Roots and Rules
1. am, amat: love amateur, amatory, amiable
2. ann, enn: year anniversary, superannuated, annuity
3. aqu: water aqueduct, aquiculture, subaqueous
 ie Rule—“I” before “e”, except after c, or when it sounds like “a,” as in “neighbor” or “weigh”
Examples: fiend, receive, conceit, reign
Exceptions: leisure, weird, foreign, either, neither, seize, counterfeit, caffeine
1

Roots and Rules
 “y” to “i” Rule—If the “y” at the end of a word is preceded by a consonant, change the “y” to “I” before adding an ending
(unless the ending begins with an “I”).
Examples: replied, merriment, delayed
Exceptions: paid, said, laid, daily
2

Study for Quiz 1, make sure you know all words in the definitions.
3

Roots and Rules
1. cred, credit: believe; trust credible, accredit, credulity
2. dic, dict: say benediction, contradict, diction
3. duc, duct: lead conducive, ductility, induce
 Adding Prefixes—the spelling of a word does not change when a prefix is added.
Examples: unnecessary, misspell, dissatisfied
4

Roots and Rules
1. fid: faith; trust confide, fidelity, perfidy
2. frater: brother fraternity, fraternize, fratricide
3. greg: flock congregate, gregarious, egregious
 Adding Suffixes to Words Ending in Silent “e”—
1) If the suffix begins with a vowel, drop the silent “e,”
Come + ing=coming use+ able=usable
2) When the suffix begins with a consonant, keep the “e,”
Care+ful=careful lone+ly=lonely
3) Words ending in “ce” or “ge” keep the “e” when followed by an
“a” or “o”
Courageous, peaceable, noticeable, advantageous
Exceptions: argument, ninth, truly, judgment
5

Roots and Rules
 Doubling the Final consonant: If a suffix begins with a vowel, double the consonant at the end of the word IF a) the word ends in 1 vowel + 1 consonant AND b) the word is accented on the last syllable.
Examples: runner, tapped, stopped, beginner, occurrence, opened, referred
6

Roots and Rules
1. mal: bad maladjusted, maladroit, malediction
2. man: hand manacle, mandate, manufacture
3. mater, matr, metr: mother maternal, matriarch, metronymic
 Affect/Effect
Affect is a verb, meaning “to influence” Think AV (affect verb)
Effect is usually a noun meaning “the result”; occasionally it is a verb meaning “to bring about” or “to put into effect”
Examples: The decision affects me.
The effect of the decision is unknown.
The changes will be effected next year.
7

Study for Quiz 2, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
8

Roots and Rules
1.
mit, miss: send emissary, intermittent, missive
2.
mor, mort: death mortality, mortify, post-mortem
3.
mov, mot, mob: move demote, remote, motivation
 Comma with Compound Sentence (also called coordinated sentence)
Use a comma before a conjunction like “and” or “but” ONLY IF there is a complete sentence on BOTH SIDES of the conjunction.
Examples: They went to the party, but they left early.
They went to the party but left early.
9

Roots and Rules
1. nov: new innovation, novel, novice
2. omni: all omniscient, omnivorous, omnipresent
3. ped: foot pedestrian, impediment, pedometer
 Lay/Lie
Lay—“put”
Must have a direct object
Present tense: lay
Past tense: laid
Participle: laid
Laying lie—“rest cannot have a direct object lie lay lain lying
Examples: Lay the book down. The cat lies on the rug.
I laid the book down. The cat lay on the rug yesterday.
I have laid the book down. The cat has lain on the rug all day.
I am laying the book down. The cat is lying in the sun.
10

Roots and Rules
1. pos, posit: place composition, repository, juxtapose
2. port, portat: carry deport, portfolio, rapport
3. scrip, script: write circumscribe, nondescript, inscribe
•
•
•
 Semicolon (part one)
A semicolon may be used to balance two independent clauses
(sentences) of equal importance, especially if the second begins with a word like “however” or “therefore.”
Examples: She was intelligent; he was handsome.
They worked for three days on the project; therefore, the other work remained undone.
11

Roots and Rules
1.
sign: sign assign, insignia, designate
2.
spec, spect: look aspect, introspection, perspective
3.
spir, spirat: breathe conspire, expire, inspire
•
•
•
 Semicolon (part two)
A semicolon may be used to separate items in a list that already has commas.
Examples: We visited Chicago, Illinois; Miami, Florida; and
Lima, Ohio.
They elected Selma, president; Fred, vice president; Zelda, treasurer; and Zeb, secretary.
12

Study for Quiz 3, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
13

Roots and Rules
1.
tempor: time extemporaneous, temporal, contemporary
2.
terra: earth disinter, terrestrial, terrace
3.
urb: city urban, suburban, interurban
•
•
 Amount of/number of
Use “number” with things that are countable, if only in theory. Use “amount” with things that could never be counted.
Examples: Amount of knowledge, rain, money
Number of people, calories, dollars
14

Roots and Rules
•
•
 Go, went, gone
Be sure to use “gone” after the helpers “has” or “have.”
Examples: They have gone to the movies.
He has gone to his grandmother’s house.
15

Roots and Rules
1.
bi: two bicameral, bifocals, bipartisan
2.
circum: around circumference, circumvent, circumlocution
3.
contra, contro, counter: against contraband, contradiction, controvert
•
•
 So. . .that
If the word “that” fits in a sentence logically somewhere after
“so,” you must write in the “that.”
Examples: I was so tired after working all day that I couldn’t stand up.
The reason she is so unhappy about the change in date is that she can no longer participate.
There was a thunderstorm, so the meet was canceled.
16

Roots and Rules
1.
inter: between interlinear, interregnum, intercultural
2.
intra, intro: within intramuscular, intramurals, intrastate
3.
multi: many multiplied, multivalent, multiparous
•
•
 Commas and Periods with Quotation Marks
Commas and periods ALWAYS go BEFORE quotation marks.
Examples: We read “The Raven.”
“Go home,” he said.
Elmo said that the idea was “true genius.”
17

Study for Quiz 4, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
18

Roots and Rules
1.
post: after posthumously, posterity, post-mortem
2.
pre: before precedence, prejudice, preamble
3.
retro: back retrogressing, retro rocket, retroactive
 Its/It’s
• Use “it’s” to mean “it is.” Use “its” as a possessive word before a noun.
• Examples: It’s my car.
The dog lost its bone.
19

•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
•
•
•

•
Roots and Rules
semi: half semilunar, semicentennials, semidiameter
sub: under subconscious, subcutaneous, subterranean
super: above; beyond supersensory, superstructure, supersonic
Raise/rise
Raise (to lift or grow)
Present: raise
Past: raised
Participle: raised
Raising rise (to move up) rise rose risen rising
Examples: Raise the shades.
I raised potatoes.
I rise to speak.
The sun rose.
I have raised money.
The star has risen.
We are raising our sights. Our hopes are rising.
20

Roots and Rules
1.
trans: across transpolar, transversal, transgress
2.
uni: one unicameral, unicorn, unique
3.
ac, acr: sharp acrimony, acid
•
•
 Commas with Introductory Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses
Use a comma after a dependent clause that starts a sentence.
The clause begins with a subordinate conjunction (“danger word” in the sophomore text) like “because,” “since,” “although,” “if,” before,” or “unless.”
Examples: When we have finished here, we will leave.
Because you are great, you win the prize.
Since you did your reading, you earned a high grade.
21

Roots and Rules
1. aer: air aerial, aeronautics, aerodynamics
2. agr: field agrarian, agriculture
3. ali: another alias, alliance, alimentary
 Center around
• Things center on, never around.
• Example: The problem centers around on money.
22

Study for Quiz 5, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
23

Roots and Rules
1. alter, altr: change alternate, alternative
2. anim: spirit; life animosity, animation, animate
3. apt, ept: adjust aptitude, inept
 Feel bad
• Use “bad” after a form of “feel,” not “badly.”
(Badly indicates a weak sense of touch.)
• Examples: I feel bad about what happened.
They felt bad after the game.
24

Roots and Rules
1. arm: arm; weapon armistice, armament, armada, armadillo
2. art: art; craft artificial, artifact, articulate
3. avi: bird aviary, aviator, aviation
 Different from—things are different from (or from what) each other, not different than.
• Examples:
This is different than from what I expected.
Your room is different than from mine.
25

Roots and Rules
• bel, bell: war rebel, belligerent, rebellion
• ben, bene: well benefit, benevolent
• brev: short abbreviate, brevity
• Titles (part one)
• The titles of shorter works—essays, stories, chapters, songs, poems, articles—are put in quotation marks. These are works not published separately.
• Examples: “The Raven” is a famous poem.
We studied “The Lady and the Tiger.”
The song is “The Victors.”
26

Roots and Rules
• carn: flesh incarnate, carnal, carnage
• cid, cis: kill; cut precise, incision, concise
• civ: citizen civil, civic, civilian
• Titles (part two)
• The titles of longer works—books, plays, movies, magazines, newspapers—are underlined (or italicized).
These are works published separately.
• Examples: We studied The Canterbury Tales.
Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play.
I read it in the Chelsea Standard.
27

Study for Quiz 6, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
28

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•
•
•
•
•
•
Roots and Rules
ego: I egotist, egoist, egocentric
err: wander error, erroneous, erratic
fin: end; limit define, finite, final, infinity
Colon to introduce a list
Use a colon to introduce a list only when the part of the colon between subject and object or subject and other kind of complement.
Example: Bring the following items: bread, milk, eggs.
There are three reasons: time, money, and volunteers.
Incorrect: The three things are: time, money, and volunteers.
29

•
•
•
Roots and Rules
fort: strong fortify, fortress, fortitude
fus: pour effusive, fusion, fusible
gen: birth; race progeny, genocide, generation
Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns
The following pronouns are singular; therefore, all words that everybody, anybody, somebody, everything, anything, something, either, neither, each, every.
Examples: Everyone does his or her work.
Either of the answers is correct.
Neither of them wants her own show.
30

•
•
•
Roots and Rules
grat: please; favor gratify, gratitude, grateful
grav: heavy gravity, grave
jac, jact, jec: throw eject, deject, reject
Apostrophe to show possession
To form the possessive of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an s.
Example: a poem’s rhyme
To form the possessive of a plural noun ending in s, add only an apostrophe.
Example: the swimmers’ times
To form the possessive of an irregular plural noun not ending in s, add an apostrophe and an s.
Example: the women’s books
To form the possessive of any singular proper noun, add an apostrophe and an s.
Example: Mr. Jones’s class
To form the possessive of a plural proper noun, add only an apostrophe.
Example: the Smiths’ house
31

Study for Quiz 7, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
32

Roots and Rules
• clam: shout exclaim, exclamation
• claud, claus: close closet, claustrophobia
• cogn: know incognito, cognition, cognate
• Try to
• Use “to” after “try,” not “and.”
• Examples: Try and to be polite.
33

Roots and Rules
• cord: heart cordial, accord
• corp: body corpse, corporal, corporation
• cruc: cross crux, crucify, crucible
• The reason is because
• Use “that” in a sentence after “reason,” not “because.”
• Example:
– The reason I’m unhappy is because that the dance was canceled.
– I know the reason they are spending so much time on choosing the candidate is because that they are hoping to improve the council.
34

Roots and Rules
• dent: tooth indent, dental, dentist
• dign: worthy dignity, dignify, indignation
• doc, doct: teach; prove doctor, document, docile
• Irregardless
• Not a word. Use “regardless.”
Example: I won’t agree, ir regardless of what you say.
35

Roots and Rules
• dom: master domineer, dominant, dominion
• don: bestow donate, donation
• du: two duet, dual
• Off of
• Say “off,” not “off of.”
Example: The dog fell off of the couch.
36

Study for Quiz 8, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
37

Roots and Rules
• junct: join adjunct, junction, conjunction
• labor: work elaborate, belabor, laborious
• leg: law legal, legislature, legality, legislation
Comma with coordinate adjectives
If you have two adjectives before a noun, separate the adjectives with a comma IF a) you can reverse the order of the adjectives OR b) you can say “and” between the adjectives.
Examples: We had a long, difficult trip.
Elmo is a loud, obnoxious person.
We need a few good people.
38

Roots and Rules
• lev: light; rise levity, levitate
• lib: book libel, library
• luc: light elucidate, lucid
Apostrophe to form plurals of non-words
• Do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation or a number.
Examples: The PhDs don’t know how to work the VCRs.
The practice was common in the 1990s.
39

Roots and Rules
• magn: large magnify, magnitude
• mar: sea mariner, marine, marinate
• medi: middle medium, mediate
• As far as
• “As far as” must be followed by a verb, such as a form of
“go” or “is” or “are” concerned.
• Examples: As far as money [goes], we have enough.
She is qualified as far as academic background [is concerned].
40

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•
•
•
Roots and Rules
• min: little; less minimum, minor, diminutive
• mon, monit: warn premonition, admonish
• mor: custom moral, amoral, immoral
Use of “however”
“However” is not a conjunction and therefore cannot be used to
“However” when it joins two sentences. Do not use a semicolon if “however” is in the middle of a single sentence.
Examples: We were there; however, you were not.
The game they played, however, was phenomenal.
41

Study for Quiz 9, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
42

Roots and Rules
• mut: change mutation, mutant
• nav: ship navigator, navigation, navel
• nomen, nomin: name nominee, nominal
 Farther, further
• Use “farther” to refer to physical distance.
Use “further” for everything else.
• Examples: Detroit is farther than Ann Arbor.
We should look into that further.
43

Roots and Rules
• ocul: eye monocle, oculist, bifocal
• par: equal parity, parallel, par
• pater, patr: father patron, paternity, patriarch
 Like/As
• When making a comparison, use “like” when no verb follows. If a verb follows, use “as,” “as if,” or “as though.”
• Examples: He looks like a walrus.
You look like as if you’ve seen a ghost.
It is like as though you’ve never been here before.
44

Roots and Rules
• prim: first prime, primary, primitive
• rat, ration: reason rational, ration
• rect: right direct, rectify, correct
 Then/Than
• Use “then” when referring to time. Use “than” when making a comparison.
• Examples: We went to the game. Then we went for food.
This is harder than I thought.
45

Roots and Rules
• rupt: break erupt, rupture, corrupt
• sanct: holy sanction, sanctuary, sanctify, sanctimonious
• seg, sect: cut bisect, segregate, segment, section
 Who’s/Whose
• Use “who” to mean “who is” or ”who has.” Use “whose” as a possessive if front of a noun.
• Examples: Who’s been there before?
Who’s here for food?
I don’t know whose book this is.
46

Study for Quiz 10, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
47

Roots and Rules
• vac: empty vacant, vacate, vacuum
• vert, vers: turn revert, convert, overt
• vinc, vict: conquer victory, invincible, victim
• Disinterested/uninterested
• “Disinterested” means impartial or unbiased.
“Uninterested means you’re not interested at all or have no financial interest.
• Examples: We should ask a disinterested person to be the judge.
People don’t attend if they are uninterested.
48

Roots and Rules
• vit: life vital, vitality, vivid
• vulg: common divulge, vulgar, vulgate
• anthrop: man anthropocentric, anthropomorphism, misanthrope
• Use of “only”
• The word “only’ must be placed as close as possible to the word it modifies.
• Examples: It only costs ten dollars  It cost only ten dollars.
She only brings her umbrella when it rains  She brings her umbrella only when it rains.
49

Roots and Rules
• astr: star asterisk, asteroid, astrodome
• auto: self autobiography, autocrat, automation
• bibli: book bible, bibliography, bibliophile
• Imply/infer
• “Imply” means to hint at without saying directly. “Infer” means to figure out from what someone else says or writes.
• Examples: Her smile implied the outcome would be positive.
I inferred from her smile that the outcome would be positive.
50

Roots and Rules
• bio: life biodynamics, biopsy, biogenesis
• chrom: color chromatic, chromosome, pan chromatic
• chron: time chronic, chronicle, synchronize
• Use of although
• “Although” cannot be used by itself. It must be used to introduce an entire clause. If you need a comma after
“although,” use “however” or another transition instead.
• Examples: Although they won, they did not break any records.
Although , However, they were happy with the results.
51

Study for Quiz 11, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
52

Roots and Rules
• sequ, secut: follow sequel, sequence, nonsequiter
• simil: like simile, similar, assimilate
• sol: alone soliloquy, solo, solitary, solitude
• Principal/principle
• Use “principle” to refer to a rule or doctrine. Use
“principal” for everything else, including most important, leader of a school, original amount of a loan.
• Examples: I believe in the principle of honesty.
She is the principal dancer in the show.
We still owe thousands on the principal.
53

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•
•
•
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Roots and Rules
son: sound assonance, sonic, sonar
struct: build construct, destruct, reconstruct
ten: hold tenacious, tenacity
Commas with interrupting clauses (nonessential clauses)
If an interrupting expression (such as those beginning with identify the preceding word, add commas around the interrupter.
Examples: Matilda, who is a great bungee jumper, lives in
Dexter.
The woman who is a great bungee jumper lives in
Dexter.
54

Roots and Rules
• tract: draw; pull extract, detract, retract, contract
• turb: agitate turbine, turbulent, turbocharger
• umbr: shade umbrage, umber, umbrella
• Aggravate/Irritate
• In formal usage, “aggravate” means to make something worse. If you mean “to annoy,” use “irritate.”
• Examples: Saying something rude will only aggravate your problem.
It really aggravates irritates me when you do that.
55

Study for Quiz 12, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two).
56

Roots and Rules
• crypt: secret crypt, cryptogram, cryptographer
• cycle: circle; wheel cycle, cyclone, encyclical
• dec: ten decade, deciliter, decimal
•
 Flaunt/flout
• To “flaunt” means to show off. To “flout” means to treat with disrespect.
• Examples: He flaunts his wealth by parking his expensive car in a prominent location.
If you flout the judge’s ruling, you will be cited for contempt.
57

Roots and Rules
• dem: people demagogue, democracy, epidemic
• derm: skin dermatitis, dermatologist, epidermis
• dyn: power dynamic, dynasty, hydrodynamics
•
 Allude/refer
• “Allude’ means to call attention to indirectly. “Refer” means to call attention to directly.
• Examples: Zeb alluded to the possibility of a fireworks display.
Refer to the bibliography for more information.
58

•
Roots and Rules
• gram, graph: write autograph, calligraphy, cryptogram
• hetero: other heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual
• homo: same homochromatic, homogeneous, homogenize
 Cite/site/sight
• “Cite” means to mention something as support. “Site” is a place where something is located. “Sight” is vision.
• Examples: You need to cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.
That is the site for the new building.
59

Roots and Rules
• hydr: water hydraulics, hydrophobia, hydrotherapy
• log: word; study apology, eulogy, logic
• metr, meter: measure barometer, geometry, metronome
 Plurals of words ending in “sis”
• To form the plural of a word ending in “sis,” change the
“I” to “e.”
• Examples: analysis  analyses basis  bases oasis  oases
60

Study for Quiz 13, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two) and you know which rules to underline!
61

Roots and Rules
• morph: form amorphous, anthropomorphic, metamorphosis
• neur: nerve neurologist, neuron, neurotic
• orth: right; true orthodontics, orthodox, orthopedics
 Use of while
• “While” means “at the same time.” If you do not mean time, use “whereas.”
• Examples: While we were singing, they were dancing.
While Whereas Shakespeare was a playwright,
Swift was a novelist.
62

Roots and Rules
• paleo: ancient Paleolithic, paleontology, paleozoology
• pan: all panacea, Pan-American, pan chromatic
• path: disease; feeling antipathy, apathy, empathy, psychopath
 Plurals of words ending in “um”
• Form the plural of a word ending in “um” by changing “um” to “a.”
• Examples: curriculum  curricula medium  media
63

Roots and Rules
• phil: loving bibliophile, philander, philanthropy
• phon: sound phonetic, phonograph, phonology
• physi: nature physical, physician, physiology
 Plurals of words ending in “on”
• Form the plural of a word ending in “on” by changing the “on” to “a.”
• Examples: phenomenon  phenomena criterion  criteria
64

Roots and Rules
• pseudo: false pseudoscience, pseudopod, pseudoclassic
• psych: mind; spirit psyche, psychedelic, psychology
• pyr: fire pyre, pyromaniac, pyrexia
 Capitalizing directions and family names
• Capitalize north, south, east, west and their variations only when the direction refers to a region of a country.
Capitalize words like mom, dad, grandma, etc. when the word replaces the name and is NOT preceded by a possessive word.
65

Study for Quiz 14, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two) and you know which rules to underline!
66

Roots and Rules
• arch: chief archangel, archetype, arch fiend
• dia: through diathermy, diameter, diaphanous
• epi: upon; beside epidermis, epitaph, epicenter
•
 Illusion/allusion/delusion
• An “illusion” is a false impression or a deceptive appearance. An “allusion” is a reference to an idea or story generally known. A “delusion” is a false belief.
•
• Examples: It is an illusion that the sun rises.
The work has several allusions to Greek mythology.
He has the delusion that he is Napoleon.
67

Roots and Rules
• soph: wisdom philosophy, sophomore, sophisticated
• tele: far telecast, telephone, telegraph
• the: god atheism, pantheism, theology
 Capitalizing languages, religions, school courses.
• Always capitalize the names of languages and religions.
Capitalize the names of a school course if it is a language or if it has a number in it.
•
• Examples: It is not hard to find an Islamic person who speaks English.
I will take physics and Spanish, but not
Algebra III.
68

Roots and Rules
• eu: good; well euphoria, eulogy, euthanasia
• hyper: excessive hypercritical, hyperopic, hyperthyroidism
• hypo: under hypothermia, hypothesis, hypopituitarism
•
 Split infinitive
• Generally, do not put any words between “to” and a verb.
Move the word to the most logical place in the sentence.
• Examples: I want to really know  I really want to know.
This is how to quickly fix the problem is how to fix the problem quickly.
 This
69

Roots and Rules
• therm: heat thermometer, thermal, thermodynamics
• amphi: around; on both sides amphibians, amphitheater
• anti: against antipathy, antithesis
•
 Abbreviations
• In formal writing, abbreviate only if the reader would have trouble understanding the full word.
• Examples: Mr., Mrs., A.M., P.M., A.D., B.C., PhD., FBI, CIA
On TV television, the shows end happily.
70

Study for Quiz 15, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two) and you know which rules to underline!
71

Roots and Rules
• syn, sym: together synthesis, synchronized, symphony
• agog: leader pedagogue, demagogue
• cosm: world; order cosmic, cosmopolitan, cosmos
• “and me” (me as object)
• Use “and me” not “and I” when the expression is used as an object, such as a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition.
•
•
• Examples: Myrtle fired Zeb and I me.
Give the forms to Fred or
Just between you and I
I me.
me, I think we’ll win.
72

Roots and Rules
• kilo: thousand kilocycle, kilometer, kilowatt
• meta: change; after metamorphic, metaphors, metabolism
• mono: one monolith, monodrama, monomania
•
 Compliment/complement
• “Compliment” means to flatter. “Complement” means to complete.
• Examples: She complimented him on his paper.
The salad complements the meal.
73

Roots and Rules
• crac, crat: power plutocrat, democrat, aristocrat
• erg: work energy, synergistic
• gam: marriage monogamy, polygamy, bigamy
•
• Hopefully
• Technically, this word means “with hope,” not “it is hoped.”
• Examples: They went hopefully to the doctor.
Hopefully, we will win  We hope we will win.
74

Roots and Rules
• neo: new neophyte, neologism, neoclassicism
• peri: around perimeter, periphrasis, peripatetic
• poly: many polygon, polysyllable, polytechnic
•
• Used to, supposed to
• Don’t forget the “d.”
• Examples: You used to be intelligent.
People are supposed to enjoy learning new things.
75

Study for Quiz 16, make sure you know all words in the definitions (some have two) and you know which rules to underline!
76

Roots and Rules
• gen: race; kind genetics, gene, progeny, regenerate
• geo: earth geometry, geology, geothermal
• gon: corner; angle hexagon, polygon
• gyn: woman gynecology, philogynist
• hem: blood hemophilia, hemorrhage
77

Roots and Rules
• iatr: heal geriatrics, pediatrics, chiropractic
• iso: same isobar, isochronal, isometrics
• lith: rock monolith, Paleolithic, lithograph
• mega: great megaphone, megaton, megalith
• micro: small microbe, microscope, microphone
78

Roots and Rules
• necr: dead necrobiosis, necrology, necrophobia
• nom: law; order economy, astronomy
• onym: name antonym, synonym, homonym
• ped: child pedant, pediatrician, pedagogue
• phos, phot: light photograph, photon, photo kinetic
79

Roots and Rules
• pod: foot podiatrist, podiatry
• poli: city police, metropolis, megalopolis
• scop: see; watch Episcopal, bioscope, microscope
• techn: art; skill technique, technician, technology
• zo: animal zoo, zoometry, zoophobia
80

5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
gen: race; kind genetics, gene, progeny, regenerate geo: earth geometry, geology, geothermal gon: corner; angle hexagon, polygon gyn: woman gynecology, philogynist hem: blood hemophilia, hemorrhage iatr: heal geriatrics, pediatrics, chiropractic iso: same isobar, isochronal, isometrics lith: rock monolith, Paleolithic, lithograph
9.
mega: great megaphone, megaton, megalith
10.
micro: small microbe, microscope, microphone
11.
necr: dead necrobiosis, necrology, necrophobia
12.
nom: law; order economy, astronomy
13.
onym: name antonym, synonym, homonym
14.
ped: child pedant, pediatrician, pedagogue
15.
phos, phot: light photograph, photon, photo kinetic
16.
pod: foot podiatrist, podiatry
17.
poli: city police, metropolis, megalopolis
18.
scop: see; watch Episcopal, bioscope, microscope
19.
techn: art; skill technique, technician, technology
20.
zo: animal zoo, zoometry, zoophobia
81