9.23.04 Everything you need to know about APA.ppt
Prepared by: DeLacy Derin Ganley
APA 101:
The 411 on American Psychological
Association (APA) “Publishing”
1
Slides that contain specific information for
CGU Teacher Education Interns:
Slide #23, 62, 64, & 68
Slides that contain specific information for
CGU School of Educational Studies’
Doctoral Candidates:
Slide #65
2
Main Reference:
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Warning:
This manual is NOT easy
to read. Indexing is very
hard to figure out.
3
ISBN: 1-55798-791-2
Purpose of this
Lecture/Presentation
• To get help students
understand the basic
points of APA in a
manner that might be
easier (and ideally
quicker) than sitting in
a corner and dealing
with the dreaded APA
manual.
4
APA-ing involves…
1. Good “Reader-Based”
Writing!
2. Proper Documenting!
3. Formatting According To
Prescribed Rules!
5
Good “Reader-Based” Writing
Priority #1.
Good “Reader-Based” Writing!
Warning: This is the part that takes the most time!
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Good “Reader-Based” Writing
What is “Reader-Based” Writing?
• Reader-based writing takes into account the
needs and concerns of the reader. It is…
– Worthwhile to read
• Interesting & insightful
• Not just a school assignment
– Accurate
– Aware of its purpose
– Tells the reader what he/she needs to know
It’s
Reader
Friendly!
• Defines key terms
• Attributes ideas to their “maker”  well documented
– Well organized
– Well edited & proofread
• Grammatically “neat”
• Has an appropriate tone
• Uses appropriate words/language
– Has ‘visual cues’ that aid the reader  consistently
formatted
It’s NOT
writerbased!
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Good “Reader-Based” Writing
“Writer-Based” Shopping List
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fruit
TP
Yogurt
Ice Cream
Milk
Chips
Vegetables
Butter
This list gets low-scores because it
leaves the reader with too many
questions, and it’s not well organized.
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Good “Reader-Based” Writing
“Reader-Based” Shopping List
• Fruit
– 6 Fuji Apples
– 3 ripe Bartlett Pears
– 3 lbs. Bing Cherries (if
on sale for $.99 or less)
• Ice Cream
– 1 gallon Ben & Jerry’s
“Funky Monkey”
• 1 large bag
“traditional” Doritos
• Vegetables
– 3 large yellow onions
– 4 Russet potatoes
• Yogurt
– 1 pint non-fat plain
• 1 gal. skim milk
• 1 lb. unsalted butter
Looking better!
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Good “Reader-Based” Writing
Is “writer-based” writing ever
appropriate?
Of
Course!
• Pre-Drafting & Idea
Formulation
– When the writer needs to
sketch out his/her own ideas
to help get those ideas
formulated, developed, and
organized.
• Private Writing
– Journals
– Diaries
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Good “Reader-Based” Writing
BUT…Don’t submit
“writer-based” stuff
thinking it is “readerbased!” This is the
kiss of death!
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Documentation
Priority #2.
Proper Documentation!
Warning: This part takes an eye for details.
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Documentation
You need to document when you…
• Use other sources (people, texts, films, etc.) to develop your
own ideas and/or language.
– You need to provide your reader with a sense of who you “drew
upon” so that it isn’t assumed the creation of your idea was like the
“Big Bang” and it appeared out of nowhere.
• Quote, paraphrase, and/or summarize other people’s ideas
and/or research.
• Utilize the language and/or key terms of others.
• Cite little known and/or highly specific
information/facts/figures. (i.e., The GDP of Ghana was $1.2
billion in 1992.)
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Documentation
What does documenting involve?
In-text attributions  Tells who is saying what
A.
–
–
Parenthetical Citations  Tells which source is being
referenced and reveals where the “speaker” said it
B.
–
C.
According to Smith…
Smith argues that…
(Smith, 2002, p. 43).
List of References (aka: bibliography)  Tells how to
find the source
Allows your reader to discover –without undue fuss– the source
of any language or ideas you have used in writing a paper.
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Documentation
What is proper documenting?
1. In-text attributions  Tells who is saying what
– According to Smith…
– Smith argues that…
2. Parenthetical Citations  Tells where/when the “speaker”
said it
– (Smith, 2002, p. 43).
3. List of References (aka: bibliography)  Tells the reader
how to find the source if they want more information
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Documentation: A. In-Text Attributions
A. In-Text Attributions…
• Help to distinguish your ideas from other
people’s ideas.
– They help the reader understand the origins of
an idea AND prevent you from being accused
of plagiarizing.
Beware!
If an idea is not attributed to another person, it is highly
likely that the reader will assume that the idea is your own.
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Documentation: A. In-Text Attributions
Alternatives to “he said”/“she said”
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Smith argues…
The author implies…
Smith contends…
Smith states…
Smith builds upon the
assumption that…
Smith extends his
argument by…
Smith draws upon his
work at…
Smith asserts…
Smith sums up his ideas
when he says…
• Smith makes three points:
1) Americans don’t agree
on the purpose of public
schools; 2) this lack of
purpose creates an
inability to create clear
objectives; and 3) without
measurable objectives,
there is no way that
schools cannot be
adequately evaluated.
• Smith’s nihilistic ideas can
be condensed into three
points: …
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Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations
B. Parenthetical Citations…
• Tell your reader which source is
being referenced.
• Work in close conjunction with the
“bibliography.”
• The parenthetical citation reveals which source is
being referenced. It also could provide some
specific information (like the exact page number of
a particular quote or idea).
• The “bibliography” (called a “List of References”
in APA) tells the reader how to find this source.
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Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations:
Citations Placement
3 Placement Options for the Parenthetical Citations
Option #1:
Place the author(s) and date(s) within parentheses at an appropriate place
within or at the end of a sentence.
Examples:
Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common
barrier to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999, 2000) and
services (Jones, 1992; Weist & Christodulu, 2000).
Ganley (1999a, 1999b) argues that…
Notes:
•
•
•
•
There is a comma between the name(s) and the year of publication.
Smith has two different publications: one in 1999 and one in 2000. Ganley also has two
publications, both written in 1999. The “a” and “b” distinguish them from each other.
Assign the “a” and “b” according to the alphabetical order of the titles.
When there are two joint authors, use an “&” in the parenthetical.
When more than one source is listed in a parenthetical, they are listed according to
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alphabetical order by last name and are separated by a semicolon.
Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations:
Citations Placement
3 Placement Options for the Parenthetical Citations
Option #2:
Place only the date within the parentheses…and cover the other information
“in text.”
Examples:
Jones and Beckett (1999) and Fischer (1999, 2000) argue that obesity will
continue to be a health epidemic until educators take action.
In Paradise (1999), Ganley presents humans as being the real monsters.
Notes:
•
•
•
The date goes immediately after the author when there is no title. When a title is given,
the parenthetical goes right after the title.
Although an “&” is used to link two joint authors in a parenthetical, the “and” is spelled
out in the text.
In these examples, no specific page numbers are provided. If a direct quote is used,
specific page numbers would be required. If you are simply paraphrasing or
summarizing, you only have to make reference to the author and year, but APA guidelines
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encourage to also include the page number (although it is not required).
Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations: Placement
3 Placement Options for the Parenthetical Citations
Option #3:
Integrate both the author and date into your sentence.
Example:
In 2001, Weist proposed using the Child and Adolescent Planning Schema
to analyze and develop community mental health programs for young
people.
Notes:
•
In this example, no specific page numbers are provided. If a direct quote is used, specific
page numbers would be required. If you are simply paraphrasing or summarizing, you
only have to make reference to the author and year, but APA guidelines encourage to also
include the page number (although it is not required).
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Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations
Parenthetical Citations: Nitty-Gritty Issues
Lots of Co-Authors:
When the reference is written by three to five authors, cite all the authors in the text the first
time the reference appears. In subsequent references, use the first author's last name
followed by et al. (which means “and authors”).
Example of 3-5 authors:
Jones, Smith, and Beckett (1999) argue that the earth is not perfectly symmetrical.
In fact, Jones et al. contend that the earth is constantly changing shape.
When the reference is written by six or more authors, use only the first author’s name
followed by et al. in the first and all subsequent references. The only exception to this rule is
when some confusion might result because of similar names or the same authors being cited.
In that case, cite enough authors so that the distinction is clear. See page 208 of the APA
manual for specifics regarding et al. usage.
Corporate Author:
When the work is done by a corporate author, use the name of the organization as the author.
Example of a corporate author:
Retired officers retain access to all of the university’s educational and recreational
facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).
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Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations: Samples for Special Ed
Samples of Parenthetical Citations Used Frequently By
CGU Teacher Education Interns
How to mention a class or lecture:
Example 1:
Ganley (2004) outlined three different organizational theories.
How to mention a “personal communication” (i.e., letter, memo, telephone
conversation, personal interview, home visit):
Example 2:
R.J. Smith (personal communication, November 19, 2004) provided insights into
John’s attitude.
Example 3:
He provided insights into John’s attitude (R.J. Smith, personal communication,
November 19, 2004).
Notes:
•
In Example 1, Ganley had given a lecture in 2004 about organizational theories. There would be a
bibliographic entry for this lecture (see page 260 of the APA manual for a sample). In the case of the
personal communications (Examples 2 & 3), there is no bibliographic entry but the date of the
communication is recorded in the parenthetical citation. After using “R.J. Smith,” you would just
use the last name, “Smith.” Notice that if a pronoun is used “in text” (as it is with Example 3),
23 you
need to include the name in the parenthetical citation.
See the green sheets (attached)
for some samples of
Parenthetical Citations .
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Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations & Quotations
Quotations: How to handle?
• Quotations are word-for-word transcriptions. They are verbatim duplications,
not summaries or paraphrases. There are rules for changing them but you
must follow these rules to indicate that you have altered the quote. (See pages
119-120 of the APA manual for these rules.)
• When you include a direct quote in your text, your parenthetical citation needs
to include specific information (i.e., a page #) so that the reader can find the
quote within the given source.
• Reserve your quotes for “gems” – those phrases that are so good (i.e., so
concise, so uniquely worded, so dazzling, etc.) that something would be lost if
you paraphrased them. If you can say something more clearly or more
concisely than the original text, do so! Don’t quote.
• Short quotes (fewer than 40 words) are handled differently than long quotes
(more than 40 words).
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Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations & (Short) Quotations
Parenthetical Citations: Short Quotations
Examples:
According to Jones (1998), “The typical American student has been trained to expect
high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (p. 199).
She stated, “The typical American student has been trained to expect high grades
regardless of the quality of the work” (Smith, 2000, p. 23), but she did not offer an
explanation as to why.
What will it mean if Jones (1998) is right that “the typical American student has been
trained to expect high grades regardless of the quality of the work” (p. 199)?
Notes:
•
•
•
Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text and enclosed by
double quotation marks (“ ”). Notice how there is a pair of quotation marks.
Your punctuation marks (such as periods, commas, semicolons, question marks, and
exclamation points) should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and
exclamation points that are part of the text should appear within the quotation marks.
If you use the author’s name in the text, don’t put it in the parenthetical citation. If you use
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a pronoun, put the name in the parenthetical citation.
Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations & (Long) Quotations
Parenthetical Citations: Long Quotations
Example:
Putnam (1993) explains the recursive nature of social capital production when he
writes,
Stocks of social capital, such as trust, norms, and networks,
tend to be self-reinforcing and cumulative. Virtuous circles
result in social equilibrium with high levels of cooperation,
trust, reciprocity, civic engagements, and collective well-being.
These traits define the civic community. Conversely, the
absence of these traits in the uncivic community is also
self-reinforcing. Defection, distrust, shirking, exploitation,
isolation, disorder, and stagnation intensify one another in a
suffocating miasma of vicious circles. (p. 177)
Notes:
•
•
•
•
Place quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of double-spaced typewritten lines
and omit the quotation marks. To create the “block” indent both the right and left margins. The
parenthetical citation comes after the closing punctuation mark (i.e., the period).
If you overuse, your reader is likely to feel he/she is reading somebody else’s work, not yours.
Be sure to introduce and interpret your quote.
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See page 117 –119 of the APA manual.
Documentation: B. Parenthetical Citations
Parenthetical Citations: Source sited within a source
Example for a quote:
Putnam explained that “life is not kind to the antisocial” (as cited in Sandusky,
1990, p. 38).
Example of a paraphrase:
Sidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, &
Haller, 1993)….
Notes:
•
•
In the “List of References” you would have entries for Sandusky 1990 and
Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993….not for Putnam or for Sidenberg and
McClelland.
See page 247 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. List of References
C. The List of References…
• Tells your reader how to find “the source”
mentioned in the parenthetical citation.
• Works in close conjunction with the
“parenthetical citations.”
• The parenthetical citation reveals which source is
being referenced, and maybe it provides some
specific information (like the exact page number of
a particular quote or idea).
• The “bibliography” (called a “List of References”
in APA) tells the reader how to find this source.
29
Documentation: C. List of References: Basic Guidelines
Reference List: Basic Guidelines
• The reference list is on a separate piece of paper and is titled
References. It follows the final page of the text (e.g., it goes
before any appendixes). It has a page number(s).
• There should be a bibliographic entry for every source mentioned
in the text. Another way of saying this: For every source
mentioned in a parenthetical, there should be a bibliographic
entry.
• The entries are listed in alphabetical order according to the last
name of the author. Do not number the entries.
• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list
should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is
called a hanging indentation..
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Documentation: C. List of References: Basic Guidelines
Reference List: More Basic Guidelines
• When there are two or more works by the same author, list the works in
chronological order according to the date of publication (thus a 1999
article would appear before a 1996 article). When there are two or more
works by the same author, repeat the name of the author in each entry. If
there are two or more works by the same author that were published at
the same time, assign letters to the works (1999a…1999b) according to
the alphabetical order of the works’ titles.
• If a work has no author, put the entire title in the author position.
• If the work is edited, the editor(s) assume the author position.
• Personal communications (such as e-mail messages, personal
interviews, and/or telephone conversations) do not provide “recoverable
data” and, as such, are not included in the reference list. Cite personal
communications in the text only (using a parenthetical citation). Give
the initials as well as the exact surname of the communicator, and
provide as exact a date as possible. (See page 214 of the APA manual.)
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Documentation: C. List of References: Examples
Reference List: Examples
I can’t provide you with
samples of everything, but I
will try to give you examples of
the most common type of
entries. For a list of the
examples provided, see the
PINK SHEET attached.
Be sure to consult the APA
manual if you don’t see what
you need here…or if you have
questions.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Single-Author (Book)
Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
Ganley, D. (2000). Paradise. New York: Random House.
Jacobson, Z. (2002). The savage god: Suicide in America’s
inner-cities. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.
Notes:
• The entries are listed according to alphabetical order of the authors’ last names.
• Use just the initial of the author’s first name.
• The book’s title is in italics and is not underlined or put in quotes.
• Except for proper nouns, only the first letter of the first word of the title and the first
word of the sub-title are capitalized.
• When the city is not terribly well-known, add the state’s 2-letter abbreviation.
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• Notice the punctuation…and then be consistent.
Documentation: C. References:
References Examples
Reference List:
Multiple Authors (Book)
Brown, H., & Milsted, J. (1996). Patterns in poetry: An
introductory anthology. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
Hymes, J.T., Dunn, B.R., Gould, J.E., & Harris, W. (1997).
Love is in the air. Los Angeles: Little Tree Press.
Notes:
• In the reference list, list all the authors. Don’t use et al. in the reference list. Only use
et al. in the parenthetical citation. See page 208 of the APA manual for specifics of
using et al. in the parenthetical.
• Note the use of the “&.”
• Notice the “hanging indent.”
• See pages 208-209 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References:
References Examples
Reference List:
Edited Volumes (Book)
Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1991). Beaches in the Pacific. Kula, HI:
Upcountry Publishing.
Gibbs, J.T., & Huang, L.N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color:
Psychological interviews with minority youth. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Notes:
•
See page 249 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References:
References Examples
Reference List:
Dictionary and/or Encyclopedia
Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity: In The new encyclopedia
Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 5010 508). Chicago:
Encyclopedia Britannica.
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and
musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.
Notes:
• The Bergmann entry is for an authored entry found in an encyclopedia.
• For major reference works with a large editorial board, you may list the name
of the lead editor, followed by et al.
• In the example, “Grove” is a proper noun and is therefore capitalized.
•See pages 250-254 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References:
References Examples
Reference List:
Non-English Books & Translations
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genese de l’idee de hastard
chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the
child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Quiet, P. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F.W.
Truscott & F.L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover.
(Original work published in 1814).
Notes:
•
See page 251 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References:
References Examples
Reference List:
Edition Other Than First (Book),
Author with Jr. in Name
Creech, P.J., Jr. (1975). Radiology and technology of the absurd
(3rd ed). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social
research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Notes:
• Note capitals and placement of the punctuation marks.
• See pages 248-249 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References:
References Examples
Reference List:
Article or Chapter in a Book
Author, A.A., & Author , B.B. (year of publication). Title of
chapter or article. In A. Editor & b. Editor (Eds.), Title of
book (p. pages of chapter or article). Location: Publisher.
Bjork, R.A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive
mechanism in human memory. In H.L. Roediger III &
F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness
(pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Notes:
•
•
Chapter author: Bjork; Title of chapter: Retrieval inhibition…; Book Editors:
Roediger and Craik; Book title: Varieties of memory...; Chapter page numbers: pp.
309-330.
See page 252 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Journal Article, 1-2 authors
Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (year). Title of article. Title of
periodical, volume number (issue number if available),
pages.
Herman, L.M., & Kuczaj, S.A., III. (1993). Response to anomalous
gesture sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence
for processing of semantic relations and syntactic
information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,
122, 184-194.
Notes:
•
•
•
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122 is the periodical title and publication
information.
184-194 are the page numbers.
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See page 239 of the APA manual.
Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Journal Article, 3-6 authors
Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (year). Title of article.
Title of periodical, volume number (issue number if
available), pages.
Herman, L.M., Kuczaj, S.A., III, & Holder, M.D. (1993). Response
to anomalous gesture sequences by a language-trained
dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and
syntactic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, 122, 184-194.
Notes:
•
•
•
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122 is the periodical title and publication
information.
41
184-194 are the page numbers.
See page 239 of the APA manual.
Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Journal Article, 6+ authors
Author, A.A., Author, B.B., Author, C.C., Author, D.D., Author,
E.E., Author, F.F. et al. (year). Title of article. Title of
periodical, volume number (issue number if available), pages.
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P.,
et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection.
Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.
Notes:
•
See page 239 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Article – Weekly Newspaper
Berkowitz, A.D. (2000, November 24). How to tackle the problem
of student drinking. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p.
B20.
Notes:
•
See page 243 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Daily Newspaper Article –
Discontinuous pages
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.
(1993. July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic,
social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Notes:
•
•
The first article had no author.
See pages 242-243 of the APA manual.
44
Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Published Proceedings, Contribution to a
Symposium
Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1991). A motivational approach to self:
Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska
Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on
motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press.
Notes:
•
See pages 259 of the APA manual.
45
Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Unpublished Lecture/Paper Presented at
A Meeting, Symposium, or Class
Lanktree, C. & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma
Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at
the meeting of the American Professional Society on the
Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.
Poplin, M. (2003, December). The history of education. Lecture
given to the students enrolled in Claremont Graduate
University’s EDU 562: Learning/Teaching Theories in
Education, Claremont, CA.
Notes:
•
See pages 260 of the APA manual.
46
Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Doctoral Dissertation Abstracts in
Dissertation Abstracts International
(DAI) and obtained from UMI
Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory
referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring
supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01),
534B. (UMI No. 9315947).
Notes:
•
See pages 260-261 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Doctoral Dissertation Abstracted in (DAI)
and Obtained from the University
Ross, D.R. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity:
When a witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person
from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University,
1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 417.
Notes:
•
See page 261 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation with
no listing in DAI
Wilfley, D.E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normalweight and obese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Missouri, Columbia.
Notes:
•
See page 262 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Unpublished Master’s Thesis
Almeida, D.M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work:
Consequences for fathers’ stress and father-child relations.
Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada.
Derin, D. (1993). What happens in schools. Unpublished master’s
thesis, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California.
Notes:
•
•
Only put the country if it is a country other than the United States of America.
See pages 262-263 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Book Review
Schatz, B.R. (2000). Learning by text or context? [Review of the
book The social life of information]. Science, 290, 1304.
Zapler, M. (2003, November 10). Now J-Lo and Ben have peace
[Review of the motion picture Gigli]. Times, 280, 45-46.
Notes:
•
•
Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book, motion picture, television
program, etc.).
See page 265 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Movies and Videos
Producer, P.P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of
publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture].
Country of origin: Studio or distributor.
Apple, B.D. (Producer), & Costner, K. (Writer/Director). (1992).
Dances with wolves [Motion picture]. United States:
Paramount Pictures.
Notes:
•
See pages 268-269 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Television Broadcast or Series
Producer, P.P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of
broadcast [Television broadcast or Television series]. City of
origin: Studio or distributor.
Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The
MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. [Television broadcast]. New
York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.
Notes:
•
See pages 268-269 of the APA manual.
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Internet Articles Based on a Print
Version of the Text
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & De, J. (2001). Role of reference
elements in the selection of resources by psychology
undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of
Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
Notes:
•
•
For more about electronic sources, see the APA style web site’s coverage of electronic
references at http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html or http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html
See page 271 of the APA manual..
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Article from an Internet-only
Journal
Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Date of publication). Title of article.
Title of journal, volume number (issue number if available).
Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address.
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to
optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3.
Article 001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume.11/psyc.00.11.001.
langauge-sex-chrmosomes.1.crow.
Notes:
•
See page 272 of the APA manual..
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Stand-alone e-document
(Web page)
Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (date of publication). Title of article.
Retrieved month, date, year from http://Web address.
GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech/gvu/user_survey/survey-1997-10/
Notes:
•
•
•
In the example above, there is no author, and no date, so we start with the title of the
article.
n.d. stands for no date.
See page 274 of the APA manual..
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Documentation: C. References: Examples
Reference List:
Other E-Samples
Chou, L. (1993). Technology and Education. Retrieved August 24,
2002, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning
Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/
publications/papers/newwinel.html.
University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and
Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in America: A 21st
century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2000, from the
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site:
http://www.rwjf.org/library/chrocate/
Notes:
•
See pages 274-275 of the APA manual..
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Formatting
Priority #3.
Formatting
Warning: This part takes some computer skills and an
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eye for consistency.
What does formatting involve?
A. Making your document look like it is
supposed to…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Margin sizes
Title pages (done in a certain way)
Section headers/titles (and the size and look of
those headers)
Running headers/footers
Page numbers
Stylizing
Placement and titling of figures
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Formatting: Starter Hints
Formatting: Starter Hints
• It is easiest to find a text that you know is done in proper APA format
and then to use this text as a guide/model for formatting. Seeing proper
formatting really helps. You must, however, be super confident that
your sample is correct. Looking at previously “published” dissertations
is not always wise.
• Realize that there are rules for EVERYTHING. You might consider
flipping through the Table of Contents and Index of the APA manual
just so you are aware of all the things for which there are rules. Here’s
a sample of the subjects covered:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
How to write numbers (p. 122-130 of the APA manual)
How to title figures and tables (p. 147-201 of the APA manual)
How to number pages (p. 10-29 of the APA manual)
How to use italics (p. 100 of the APA manual)
How to deal with foreign words (p. 102 of the APA manual)
How to do footnotes (p. 202-205) and appendices (p. 205-207 of the APA manual)
How to utilize abbreviations, etc.
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Formatting: Starter Hints
Formatting: Starter Hints
• The larger your document, the more important it is to NOT alter
the formatting using highlight + command cues. Leave your
document in “normal format” (that is, sans bold, underlining,
centering, font size changes, etc.) Then, when you are done, use
“macro styling techniques.” This will decrease the chance of file
corruption.
• APA mandates that when you are writing up the results of a study
that you use the PAST TENSE.
– Wrong: The study indicates that…
– Correct: The study indicated that…
– Wrong: Marge is failing her math class.
– Correct: When I talked to her (personal communication, March 18, 2003),
Marge was failing her math class.
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Important choice CGU TE interns
need to make regarding the tense
of their ethnography:
Option 1:
Option 2:
• With this option, all sections
need to be in the past tense. In
most cases this means that after
finishing all sections of the
ethnography that you go back
and make sure everything is in
the past tense.
• With this option, you write each
part from a present-tense
perspective. To explain the
changing/evolving perspective,
you write a short (1-2 page)
introduction to your
ethnography that introduces the
project as a whole and
“explains” the tense and
perspective of each part.
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Formatting: General Set Up
Formatting: General Set Up
• Typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5 x 11 inches)
with 1 inch margins on all sides
• Your final essay should include, in the order listed below, as
many of the following sections as are applicable, each of which
should begin on a separate page:
– Title page, which includes a running head for publication, title, and byline
and affiliation (see sample provided)
– Abstract
– Text
– References (titled References  no quotes or underlining)
– Appendices (titled Appendix A  no quotes or underlining)
– Author note
– Footnotes/endnotes
– Tables
– Figure captions
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– Figures
Formatting: General Page Set Up
WARNING for
CGU’s Teacher
Ed Interns:
Interns in CGU’s Teacher Education Program are
given some leeway concerning the formatting of
their texts. Covers, title pages, and running
headers are styled in a non-APA manner. Also
the order of the parts (as outlined in the previous
slide) are often changed. (For example, the
figures are often woven throughout the text, not
placed at the end of the document.) Interns
should talk to their faculty advisors about the
freedom they have. (Note: The handling of page
numbers, parenthetical citations, reference lists,
quotations, and the titling of figures are all done
according to APA rules. No modification here.)
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WARNING for
CGU’s Ph.D.
Candidates:
CGU dictates its own formatting for
CGU dissertations! The margin-size is
different as are other things (like how to
handle the page numbers). Check with
the Registrar’s Office for a list of these
rules. Do this before you start to format
your dissertation.
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Formatting: 5 Levels of Heading
Formatting: 5 Levels of Heading
(See page 113 of the APA manual)
CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING (L5)
Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (L1)
Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase
Heading (L2)
Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase
Side Heading (L3)
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period. (L4)
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Attached Pages
• Green Sheets: Samples of parenthetical citations
• Pink Sheets: List of reference examples provided in this
“show”
• Salmon Sheets: Sample reference list entries
• Yellow Sheets: Paper sample copied from APA manual
• Blue Sheets: List of other places to get help regarding APA
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Important information for CGU TE interns:
YOU MUST USE PSEUDONMYS
(FAKE NAMES)!
• All students
– Suggestion: Give each student
a unique nickname…and
explain why you assigned the
specific nickname.
• Family members of all student
participants
• All school personnel
– Mr. Principal
– Ms. School Nurse
•
•
•
•
The school itself
The school district
The school’s city
Any other Personal Noun that
could be used to readily identify
the specific location of the
school and/or the identity of the
study’s student participants.
Most interns find it easiest to use a search/replace command on the computer to do a mass
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change at the end of the term. This illuminates confusion.
The End!
Prepared by DeLacy Derin Ganley
Claremont Graduate University
Fall 2004
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