalities
• 2010-75% / 2011-80% / 2012-80%
– Drug Trade Funds War
• Taliban controlled 96% of Afghan’s poppy fields;
Opium= largest source of revenue
– 2014: Withdrawal continues and the
insurgency increases
Weapons of Mass Destruction
and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq
• Iraqi President Saddam Hussein believed
to have weapons of mass destruction that
threatened world peace.
• President Bush invades Iraq in 2003 to
search
National Disasters
2005, Hurricane KatrinaDeadliest and costliest disaster in
US history
• 1,833 ppl died in New Orleans
• Bush Adm. raised $105 billion for
repairs and reconstruction
• Criticism of government response
– Local govt responsible for 1st
response
– Fed govt steps in when locals
exhausted all resources
– Bush Admin didn’t step in until it was
too late.
» Government delayed response to
flooding of New Orleans
The Great Recession
– 2007 Housing Market collapsed
• Home values had been going up and up, then bubble
burst
• Millions of homeowners stopped paying their
mortgage loans
• Banks stopped lending money
• Unemployment rate started rising
– George W. Bush’s administration response
• Government rescued businesses that were “too big to
fail”
– Loan to banks, automakers, and companies
2008 Presidential Election
– Republican John McCain- 72 yr. old
Vietnam navy pilot
• Captured and tortured for 5 years in POW
camp
– Democratic choices:
• 1. Hillary Clinton-Twice elected senator
from NY
– Would be 1st woman president
• 2. Barack Obama-Senator from Illinois
– Would be 1st black president
• Democrats chose Barack Obama
Barack Obama
•Response to Great Recession
Economic stimulus
oAmerican Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009
oTax Relief, Unemployment
Insurance Reauthorization, and
Job Creation Act of 2010
o‘Obamacare’
•Domestic Relations
2010-Republicans regained control of
House of Representatives
2011-Budget Control Act
2012-American Taxpayer Relief Act
Polarization
•Modern Elections and Polarization
Polarization--Political attitudes to ideological extremes
1992-3rd party candidates
oEx. H. Ross Perot v. Clinton
2000-Electoral v. Popular vote
oEx. Al Gore v. George Bush
2008-Great Recession
–Ex. Barack Obama’s Left view on strengthening the economy