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Meet human need for protection by neutralizing, eliminating, or destroying organisms invading the internal environment
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

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Found on surface of most body cells
Determine tissue type of person
Key for recognition and self-tolerance
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

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Immune system influenced by many systems (e.g., nervous system, endocrine system, GI system)
Stem cells – Immature, undifferentiated cells; produced by bone marrow
Leukocytes (WBCs) – Protect body from effects of invasion by organisms
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Any natural protective feature of a person
Provides immediate protection against effects of tissue injury and foreign proteins—critical to health and wellbeing
Causes visible symptoms and can rid body of harmful organisms; tissue damage may result from excessive response
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Occurs in response to tissue injury, invasion of organisms
Usually accompanied by inflammation, but inflammation can occur without infection
Inflammation does not always mean infection is present!
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Neutrophils
Macrophages
Basophils
Eosinophils
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

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Five cardinal manifestations of inflammation:
◦ Warmth
◦ Redness
◦ Swelling
◦ Pain
◦ Decreased function
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Stage I (vascular) – Change in blood vessels:
◦ Phase I—constriction
◦ Phase II—hyperemia & edema
Stage II (cellular exudate) –
Neutrophilia, pus
Stage III (tissue repair and replacement) – WBCs trigger new blood vessel and growth (angiogenesis) and scar tissue formation
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

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Adaptive internal protection resulting in long-term resistance to effects of invading microorganisms
Body must learn to generate specific immune responses when infected by or exposed to specific organisms
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

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Innate-native immunity—natural immunity
Adaptive immunity
Active immunity
Natural active immunity
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Artificial active immunity
Passive immunity
Natural passive immunity
Artificial passive immunity
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

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Also called cellular immunity
Involves many WBC actions and interactions
Another type of adaptive/acquired true immunity
For total immunocompetence, CMI must function optimally
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Helps protect body through ability to differentiate self from non-self
Prevents development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

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Hyperacute rejection
Acute rejection
Chronic rejection
Management of transplant rejection
Maintenance therapy
Rescue therapy
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
22

Immune function is most efficient when people are which age?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Infancy
Teen years
20 to 30 years
50 years and older
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A 37-year-old man with polycystic kidney disease is on the kidney transplant list. He is to receive 2 units of leukocyte-poor packed red blood cells to treat a low hemoglobin. He asks the nurse why he needs this type of blood. What is the nurse’s best response?
A.
“All pre-transplant patients receive leukocyte-poor blood because it is absorbed better by the body.”
B.
“It causes fewer blood reactions for pre-transplant patients.”
C.
“It is less likely to causes hemolysis, or destruction of the blood cells, after transfusion.”
D.
“It will decrease the risk of obtaining white cells from the donor that could make it harder for your transplanted kidney to function.”
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True or False: Inflammation means that an infection is present.
A.
B.
True
False
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