Chain of Survival
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Citizens Response
Calling the
Emergency Number
First Response Care
EMT Care
Hospital Care
Rehabilitation
Everyone should know
what to do in an
emergency…
EVERYONE SH OULD
KNOW FIRST AID
How to Handle Emergencies
STEP 1: Recognize that an Emergency Exist
How? Recognize the 4 U’s
- Unusual Noises
- Unusual Sights
- Unusual Odors
- Unusual Appearances or Behavoirs
Step 2: Decide to Act
Reasons why people might NOT act..
- The presence of other people
- Uncertainty about the Victim
- Uncertainty that an emergency really exist
at all
- The type of injury or illness
- Fear of catching a disease
- Fear of doing something wrong
- Fear of being sued
Step 3: Activate EMS System
EMS = Emergency Medical Service
Call 911 or the Local Emergency Number

*Don’t hang up the phone until they tell you to!
Step 4: Give care until help Arrives
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First Aid is the immediate and temporary care
given to a person who has been injured or
suddenly becomes ill
A first aid kit should be kept in your home and
in your car
You must have consent to give 1st aid
Obtaining Consent
Consent means getting permission from the
victim to help them.
 Two types: Actual and Implied
Actual Consent: Verbal or Written permission
from a conscious person to give first aid
Implied Consent: Assuming the victim would
grant permission to give first aid if he/she was
capable of saying so

When to Ask..
When the victim is a conscious adult
 Ask a parent if the victim is a conscious child
or infant
Consent is IMPLIED when..

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A victim is a mentally competent adult, child or
infant that is unconscious
A life threatening emergency
Good Samaritan Laws:

-
Laws that protect people who give 1st aid in
a good faith and without gross negligence or
misconduct
Provide complete legal protection
Anyone giving 1st aid should be properly
trained and should apply the correct
procedures or skills
Procedures to Follow
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Move a person only if their life is in danger
Ask a conscious person for permission before
giving care
Check the person for life-threatening conditions
Call 9-1-1
Continue to give care until more highly trained
personal arrive
Why were they developed?
Good Samaritan Laws were developed to
encourage people to help others in
emergency situations
Preventing Disease Tranmission
Follow these guidelines when giving 1st aid to help
decrease risk of getting or transmitting an
infectious disease:
- Avoid contact with blood & other body fluids
- Use protective breathing barriers
- Use disposable gloves
- Do not touch anything soiled in blood
Continued..
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-
Wash your hands with
soap and water after
giving care even if
you’re wearing gloves
Tell EMS if you come in
contact with blood
Why do you think it is
important to avoid
contact with blood?
Cleaning Up a Blood Spill
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Clean up spill IMEDIATELY after it occurs
Use disposable gloves and other protective
equipment
Wipe up spill with paper towels or something else
durable
After the area has been wiped up use 1 ½ cups of
liquid chlorine bleach : 1 gallon of fresh water and
let stand for 10 minutes
Dispose in Biohazard container
Three Steps
 Check
 Call
 Care
CHECK
Is the scene safe?
 What Happened?
 How many people are involved?
 Is there immediate danger?
 Is anyone else available to help?
 What is wrong?
* While checking the person use your senses of
sight, smell, and hearing

CALL if…
If you are caring for a person
Ask a bystander to call 9-1-1
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Is Unconscious
Bleeding Severely
Severe Burn
Vomiting or passing blood
Call if.. Continued
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Seizure that last for more than 5 minutes…
Has a seizures and is pregnant
Has a seizure and is diabetic
Fails to regain consciousness after a seizure.
Has injuries to head, neck, or back or possible
broken bones.
Next Step… Call or Care?
-
Call first- call 9-1-1 before giving care
Care first- provide 2 minutes of care before
calling
Call First for..
Unconscious adult or child
 A sudden collapse of a child or infant
 Known heart problems
*Likely to be cardiac emergencies

Care First for…

An unwitnessed collapse of an unconscious
person younger than 12 years of age

A drowning victim
* Breathing related emergencies
CARE
Once you have checked the scene and a person
and made the decision to call 9-1-1- Follow
these guidelines:
1. Do no further harm
2. Monitor the person’s breathing and
consciousness
3. Make them comfortable
4.Keep them from getting over chilled or
overheated
5 .Reassure them! 
6. Give any specific care needed
When to move a victim
NEVER
Unless…
- There is immediate danger
- You have to get another person
- When it is necessary to give proper care
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What else…

Emergency Moves Page 22
For First Aid Purposes…
Adult: 12 years old or older
Child 1 year old to 11 years old
Infant: Less than 1 year old
Checking a Conscious Person
When there is NO immediate life-threatening
conditions follow these steps:
1. Interview the person and bystanders (record)
- What happened?
Do you feel pain or discomfort anywhere?
Do you have any allergies?
Do you have any medical conditions?
Are you taking medicine?
When is the last time you ate?
Checking an Injured person
(continued)
Adults: Check Head to Toe
Children & Infants: Toe to Head
- Do not move discomfort areas or move them
if you suspect head, neck and back injury
- Check head, scalp, face, ears, nose and
mouth
- Look for cuts, bruises or depressions
- Watch for changes in breathing
- Look for changes in skin color
Checking the Body
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Shoulders: Shrug them
Chest: Take a deep breath
Fingers, hands, arms, hips and legs: Move them
Look for signs of discomfort
Look for a medical ID tag
Checking an Unconscious Person
1st step: Call 9-1-1
 Check for an open airway, signs of life, bleeding
severely.
**** REMEMBER ABC’s********
A- Airway
B- Breathing
C- Circulation (signs of life, pulse for child or
infant or severely bleeding)

A-B-C’s
Airway: head tilt/chin lift
 Breathing: look, listen, feel for no more than –
________ Seconds!
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Not Breathing: Give 2 Rescue Breaths

Circulation: check for signs of life and severe
bleeding
Unconscious Adult
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Check scene and the person
Tap on the shoulder and shout “Are you
okay?”
No response, Call 9-1-1
Open airway, check for signs of life for no
more than 10 seconds
If not breathing give 2 rescue breaths
Continued..
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If breaths go in, check body for severe
bleeding and get into position for CPR or
use AED if available
If person is breathing.. Place in recovery
position and monitor ABC’s
Unconscious Child
Check scene and child
2. Get consent from parent or guardian
3. Tap on the shoulder and shout “Are you
okay?”
4. No response, Call 9-1-1
If alone.. Give 2 minutes of care, then call 911
5. Open airway (tilt head, lift chin)check for signs
of life for no more than 10 seconds
1.
Unconscious Child (Continued)
6. If not breathing give 2 rescue breaths
7. If breaths go in..
- Check for pulse and severe bleeding
If there is a pulse: Start Rescue Breathing
No pulse: Start CPR/ Use AED
Breaths do NOT go in: Start care for unconscious
choking victim
8. If breathing… place in the recovery position
Unconscious Infant
Check scene and infant
2.
Get consent from parent or guardian
3.
Tap on the foot or tap on shoulder and shout “Are
you okay?”
4.
No response, Call 9-1-1.
If alone.. Give 2 minutes of care, then call 911
5. If an unconscious infant is face down, roll face up
supporting their head, neck and back
6. Open airway, check for signs of life for no more than
10 seconds
1.
Unconscious Infant (Continued)
7. If not breathing give 2 rescue breaths
8. If breaths go in… check pulse
If breaths DO NOT go in – Care for unconscious
choking infant
Pulse- Start rescue breathing for an Infant
 No Pulse- Start CPR
9. If breathing place in recovery position and
monitor breathing
When Seconds Count
A breathing problem so severe that is threatens a
person’s life is considered a :
BREATHING EMERGENCY
2 Types:
 Respiratory Distress
 Respiratory Arrest
Respiratory Distress
Breathing is difficult..
Caused by:
 A partially obstructed airway
 Illness
 Chronic conditions like asthma
 Electrocution
 Heart Attack
Respiratory Distressed (Cont.)
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Injury to head, chest, lungs or abdomen
Drugs
Poisoning
Emotional Distress
Respiratory Arrest
BREATHING STOPS COMPLETELY
Signals of a Breathing Emergency

Trouble breathing
Slow or fast breathing
 Deep or shallow breaths
 Gasping for breath
 Wheezing, gurgling or making high pitched noises
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Signals (Continued)
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Unusually moist or cool skin
Flushed, pale, ashen or blue skin color
Shortness of breath
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Pain in chest or tingling in hands, feet or lips
Apprehensive or fearful feelings
Time is critical in a life-threatening
emergency:
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0 minutes- Breathing
stops. Heart will soon
stop beating
4 -6 minutes – Brain
Damage Possible
6 – 10 minutes – Brain
Damage Likely
Over 10 minutes:
Irreversible brain damage
certain
Choking
If a person is able to cough, have them continue
to cough- THEY ARE NOT CHOKING
 If a person is choking…ACT right away!
Universal Sign of Choking:

Conscious Choking Adult or Child
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5 back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts
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Continue this combination until the object is
dislodged and the person can breath or cough
forcefully or becomes unconscious
Conscious Choking Infant
5 Back Blows ( Center of the back between the
shoulder blades)
Followed by:
 5 chest thrusts (Head of infant stays lower than
the body when doing this)
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Rescue Breaths
Adult:
1. Tilt head and lift chin, pinch nose shut
2. Take a breath and make a complete seal over
the person’s mouth
3. Blow in to make chest rise
(each rescue breath should last about 1 second)
•
If breaths go in give CPR or use AED
•
If breaths DO NOT go in give care for an
unconscious choking victim
Child
Check for an unconscious child
After determining the child has a pulse but needs
help breathing on their own:
1. Give 1 rescue breath every 3 seconds
( Each breath should last about 1 second)
2. After about 2 minutes recheck signs of life and
pulse for no more than 10 seconds

If pulse but still not breathing = Continue RB
 If NO PULSE= Start CPR
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Infant
Complete check for unconscious infant
After determining the Infant has a pulse but
cannot breath on their own:
1. Give 1 Rescue Breath every 3 seconds
Seal mouth over infants mouth & nose
( Each R.B. should last about 1 second)
2. After about 2 minutes recheck signs of life and
pulse for no more than 10 seconds
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Practice!
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Practice with a partner on checking an
unconscious adult, child, and infant
Use pages 39-43 in the textbook as a guide
Be sure to go through the scene from the
beginning
Monday: Skills practice & Peer Assessment