References for studies included in the meta
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1 International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2015 Bandelow B. et al., Efficacy of Treatments for Anxiety Disorders – A Meta-Analysis Supplementary Digital Content (Online only) Contains: Methods: Use of scales if the HAMA or LSAS were not available Abbreviations Table: Studies included in the meta-analysis References for studies included in the meta-analysis Use of scales if the HAMA or LSAS were not available We used for PDA (1) a panic-specific scale such as the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) (1) or the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) (2); if not available: (2) the CGI (Clinical Global Impression Scale) (3); if not available: (3) a measure of panic attack frequency; if not available: (4) other measures. For GAD, we used alternatively: (1) the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PWSQ) (4); if not available: the (2) the CGI; if not available: (3) other measures. For SAD, we used (1) a symptom-specific scale like the Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS) (5), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) (6); the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) (6) or others; if not available: (2) the CGI; if not available: (3) other measures. Abbreviations AR BAI BSPS CBT CBT + group CGI CI DSM EMDR FQ-SP GAD HAMA IPT ITT LSAS LOCF MAOI NS PAS PDA PDSS PDTh PGI PMR PSWQ RIMA SAD SADS SD Applied Relaxation Beck Anxiety Inventory Brief Social Phobia Scale Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy/Exposure Cognitive/Exposure Therapy combined with drug treatment Clinical Global Impression 95% confidence interval Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Fear Questionnaire–Social Phobia Generalised anxiety disorder Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety Interpersonal Therapy Intention to treat Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale Last observation carried forward Irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor Not significant Panic and Agoraphobia Scale Panic Disorder/Agoraphobia Panic Disorder Severity Scale Psychodynamic Therapy Patients’ Global Impression Progressive Muscle Relaxation Penn State Worry Questionnaire Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A Social Anxiety Disorder Social Avoidance and Distress Scale Standard deviation 2 SE SIAS SNRIs SPS SSRIs Standard error of the mean Social Interaction Anxiety Scale Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors Social Phobia Scale Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 3 Studies included in the meta-analysis Table: Studies used in the meta-analysis. Two papers (7, 8) contained two studies each. Disorder: PDA, panic disorder/agoraphobia; GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; SAD, social anxiety disorder; d, Cohen’s d (pre-post); N, post-treatment sample sizes (ITT); duration, study duration in weeks; ITT, intent-to-treat analysis. Other abbreviations: Table 1. No Arm No Study 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1 24 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Authors, Year, Treatment Ref. Disor der Abramowitz et al. 2009 Biblio Abramowitz et al. 2009 WL Addis et al., 2004 CBT Allgulander et al., 1999 PAR Allgulander et al., 1999 PLA Allgulander, Dahl et al., 2004 PLA Allgulander, Dahl et al., 2004 SER Allgulander, Mangano et al., 2004 PAR Allgulander, Mangano et al., 2004 PLA Allgulander, Mangano et al., 2004 VLX Andersson et al., 2012 iCBT Andersson et al., 2012 iPDTh Andersson et al., 2012 WL Andrews et al., 2011 CBT Andrews et al., 2011 iCBT Arntz & van den Hout, 1996 AR Arntz & van den Hout, 1996 CBT Arntz & van den Hout, 1996 WL Arntz, 2003 AR Arntz, 2003 CBT Asakura et al., 2007 FLV Asakura et al., 2007 PLA Asnis et al., 2001 FLV (9) Asnis et al., 2001 PLA (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) Treatment Treatment Group Outcome SAD SAD PDA SAD SAD GAD GAD SAD SAD SAD GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD SAD SAD PDA Bibliotherapy Waitlist CBT Paroxetine Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Sertraline Paroxetine Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Internet-CBT Internet-PDTh Waitlist CBT Internet-CBT Applied Relaxation CBT Waitlist Applied Relaxation CBT Fluvoxamine Pill Placebo Fluvoxamine Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist CBT SSRIs Pill Placebo Pill Placebo SSRIs SSRIs Pill Placebo SNRIs Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist CBT Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Relaxation CBT Waitlist Relaxation CBT SSRIs SSRIs SSRIs PDA Pill Placebo Pill Placebo BSPS BSPS PDSS LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS LSAS PSWQ PSWQ PSWQ SPS SPS Panic Frequency Panic Frequency Panic Frequency STAI STAI LSAS LSAS Panic Disorder severity Panic Disorder severity d N 1.278 0.402 0.870 1.517 0.391 1.695 2.478 1.884 1.017 1.916 1.184 1.309 0.939 0.744 0.675 0.530 1.270 0.020 0.527 0.520 1.592 1.152 1.531 11 10 38 44 48 189 184 128 132 129 23 26 26 11 14 18 18 18 17 20 176 89 87 Duration/ weeks 8 8 24 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 8 8 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 8 0.919 92 8 ITT yes no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no yes yes yes yes yes 4 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bakker et al. 1999 CBT Bakker et al. 1999 CMI Bakker et al. 1999 PAR Bakker et al. 1999 PLA Baldwin et al., 1999 PAR Baldwin et al., 1999 PLA Baldwin et al., 2006 Esc Baldwin et al., 2006 PAR Baldwin et al., 2006 PLA Ball et al., 2005 PAR Ball et al., 2005 SER Ballenger et al., 1988 ALZ Ballenger et al., 1988 PLA Ballenger et al., 1998 PAR Ballenger et al., 1998 PLA Bandelow et al., 2004 PAR Bandelow et al., 2004 SER Bandelow et al., 2010 PAR Bandelow et al., 2010 PLA Bandelow et al., 2010 QUE Barlow et al., 1989 CBT Barlow et al., 1989 CBT+PMR Barlow et al., 1989 PMR Barlow et al., 1989 WL Barlow et al., 1992 CBT+PMR Barlow et al., 1992 CT+RLX Barlow et al., 1992 PMR Barlow et al., 1992 WL Barlow et al., 2000 CBT Barlow et al., 2000 CBT+IMI Barlow et al., 2000 CBT+PLA Barlow et al., 2000 IMI (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) PDA PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA PDA CBT Clomipramine Paroxetine Pill Placebo Paroxetine Pill Placebo Escitalopram Paroxetine Pill Placebo Paroxetine Sertraline Alprazolam Pill Placebo Paroxetine Pill Placebo Paroxetine Sertraline Paroxetine Pill Placebo Quetiapine CBT CBT + PMR PMR Waitlist CBT + PMR CT + Relaxation PMR Waitlist CBT CBT + Imipramine CBT + Pill Placebo Imipramine CBT TCAs SSRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs SSRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs SSRIs Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs SSRIs SSRIs Pill Placebo Quetiapine CBT CBT + Relaxation Relaxation Waitlist CBT + Relaxation CBT Relaxation Waitlist CBT CBT + Drug CBT + Pill Placebo TCAs HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA N panic attacks N panic attacks HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA PDSS PDSS PDSS PDSS 1.084 1.189 1.750 0.627 1.336 0.709 3.588 3.336 3.220 4.056 4.080 0.574 0.267 1.147 0.901 2.030 2.061 3.438 2.926 3.558 1.396 1.576 2.334 0.419 1.332 1.332 1.432 -0.783 1.269 1.828 1.399 1.549 35 32 32 35 139 151 403 139 139 25 28 247 234 209 69 81 85 214 217 435 15 16 10 15 11 10 10 12 56 47 45 51 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 8 8 3 3 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 13 13 13 13 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 5 57 58 59 60 23 24 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Barlow et al., 2000 PLA Beauclair et al., 1994 CLZ Beauclair et al., 1994 PLA Beck et al., 1992 CBT (31) (32) Beck et al., 1992 PP 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Beck et al., 1994 CBT Beck et al., 1994 Relax Beck et al., 1994 WL Berger et al., 2009 iCBT Berger et al., 2009 WL Berger et al., 2011 iCBT Bergstrom et al., 2010 CBTG Bergstrom et al., 2010 iCBT Beutel et al., 2013 HAMA CBT Beutel et al., 2013 HAMA PDTh Bielski et al. , 2005 ESC Bielski et al. , 2005 PAR Black et al. 1993 CBT (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) PDA PDA PDA PDA Pill Placebo Clonazepam Pill Placebo CBT Pill Placebo Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo CBT PDA Psychological Placebo Psychological Placebo PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD PDA CBT Relaxation Waitlist Internet-CBT Waitlist iCBT CBT Group iCBT CBT PDTh Escitalopram Paroxetine CBT CBT Relaxation Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy CBT Group Non-Face-to-Face Therapy CBT PDTh SSRIs SSRIs CBT 75 Black et al. 1993 FLV PDA Fluvoxamine SSRIs 76 Black et al. 1993 PLA PDA Pill Placebo Pill Placebo SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD CBT Group + Phenelzine CBT Group Phenelzine Pill Placebo Exposure Pill Placebo Sertraline Sertraline + Exposure Internet-CBT CBT + Drug CBT Group Phenelzine Pill Placebo CBT Pill Placebo SSRIs CBT + Drug Non-Face-to-Face Therapy 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 32 33 34 Blanco et al., 2010 CBT+PHE Blanco et al., 2010 CBTG Blanco et al., 2010 PHE Blanco et al., 2010 PLA Blomhoff et al., 2001 EXP Blomhoff et al., 2001 PLA Blomhoff et al., 2001 SER Blomhoff et al., 2001 SER+EXP Boettcher et al, 2012 iCBT (40) (41) (42) PDSS CGI-S CGI-S Panic Attacks per week Panic Attacks per week HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS LSAS PDSS PDSS HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA Clinical Anxiety Scale Clinical Anxiety Scale Clinical Anxiety Scale LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS CGI-S CGI-S CGI-S CGI-S LSAS 0.634 5.875 0.750 1.008 14 12 8 14 13 4 4 8 yes yes yes no 0.269 15 8 no 0.522 1.181 -0.349 0.820 0.200 0.803 1.833 1.881 1.550 0.880 4.315 3.694 1.012 17 19 22 31 21 27 44 44 14 29 60 61 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 24 24 8 no no no yes yes yes no no no no yes yes yes 2.285 25 8 yes 0.987 25 8 yes 1.592 0.575 1.288 0.505 1.000 1.000 1.273 1.413 1.382 32 34 35 27 91 88 87 88 34 12 12 12 12 24 24 24 24 10 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 6 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Boettcher et al, 2012 iCBT-I Bohni et al., 2009 CBT Bohni et al., 2009 CBT-M Borge et al, 2008 CBT Borge et al, 2008 IPT Borgeat et al., 2009 et al. CBTG Borgeat et al., 2009 et al. CBTG ex Borkovec et al., 1987 CBT+PMR Borkovec et al., 1987 NT+PMR Borkovec et al., 1993 AR Borkovec et al., 1993 CBT Borkovec et al., 1993 NT Borkovec et al., 2002 AR Borkovec et al., 2002 CBT Bouchard et al., 1996 CBT Bouchard et al., 1996 EXP Boyer et al., 1993 DIA Boyer et al., 1993 PLA Bradwejn et al., 2005 PLA Bradwejn et al., 2005 VLX Brawman-Mintzer et al., 2006 PLA Brawman-Mintzer et al., 2006 SER Broocks et al., 1998 HAMA CMI Broocks et al., 1998 HAMA EXE Broocks et al., 1998 HAMA PLA Brown et al., 1997 CBT Brown et al., 1997 CBT-f Butler, 1991 CBT Butler, 1991 CBT wo AM Butler, 1991 WL Bystritsky et al., 1994 DES (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) SAD PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD SAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD PDA PDA GAD GAD PDA PDA GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD PDA Internet-CBT-i CBT CBT-massed CBT IPT CBT Group CBT Group + EXP CBT + PMR nondirective therapy + PMR Applied Relaxation CBT nondirective therapy Applied Relaxation CBT CBT Exposure Diazepam Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Pill Placebo Sertraline Clomipramine Exercise Pill Placebo CBT CBT CBT CBT ohne AM Waitlist Desipramine Non-Face-to-Face Therapy CBT CBT CBT IPT CBT Group CBT Group CBT Psychological Placebo LSAS BAI BAI SPAI SPAI LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA 1.740 1.040 0.980 0.916 0.929 1.104 1.300 1.831 1.421 34 20 19 40 39 14 13 37 14 10 13 3 10 10 8 8 12 12 yes no no yes yes no no no no Relaxation CBT Psychological Placebo Relaxation CBT CBT CBT Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Pill Placebo SNRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs TCAs Exercise Pill Placebo CBT CBT CBT CBT Waitlist TCAs HAMA PSWQ HAMA HAMA PSWQ STAI STAI HAMA HAMA CGI-S CGI-S HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA 1.872 1.814 1.181 2.249 2.309 0.514 1.085 2.345 1.318 2.914 3.653 3.762 4.288 1.929 1.777 0.262 1.419 1.017 2.312 0.843 0.598 1.227 18 16 13 18 21 14 14 47 42 168 160 162 164 15 16 15 19 21 19 18 19 10 6 6 6 14 14 30 30 4 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 7 7 7 10 no no no yes yes no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no no no no 7 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Clark et al., 1994 CBT PDA CBT CBT 131 Clark et al., 1994 IMI PDA Imipramine TCAs PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD CBT CBT brief Waitlist CBT Fluoxetine Pill Placebo + Self Exposure CBT Exposure + Applied Relaxation Waitlist Alprazolam Imipramine Pill Placebo CBT + Buspirone CBT + Pill Placebo CBT CBT Waitlist CBT SSRIs Pill Placebo HAMA HAMA HAMA BAI BAI BAI BAI LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA HAMA Panic/Anxiety composite score Panic/anxiety composite score Panic/anxiety composite score BAI BAI BAI LSAS LSAS LSAS CBT CBT LSAS LSAS 1.978 1.125 21 21 14 14 yes yes Waitlist Benzodiazepines TCAs Pill Placebo CBT + Drug CBT + Pill Placebo LSAS HAMA HAMA HAMA PPGA Agoraphobia PPGA Agoraphobia -0.001 1.608 1.712 1.505 1.659 1.903 20 386 391 391 21 27 14 8 8 8 16 16 yes yes yes yes yes yes 49 50 51 52 53 54 132 133 134 135 136 137 55 138 139 57 140 141 142 143 144 145 56 58 59 Bystritsky et al., 1994 FLX Caillard et al., 1999 CMI Caillard et al., 1999 PLA Carlbring et al., 2005 CBT Carlbring et al., 2005 iCBT Carlbring et al., 2006 iCBT Carlbring et al., 2006 WL Carlbring et al., 2007 iCBT Carlbring et al., 2007 WL Castillo et al., 1987 ALZ Castillo et al., 1987 CLB Castillo et al., 1987 PLA Clark et al., 1994 AR (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) Clark et al., 1999 CBT Clark et al., 1999 CBT brief Clark et al., 1999 WL Clark et al., 2003 CBT Clark et al., 2003 FLX Clark et al., 2003 PLA (63) Clark et al., 2006 CBT Clark et al., 2006 EXP-AR (65) Clark et al., 2006 WL CNCPS 1992 Deltito et al., 1991 ALZ CNCPS 1992 Deltito et al., 1991 IMI CNCPS 1992 Deltito et al., 1991 PLA Cottraux et al. 1995 CBT+BUS Cottraux et al. 1995 CBT+PLA (64) (66) (67) PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD GAD GAD GAD PDA Fluoxetine Clomipramine Pill Placebo CBT iCBT Internet-CBT Waitlist Internet-CBT Waitlist Alprazolam Clobazam Pill Placebo Applied Relaxation SSRIs TCAs Pill Placebo CBT Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Relaxation SAD SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA 2.301 4.102 3.240 1.179 0.754 1.267 -0.010 1.096 -0.060 1.860 1.589 1.473 1.557 11 107 51 24 25 28 29 29 28 31 32 33 20 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 12 no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2.470 20 12 yes 2.216 20 12 yes 1.669 1.491 0.237 1.830 0.812 0.665 14 14 14 20 19 20 12 12 12 16 16 16 no no no yes yes yes 8 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Cottraux et al., 2000 CBT Cottraux et al., 2000 PP Craske et al., 1995 CBT Craske et al., 1995 PP Craske et al., 2003 CBT Craske et al., 2003 CBT+EXP Crits-Christoph et al., 2011 CBT+Drug Crits-Christoph et al., 2011 VLX Cutler et al., 1993 LOR Cutler et al., 1993 PLA Darcis et al, 1995 PLA Darcis et al., 1995 HYD Davidson et al., 1993 CLZ Davidson et al., 1993 PLA Davidson et al., 1999 BUS Davidson et al., 1999 PLA Davidson et al., 1999 VLX Davidson, Bose et al. 2004 ESC Davidson, Bose et al. 2004 PLA Davidson, Foa et al., 2004 CBT+FLX Davidson, Foa et al., 2004 CBT+PLA Davidson, Foa et al., 2004 CBTG Davidson, Foa et al., 2004 FLX Davidson, Foa et al., 2004 PLA Davidson, Yaryura et al. 2004 FLV Davidson, Yaryura et al. 2004 PLA de Beurs et al. 1995 EXP (68) (69) (70) (71) (72) (73) (74) (75) (76) (77) (78) (79) SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD PDA CBT Psychological Placebo CBT Psychological Placebo CBT CBT + EXP CBT + Drug Venlafaxine Lorazepam Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Hydroxyzine Clonazepam Pill Placebo Buspirone Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Escitalopram Pill Placebo CBT + Fluoxetine CBT + Pill Placebo CBT Group Fluoxetine Pill Placebo Fluvoxamine Pill Placebo Exposure alone CBT Psychological Placebo CBT Psychological Placebo CBT CBT CBT + Drug SNRIs Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Hydroxyzine Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Buspirone Pill Placebo SNRIs SSRIs Pill Placebo CBT + Drug CBT + Pill Placebo CBT Group SSRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo CBT 173 de Beurs et al. 1995 FLX+EXP PDA Fluvoxamine + Exposure CBT + Drug 174 de Beurs et al. 1995 PLA PDA Pill Placebo + Exposure CBT + Pill Placebo 175 de Beurs et al. 1995 PME PDA Panic Management + CBT LSAS LSAS Panic frequency Panic frequency Panic frequency Panic frequency HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA BSPS BSPS BSPS BSPS BSPS LSAS LSAS Agoraphobic composite Agoraphobic composite Agoraphobic composite Agoraphobic 0.699 0.204 0.791 0.180 1.004 0.587 7.299 7.675 2.465 2.079 1.462 2.726 1.621 0.637 0.834 0.704 0.924 2.539 1.663 1.808 1.767 1.921 1.818 1.095 1.476 0.713 1.545 27 28 16 13 27 26 17 24 82 76 56 54 39 36 93 98 174 154 153 59 59 60 57 60 139 140 18 12 12 4 4 16 16 24 24 4 4 5 5 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 12 no no no no no no no no yes yes no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2.667 19 12 yes 1.230 19 12 yes 1.261 20 12 yes 9 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 78 80 81 82 83 84 Den Boer et al., 1990 FLV Den Boer et al., 1990 PLA Dugas et al., 2003 CBTG Dugas et al., 2003 WL Dugas et al., 2010 AR Dugas et al., 2010 CBT Dugas et al., 2010 WL Dunner et al., 1986 APZ Dunner et al., 1986 DIA Dunner et al., 1986 PLA Elie & Lamontagne, 1984 ALP Elie & Lamontagne, 1984 DIA Enkelmann, 1991 ALZ Enkelmann, 1991 BUS Enkelmann, 1991 PLA Fahy et al., 1992 CMI Fahy et al., 1992 PLA Feltner et al., 2003 LOR Feltner et al., 2003 PLA Feltner et al., 2003 PRG Feltner et al., 2011 PLA Feltner et al., 2011 PRG Ferreri et al., 1994 HYD Ferreri et al., 1994 PLA Feske & Goldstein, 1997 EMDR Feske & Goldstein, 1997 WL Fonseca D'El Rey et al., 2008 CBTG Fonseca D'El Rey et al., 2008 WL Fontaine et al., 1983 BRO Fontaine et al., 1983 DIA Fontaine et al., 1983 PLA (80) (81) (82) (83) (84) (85) (86) (87) (88) (89) (90) (91) (92) PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD GAD GAD PDA PDA SAD SAD GAD GAD GAD Exposure Fluvoxamine Pill Placebo CBT Group Waitlist Applied Relaxation CBT Waitlist Alprazolam Diazepam Pill Placebo Alprazolam Diazepam Alprazolam Buspirone Pill Placebo CBT + Clomipramine Pill Placebo Lorazepam Pill Placebo Pregabalin Pill Placebo Pregabalin Hydroxyzine Pill Placebo EMDR Waitlist CBT Group Waitlist Bromazepam Diazepam Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo CBT Group Waitlist Relaxation CBT Waitlist Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Buspirone Pill Placebo CBT + Drug Pill Placebo Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Pregabalin Pill Placebo Pregabalin Hydroxyzine Pill Placebo EMDR Waitlist CBT Group Waitlist Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo composite FQ agoraphobia FQ agoraphobia PSWQ PSWQ PSWQ PSWQ PSWQ HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA PGI PGI PGI HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA BAI BAI SPIN SPIN HAMA HAMA HAMA 1.713 0.135 1.625 0.263 0.841 1.199 -0.176 1.317 1.329 1.179 4.157 4.377 2.547 2.017 0.628 2.605 1.695 2.704 2.885 2.786 0.962 1.229 1.682 0.954 1.197 0.124 1.795 0.071 2.907 2.558 0.581 20 19 23 25 31 33 19 13 13 14 24 24 28 20 10 18 24 64 66 130 82 246 41 41 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 8 8 14 14 12 12 12 7 7 7 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 11 11 4 4 6 6 12 12 4 4 4 no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no yes yes yes yes yes no no no no no no no no no 10 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 85 82 86 87 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 Fontaine et al., 1986 BRO Fontaine et al., 1986 LOR Fontaine et al., 1986 PLA Furmark et al., 2009 Study 1 Bib Furmark et al., 2009 Study 1 iCBT Furmark et al., 2009 Study 1 WL Furmark et al., 2009 Study 2 Bib Furmark et al., 2009 Study 2 BibD (93) (7) (7) Furmark et al., 2009 Study 2 iAR Furmark et al., 2009 Study 2 iCBT 88 89 90 92 93 94 95 96 Gelenberg et al., 2000 PLA Gelenberg et al., 2000 VLX Gelernter et al., 1991 ALZ Gelernter et al., 1991 CBT Gelernter et al., 1991 PHE Gelernter et al., 1991 PLA Gloster et al., 2011 HAMA CBT Gloster et al., 2011 HAMA WL Goldstein et al., 2000 I EMDR Goldstein et al., 2000 I WL Goldstein et al., 2000 II EMDR Goldstein et al., 2000 II PP Gruber et al., 2001 CBTG Gruber et al., 2001 CBTG + Gruber et al., 2001 WL Hackett et al., 2003 DIA Hackett et al., 2003 PLA Hackett et al., 2003 VLX Hartford et al., 2007 DLX Hartford et al., 2007 PLA GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD (94) (95) (96) (8) (8) (97) (98) (99) GAD GAD SAD SAD SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD Bromazepam Lorazepam Pill Placebo Bibliotherapy Internet-CBT ClinicianAss Waitlist Bibliotherapy Bibliotherapy + Discussion Group Internet-AR Internet-CBT ClinicianAss Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Alprazolam CBT Group Phenelzine Pill Placebo CBT Waitlist EMDR Waitlist EMDR Psychological Placebo CBT Group CBT Group + Handheld Waitlist Diazepam Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Duloxetine Pill Placebo Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS 2.829 2.481 1.318 0.848 0.854 20 20 20 40 40 4 4 4 9 9 yes yes yes no no Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Non-Face-to-Face Therapy LSAS LSAS LSAS 0.043 0.835 1.308 40 29 28 9 9 9 no no no Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Non-Face-to-Face Therapy LSAS LSAS 1.063 1.220 29 29 9 9 no no Pill Placebo SNRIs Benzodiazepines CBT Group Phenelzine Pill Placebo CBT Waitlist EMDR Waitlist EMDR Psychological Placebo CBT Group CBT Waitlist Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo SNRIs SNRIs Pill Placebo HAMA HAMA SAD SAD SAD SAD HAMA HAMA PDSS PDSS PDSS PDSS SPS SPS SPS HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA 1.740 2.680 1.232 0.752 1.035 0.863 1.926 0.342 0.773 -0.005 0.768 -0.005 0.805 0.420 0.100 2.868 2.267 2.608 2.087 1.626 123 115 12 17 13 15 242 64 14 13 6 7 14 15 17 89 97 345 162 161 28 28 12 12 12 12 26 26 4 4 4 4 12 8 12 8 8 8 10 10 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 11 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 97 98 99 100 Hartford et al., 2007 VLX Hayes-Skelton et al., 2013 Hayes-Skelton et al., 2013 ABBT Hedman et al., 2011 CBT Hedman et al., 2011 iCBT Heimberg et al., 1990 CBT Heimberg et al., 1990 PP Heimberg et al., 1998 CBT (100) (101) (102) (103) GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD Venlafaxine Applied Relaxation ABBT CBT Internet-CBT CBT Group Psychological Placebo CBT Group SNRIs Relaxation CBT CBT Non-Face-to-Face Therapy CBT Group Psychological Placebo CBT Group 245 Heimberg et al., 1998 PHE SAD Phenelzine Phenelzine 246 Heimberg et al., 1998 PLA SAD Pill Placebo Pill Placebo 247 Heimberg et al., 1998 PP SAD Psychological Placebo Psychological Placebo SAD SAD GAD GAD SAD SAD SAD PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD PDA PDA SAD SAD CBT Group Exposure Mindfulness Psychological Placebo CBT Group Exposure Waitlist CBT Exercise CBT Applied Relaxation Waitlist Moclobemide Pill Placebo Exposure i Waitlist Exercise Mindfulness CBT Group CBT Mindfulness Psychological Placebo CBT Group CBT Waitlist CBT Exercise CBT Relaxation Waitlist Moclobemide Pill Placebo CBT Waitlist Exercise Mindfulness 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Hofmann et al., 2004 CBTG Hofmann et al., 2004 EXP Hoge et al., 2013 MIND Hoge et al., 2013 PP Hope et al., 1995 CBTG Hope et al., 1995 EXP Hope et al., 1995 WL Hovland et al., 2012 CBT Hovland et al., 2012 EXE Hoyer et al., 2009 CBT Hoyer et al., 2009 REL Hoyer et al., 2009 WL IMCTGMSP, 1997 MOC IMCTGMSP, 1997 PLA Ito et al., 2001 EXP Ito et al., 2001 WL Jazaieri et al., 2012 EXE Jazaieri et al., 2012 MIND (104) (105) (106) (107) (108) (109) (110) (111) HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS FQ Social Phobia FQ Social Phobia LSAS anxiety subscale LSAS anxiety subscale LSAS anxiety subscale LSAS anxiety subscale SPAI SPAI HAMA HAMA FQ-SP FQ-SP FQ-SP BAI BAI HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS 2.194 1.212 1.115 1.066 1.321 1.063 0.766 0.427 164 81 81 50 51 20 20 28 10 16 16 15 15 12 12 12 yes yes yes yes yes no no yes 1.228 26 12 yes 0.448 27 12 yes 0.008 26 12 yes 0.720 0.520 1.163 0.871 0.914 1.207 -0.241 1.151 0.604 1.307 1.459 0.303 1.123 0.811 1.610 -0.013 1.382 1.666 12 18 48 41 13 10 10 19 17 29 28 29 384 194 57 18 28 24 12 12 8 8 12 12 12 12 12 15 15 15 12 12 10 10 8 8 no no yes yes no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no yes yes 12 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 Kasper et al., 2005 ESC Kasper et al., 2005 PLA Kasper et al., 2009 PLA Kasper et al., 2009 PRG Kasper et al., 2009 VLX Kenardy et al., 2003 CBT Kenardy et al., 2003 WL Khan et al., 2011 PLA Khan et al., 2011 QUE Kiropoulos et al., 2008 CBT Kiropoulos et al., 2008 iCBT Klosko et al., 1990 ALZ Klosko et al., 1990 CBT Klosko et al., 1990 PLA Klosko et al., 1990 WL Knijnik et al., 2004 PDTh Knijnik et al., 2004 PP Knijnik et al., 2008 CLZ Kobak et al., 2002 FLX Kobak et al., 2002 PLA Kocovski et al., 2013 CBT Kocovski et al., 2013 Mind Kocovski et al., 2013 WL Koponen et al., 2007 DLX Koponen et al., 2007 PLA Koszycki et al., 2007 CBT Koszycki et al., 2007 Mind Krüger & Dahl 1999, CMI Krüger & Dahl, 1999 MOC Lader & Scotto, 1998 BUS Lader & Scotto, 1998 HYD Lader & Scotto, 1998 PLA (112) (113) (114) (115) (116) (117) (118) (119) (120) (121) (122) (123) (124) (125) SAD SAD GAD GAD GAD PDA PDA GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD GAD GAD SAD SAD PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD Escitalopram Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Pregabalin Venlafaxine CBT Waitlist Pill Placebo Quetiapine CBT iCBT Alprazolam CBT Pill Placebo Waitlist PDTh Psychological Placebo Clonazepam Fluoxetine Pill Placebo CBT Mindfulness Waitlist Duloxetine Pill Placebo CBT Group Mindfulness Clomipramine Moclobemide Buspirone Hydroxyzine Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Pregabalin SNRIs CBT Waitlist Pill Placebo Quetiapine CBT Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Benzodiazepines CBT Pill Placebo Waitlist PDTh Psychological Placebo Benzodiazepines SSRIs Pill Placebo CBT Mindfulness Waitlist SNRIs Pill Placebo CBT Group Mindfulness TCAs Moclobemide Buspirone Hydroxyzine Pill Placebo LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA HAMA STAI STAI HAMA HAMA PDSS PDSS HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA 2.033 1.603 1.884 2.335 1.932 1.254 0.096 2.958 3.439 1.182 1.048 0.921 1.296 0.727 0.327 0.962 0.405 0.709 1.138 1.176 1.650 1.652 0.639 1.719 1.139 2.409 1.984 0.943 0.770 2.091 2.566 1.711 181 177 128 121 125 120 41 225 669 35 35 16 15 11 15 15 15 28 15 15 32 37 32 338 175 27 26 53 50 82 81 82 12 12 8 8 8 9 12 8 8 12 12 15 15 15 15 12 12 12 8 8 12 12 12 9 9 12 12 8 8 4 4 4 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no yes yes no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 13 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 123 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 132 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 133 134 135 Lader et al., 2004 ESC Lader et al., 2004 PAR Lader et al., 2004 PLA Ladouceur et al., 2000 CBT Ladouceur et al., 2000 WL Lecrubier et al., 1997 CMI Lecrubier et al., 1997 PAR Lecrubier et al., 1997 PLA Leichsenring et al., 2009 CBT Leichsenring et al., 2009 PDTh Leichsenring et al., 2013 CBT Leichsenring et al., 2013 PDTh Leichsenring et al., 2013 WL Lepola et al., 2004 PAR Lepola et al., 2004 PLA Lidren et al., 1994 Biblio Lidren et al., 1994 CBTG Lidren et al., 1994 WL Liebowitz et al., 1988 PHE Liebowitz et al., 1988 PLA Liebowitz et al., 1992 PHE Liebowitz et al., 1992 PLA (126) Liebowitz et al., 2002 PAR Liebowitz et al., 2002 PLA Liebowitz et al., 2003 PLA Liebowitz et al., 2003 SER Liebowitz et al., 2009 PLA Liebowitz et al., 2009 VLX Liebowitz, Gelenberg et al., 2005 PLA Liebowitz, Gelenberg et al., 2005 PAR Liebowitz, Gelenberg et al., 2005 VLX (135) (127) (128) (129) (130) (131) (132) (133) (134) (136) (137) (138) SAD SAD SAD GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD SAD Escitalopram Paroxetine Pill Placebo CBT Waitlist Clomipramine Paroxetine Pill Placebo CBT PDTh CBT PDTh Waitlist Paroxetine Pill Placebo Bibliotherapy CBT Group Waitlist Phenelzine Pill Placebo Phenelzine Pill Placebo SSRIs SSRIs Pill Placebo CBT Waitlist TCAs SSRIs Pill Placebo CBT PDTh CBT PDTh Waitlist SSRIs Pill Placebo Non-Face-to-Face Therapy CBT Group Waitlist Phenelzine Pill Placebo Phenelzine Pill Placebo LSAS LSAS LSAS BAI BAI Response HAMA Response HAMA Response HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS panic frequency panic frequency panic frequency CGI-S CGI-S LSAS LSAS 2.473 2.413 1.972 1.073 0.247 3.056 3.139 2.701 2.583 2.105 1.320 1.022 0.235 1.297 0.752 1.603 1.740 0.242 1.700 0.200 1.080 0.218 354 124 116 14 12 121 119 122 29 28 209 207 79 185 184 11 11 11 14 14 25 26 24 24 24 16 16 12 12 12 30 30 37,4 38,7 29 12 12 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 SAD SAD SAD SAD PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD Paroxetine Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Sertraline Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Pill Placebo Paroxetine Venlafaxine SSRIs Pill Placebo Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo SNRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs SNRIs LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS PDSS PDSS LSAS LSAS LSAS 1.180 0.655 1.361 1.945 1.453 1.798 1.129 1.994 1.780 175 67 204 211 150 140 146 142 141 12 12 12 12 10 10 12 12 12 yes yes yes no no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no no no 0 Bla nk yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 14 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 136 137 138 139 140 141 343 344 (139) (140) (141) (142) (143) (144) Loerch et al. 1999 MOC+CBT Loerch et al. 1999 PLA 345 346 347 348 349 142 350 351 352 353 354 145 143 144 146 355 356 357 Liebowitz, Mangano et al., 2005 PLA Liebowitz, Mangano et al., 2005 VLX Linden et al., 2005 CBT Linden et al., 2005 WL Lindsay et al., 1987 BZ Lindsay et al., 1987 CBT Lindsay et al., 1987 PP Lindsay et al., 1987 WL Lipsitz et al., 2008 IPT Lipsitz et al., 2008 PP Llorca et al., 2002 HYD Llorca et al., 2002 PLA Loerch et al. 1999 CBT+PLA Loerch et al. 1999 MOC PDA PDA Londborg et al., 1998 PLA Londborg et al., 1998 SER Lydiard et al., 1992 ALP Lydiard et al., 1992 PLA Marchand et al., 2009 CBT (145) Marks et al., 1993 CBT+PLA Marks et al., 1993 PLA+RLX Marks, et al., 1993 CBT+ALZ Mavissakalian et al., 1986b CBT Mavissakalian et al., 1986b IMI (148) (146) (147) (149) Mavissakalian et al., 1986b IMI+EXP Mavissakalian et al., 1986b PLA 147 Merideth et al., 2012 ESC SAD SAD GAD GAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA (150) GAD Pill Placebo Venlafaxine CBT Waitlist Benzodiazepines CBT Anxiety Management Waitlist IPT PDTh-Supportive Hydroxyzine Pill Placebo CBT + Pill Placebo Moclobemide + Clinical Management Moclobemide + CBT Pill Placebo + Clinical Management Pill Placebo Sertraline Alprazolam Pill Placebo CBT Pill Placebo SNRIs CBT Waitlist Benzodiazepines CBT Psychological Placebo Waitlist IPT Psychological Placebo Hydroxyzine Pill Placebo CBT + Pill Placebo Moclobemide LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA GHQ GHQ GHQ GHQ LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA FQ FQ 0.921 1.556 1.145 0.181 2.437 3.866 2.941 0.420 0.848 0.600 3.260 2.529 1.720 0.571 138 133 29 32 10 10 10 10 26 26 96 100 13 9 12 12 25 25 4 4 4 4 14 14 12 12 8 8 yes yes no no no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes CBT + Drug Pill Placebo + Psychological Placebo Pill Placebo SSRIs Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo CBT FQ FQ 1.273 0.829 11 9 8 8 yes yes 0.558 0.402 0.520 0.271 1.308 31 83 61 33 84 12 12 6 6 14 yes yes yes yes yes Pill Placebo + Exposure Pill Placebo + Relaxation Alprazolam + Exposure Exposure + Pill Placebo Imipramine + Psychological Placebo Imipramine + Exposure Pill Placebo + Psychological Placebo Escitalopram CBT + Pill Placebo Pill Placebo + Relaxation CBT + Drug CBT TCAs N Panic attacks N Panic attacks Panic frequency Panic frequency Anxiety Sensitivity Index N panic attacks N panic attacks N panic attacks Zung Anxiety Scale Zung Anxiety Scale 0.828 0.558 0.732 1.101 1.619 30 31 34 16 16 8 8 8 12 12 no no no no no Zung Anxiety Scale Zung Anxiety Scale 1.683 0.734 13 11 12 12 no no HAMA 2.974 203 8 yes CBT + Drug Pill Placebo + Psychological Placebo SSRIs 15 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 Merideth et al., 2012 PLA Merideth et al., 2012 QUE Mersch et al., 1995 EXP Mersch et al., 1995 WL Michelson et al., 1988 EXP Michelson et al., 1988 Para Michelson et al., 1988 RLX Michelson et al., 1998 FLX Michelson et al., 1998 PLA Milrod et al., 2007 HAMA AR Milrod et al., 2007 HAMA PDTh Möller et al., 2001 ALZ Möller et al., 2001 OPI Möller et al., 2001 PLA Montgomery et al., 2006 PLA Montgomery et al., 2006 PRG Montgomery et al., 2006 VLX Moroz & Rosenbaum, 1999 CLZ Moroz & Rosenbaum, 1999 PLA Mörtberg et al., 2007 CBT Mörtberg et al., 2007 CBTG Nair et al., 1996 FLX Nair et al., 1996 IMI Nair et al., 1996 PLA Newman, 2011 CBT+SL Newman, 2011 CBT+IPT Nicolini et al., 2008 DLX Nicolini et al., 2008 PLA Nicolini et al., 2008 VLX Nimatoudis, 2004 PLA Nimatoudis, 2004 VLX (151) (152) (153) (154) (155) (156) (157) (158) (159) (160) (161) (162) GAD GAD SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD PDA PDA SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD Pill Placebo Quetiapine Exposure Waitlist Exposure Paradoxical Intention Relaxation Fluoxetine Pill Placebo Applied Relaxation PDTh Alprazolam Opipramol Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Pregabalin Venlafaxine Clonazepam Pill Placebo CBT CBT Group Fluvoxamine Imipramine Pill Placebo CBT + Supportive listening CBT + IPT Duloxetine Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Pill Placebo Quetiapine CBT CBT CBT CBT Relaxation SSRIs Pill Placebo Relaxation PDTh Benzodiazepines TCAs Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Pregabalin SNRIs Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo CBT CBT Group SSRIs TCAs Pill Placebo CBT HAMA HAMA FQ-SP FQ-SP Zung Anxiety Scale Zung Anxiety Scale Zung Anxiety Scale HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS CAS CAS CAS HAMA 2.598 3.180 0.761 0.131 1.188 1.348 1.518 1.087 0.725 0.755 1.093 2.086 1.990 1.786 2.398 2.977 3.039 1.284 0.778 1.396 0.714 1.126 1.818 0.922 1.620 203 413 13 17 22 26 25 153 74 15 24 102 100 105 100 198 110 222 216 28 26 50 48 50 34 8 8 14 14 10 12 10 10 10 12 12 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 17 17 8 8 8 14 yes yes no no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes CBT + IPT SNRIs Pill Placebo SNRIs Pill Placebo SNRIs HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA 2.022 2.069 1.535 2.096 1.921 3.416 34 242 170 169 22 24 14 10 10 10 8 8 yes yes yes yes yes yes 16 389 390 160 Nordin et al., 2010 Biblio Nordin et al., 2010 WL (163) PDA PDA Bibliotherapy Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist PDSS PDSS 2.322 0.322 20 20 10 10 391 392 393 394 161 162 Noyes et al., 1984 Oehrberg et al., 1995 PAR Oehrberg et al., 1995 PLA Oosterbaan et al., 2001 CBT (164) (165) PDA PDA PDA SAD Diazepam Paroxetine Pill Placebo CBT Benzodiazepines SSRIs Pill Placebo CBT 1.495 3.545 2.607 0.882 21 60 60 24 2 12 12 15 1 Bla nk no yes yes yes 0.390 24 15 yes 0.752 19 15 yes 1.959 1.900 3.054 2.494 1.259 1.018 1.032 1.436 1.128 0.322 3.768 2.107 3.035 0.826 1.203 1.076 18 15 18 18 15 15 15 26 25 20 68 69 139 46 89 45 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 4 4 4 10 10 8 no no no no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes -0.010 2.633 1.814 1.240 1.704 44 15 18 61 185 8 8 8 6 6 yes no no yes yes 395 Oosterbaan et al., 2001 MOC SAD Moclobemide Moclobemide 396 Oosterbaan et al., 2001 PLA SAD Pill Placebo Pill Placebo GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD GAD Applied Relaxation CBT Applied Relaxation CBT Applied Relaxation CBT Exposure CBT Exposure Waitlist Lorazepam Pill Placebo Pregabalin Pill Placebo Pregabalin Internet-CBT ClinicianAss Waitlist Buspirone Lorazepam Pill Placebo Pregabalin Relaxation CBT Relaxation CBT Relaxation CBT CBT CBT CBT Waitlist Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Pregabalin Pill Placebo Pregabalin Non-Face-to-Face Therapy HAMA Response HAMA Response HAMA LSAS anxiety subscale LSAS anxiety subscale LSAS anxiety subscale HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA FQ FQ FQ HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS PSWQ Waitlist Buspirone Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Pregabalin PSWQ HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 Öst & Breitholtz, 2000 AR Öst & Breitholtz, 2000 CBT Öst & Westling, 1995 AR Öst & Westling, 1995 CBT Öst et al., 1993 AR Öst et al., 1993 CBT Öst et al., 1993 EXP Öst et al., 2004 CBT Öst et al., 2004 EXP Öst et al., 2004 WL Pande et al., 2003 LOR Pande et al., 2003 PLA Pande et al., 2003 PRG Pande et al., 2004 PLA Pande et al., 2004 PRG Paxling et al., 2011 iCBT Paxling et al., 2011 WL Petracca et al., 1990 BUS Petracca et al., 1990 LOR Pohl et al., 2005 PLA Pohl et al., 2005 PRG (166) (167) (168) (169) (170) (171) (172) (173) (174) (175) GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD 17 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 174 175 176 177 178 179 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 (176) (177) (178) (179) (180) (181) Pols et al., 1993 PLA 180 181 182 441 442 443 444 445 446 Pollack et al., 1996 PLA Pollack et al., 1996 VLX Pollack et al., 1998 PLA Pollack et al., 1998 SER Pollack et al., 2001 PAR Pollack et al., 2001 PLA Pollack, Lepola et al., 2007 PAR Pollack, Lepola et al., 2007 PLA Pollack, Lepola et al., 2007 VLX Pollack, Mangano et al., 2007 PAR Pollack, Mangano et al., 2007 PLA Pollack, Mangano et al., 2007 VLX Pols et al., 1993 FLV Power et al., 1989 CBT Power et al., 1989 DIA Power et al., 1989 PLA Power et al., 1990 CBT Power et al., 1990 CBT+PLA Power et al., 1990 DIA Power et al., 1990 DIA+CBT Power et al., 1990 PLA Prasko et al., 2006 CBT+MOC (182) (183) (184) Prasko et al., 2006 CBT+PLA 183 184 Prasko et al., 2006 MOC Rapee et al., 2009 CBT Rapee et al., 2009 CBT-E Rapee et al., 2009 PP Ribeiro et al., 2001 PDA PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Pill Placebo Sertraline Paroxetine Pill Placebo Paroxetine Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Paroxetine Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Fluvoxamine Pill Placebo SNRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs SSRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo SNRIs SNRIs Pill Placebo SNRIs SSRIs PDA Pill Placebo Pill Placebo GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD SAD CBT Diazepam Pill Placebo CBT CBT + Pill Placebo Diazepam Diazepam + CBT Pill Placebo CBT Group + Moclobemide CBT Group + Pill Placebo Moclobemide CBT CBT Enhanced Stress management Fluoxetine SAD (185) (186) SAD SAD SAD SAD PDA -0.007 0.709 1.871 2.136 3.090 2.488 3.086 2.026 3.013 2.967 3.095 2.934 0.361 12 13 87 88 161 163 166 156 317 151 157 316 18 8 8 10 10 8 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 4 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no 0.000 18 4 no CBT Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo CBT CBT + Pill Placebo Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo CBT + Drug HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA CGI-S CGI-S CGI-S Response CGI-I Response CGI-I Response CGI-I N Panic attacks/week Number of panic attacks per week HAMA HAMA HAMA Anxiety Rating Anxiety Rating Anxiety Rating Anxiety Rating Anxiety Rating LSAS 2.987 1.962 0.894 3.853 2.999 2.174 4.918 1.499 4.413 10 10 11 21 18 22 21 19 22 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 26 no no no no no no no no yes CBT + Pill Placebo LSAS 4.579 20 26 yes Moclobemide CBT CBT Psychological Placebo SSRIs LSAS CGI-S CGI-S CGI-S HAMA 3.555 1.240 1.600 1.100 2.422 20 59 68 56 13 26 12 12 12 8 yes yes yes yes yes 18 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 185 186 187 188 189 190 Rickels et al., 1997 DIA Rickels et al., 1997 PLA Rickels et al., 2000 PLA Rickels et al., 2000 VLX Rickels et al., 2003 PAR Rickels et al., 2003 PLA Rickels et al., 2005 ALZ Rickels et al., 2005 PLA Rickels et al., 2005 PRG Rickels, Mangano et al., 2004 PLA Rickels, Mangano et al., 2004 VLX Robinson et al., 2010 iCBT (187) (188) (189) (190) (191) (192) GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD GAD 459 Robinson et al., 2010 T GAD 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 Robinson et al., 2010 WL Rocca et al., 1997 DEL Rocca et al., 1997 IMI Rocca et al., 1997 PAR Roemer et al. 2008 CBT Roemer et al. 2008 WL Salaberria et al., 1998 CBT Salaberria et al., 1998 EXP Salaberria et al., 1998 WL Schneier et al., 1998 MOC Schneier et al., 1998 PLA Schweizer et al., 1990 ALZ Schweizer et al., 1990 LOR Sharp et al. 1997 BCT+PLA Sharp et al. 1997 CBT Sharp et al. 1997 FLV Sharp et al. 1997 FLV+CBT Sharp et al. 1997 PLA GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD GAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA 191 192 193 194 195 196 (193) (194) (195) (196) (197) (198) Diazepam Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Paroxetine Pill Placebo Alprazolam Pill Placebo Pregabalin Pill Placebo Venlafaxine Internet-CBT ClinicianAss Internet-CBT TechnicianAss Waitlist Delorazepam Imipramine Paroxetine CBT Waitlist CBT + Exposure Exposure Waitlist Moclobemide Pill Placebo Alprazolam Lorazepam CBT + Pill Placebo CBT Fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine + CBT Pill Placebo Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Pill Placebo SNRIs SSRIs Pill Placebo Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo Pregabalin Pill Placebo SNRIs Non-Face-to-Face Therapy HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS PSWQ 3.077 1.529 2.304 2.834 3.430 3.388 2.927 2.240 3.134 0.352 0.523 1.300 67 65 96 253 385 180 88 85 261 135 126 46 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 12 12 10 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Non-Face-to-Face Therapy PSWQ 1.121 45 10 yes Waitlist Benzodiazepines TCAs SSRIs CBT Waitlist CBT CBT Waitlist Moclobemide Pill Placebo Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines CBT + Pill Placebo CBT SSRIs CBT + Drug Pill Placebo PSWQ HAMA HAMA HAMA PSWQ PSWQ SADS SADS SADS LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA GHQ GHQ GHQ GHQ GHQ 0.164 3.538 4.168 4.678 1.814 0.487 1.871 2.643 0.267 0.627 0.224 1.104 0.951 0.826 1.045 0.680 0.918 0.205 47 20 21 25 16 16 18 18 20 39 36 24 28 33 30 29 29 28 10 8 8 8 yes no no no yes yes no no no yes yes yes yes no no no no no 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 13 13 13 13 13 19 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 Sharp et al., 2000 Biblio Sharp et al., 2000 CBT Sharp et al., 2000 PP Sharp et al., 2004 CBT Sharp et al., 2004 CBTG Sharp et al., 2004 WL Shear et al., 1994 CBT Shear et al., 1994 PP Sheehan et al., 1990 BUS Sheehan et al., 1990 IMI Sheehan et al., 1990 PLA Sheehan et al., 1993 ALZ Sheehan et al., 1993 BUS Sheehan et al., 1993 PLA Sheehan et al., 2005 PAR Sheehan et al., 2005 PLA Smits et al., 2006 AUD Smits et al., 2006 EXP Smits et al., 2006 PER Smits et al., 2006 PP Sramek et al., 1996 BUS Sramek et al., 1996 PLA Stahl et al., 2003 HAMA CIT Stahl et al., 2003 HAMA ESC Stahl et al., 2003 HAMA PLA Stangier et al., 2003 CBT Stangier et al., 2003 WL Stangier et al., 2011 CBT Stangier et al., 2011 IPT Stangier et al., 2011 WL Stein DJ et al., 2003 FLV Stein DJ et al., 2003 PLA (199) (200) (201) (202) (203) (204) (205) (206) (207) (208) (209) (210) PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD SAD GAD GAD PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD Bibliotherapy CBT Psychological Placebo CBT CBT Group Waitlist CBT nondirective therapy Buspirone Imipramine Pill Placebo Alprazolam Buspirone Pill Placebo Paroxetine Pill Placebo Exposure Video AUD Exposure Exposure Video PER Psychological Placebo Buspirone Pill Placebo Citalopram Escitalopram Pill Placebo CBT Waitlist CBT IPT Waitlist Fluvoxamine Pill Placebo Non-Face-to-Face Therapy CBT Psychological Placebo CBT CBT Group Waitlist CBT Psychological Placebo Buspirone TCAs Pill Placebo Benzodiazepines Buspirone Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo CBT CBT CBT Psychological Placebo Buspirone Pill Placebo SSRIs SSRIs Pill Placebo CBT Waitlist CBT IPT Waitlist SSRIs Pill Placebo CGI-S CGI-S CGI-S HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA HAMA SPS SPS LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS 0.732 2.913 1.640 3.463 2.220 0.805 1.131 1.395 1.219 1.543 0.940 1.335 0.514 0.367 1.235 0.866 0.451 0.854 0.816 0.412 0.408 0.331 0.718 0.894 0.674 0.705 0.155 1.218 0.828 0.117 2.988 2.690 29 29 29 31 20 19 24 21 16 18 18 34 27 31 444 445 17 18 18 15 52 61 112 125 114 50 21 38 38 41 56 53 12 12 12 12 12 12 15 15 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 4 4 4 4 6 6 10 10 10 15 15 20 20 20 12 12 no no no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 20 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 Stein et al., 2005 PLA Stein et al., 2005 VLX Stein MB et al., 2000 CBT+Drug Stein MB et al., 2000 CBT+PLA Stein, Cameron et al., 2002 MOC Stein, Cameron et al., 2002 PLA Stein, MB et al., 1998 PAR Stein, MB et al., 1998 PLA Stein, MB et al., 1999 FLV Stein, MB et al., 1999 PLA Swinson et al., 1995 Telephone CBT Swinson et al., 1995 WL Telch et al., 1993 CBTG Telch et al., 1993 WL Telch et al., 1995 CBT Telch et al., 1995 WL Tesar et al., 1991 ALZ Tesar et al., 1991 CLZ Tesar et al., 1991 PLA Tiller et al., 1999 FLX Tiller et al., 1999 MOC Titov et a., 2008-1 iCBT Titov et a., 2008-1 WL Titov et a., 2008-2 iCBT Titov et a., 2008-2 WL Titov et a., 2008-3 iCBT Titov et a., 2008-3 iCBT-C Titov et al., 2008-3 WL Titov et al., 2009 iCBT Titov et al., 2009 WL Uhlenhuth et al., 1989 ALZ (211) (212) (213) (214) (215) (216) (217) (218) (219) (220) (221) (222) (223) (224) (225) GAD GAD PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD GAD GAD PDA Pill Placebo Venlafaxine CBT + Paroxetine CBT + Pill Placebo Moclobemide Pill Placebo Paroxetine Pill Placebo Fluvoxamine Pill Placebo Telephone CBT Waitlist CBT Group Waitlist CBT Waitlist Alprazolam Clonazepam Pill Placebo Fluoxetine Moclobemide Internet-CBT Waitlist Internet-CBT Waitlist Internet-CBT Internet-CBT ClinicianAss Waitlist Internet-CBT Waitlist Alprazolam Pill Placebo SNRIs CBT + Drug CBT + Pill Placebo Moclobemide Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo SSRIs Pill Placebo Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist CBT Group Waitlist CBT Waitlist Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Pill Placebo SSRIs Moclobemide Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Non-Face-to-Face Therapy LSAS LSAS BAI BAI LSAS LSAS LSAS LSAS BSPS BSPS FQ Agoraphobia FQ Agoraphobia SPRAS SPRAS SAS SAS CGI-I CGI-I CGI-I Response CGI-I Response CGI-I Social Phobia Scale Social Phobia Scale Social Phobia Scale Social Phobia Scale Social Phobia Scale Social Phobia Scale 1.084 1.751 1.230 0.804 2.190 2.472 1.370 0.651 1.210 0.641 0.785 0.045 1.593 0.164 1.202 0.401 1.390 1.853 0.695 3.829 3.879 0.860 0.139 1.062 0.258 0.270 0.944 126 238 15 15 188 189 94 93 48 44 20 22 34 33 112 28 20 24 8 184 182 50 49 41 40 34 30 26 26 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 8 8 9 9 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no no no no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist Benzodiazepines Social Phobia Scale PSWQ PSWQ HAMA -0.062 0.889 0.018 1.246 30 24 19 41 10 9 9 8 yes yes yes yes 21 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 224 225 226 227 228 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 Uhlenhuth et al., 1989 IMI Uhlenhuth et al., 1989 PLA van Ameringen et al., 2001 PLA van Ameringen et al., 2001 SER van Apeldoorn et al. 2008 CBT van Apeldoorn et al. 2008 CBT+SSRI van Apeldoorn et al. 2008 SSRI van Vliet et al., 1994 FLV van Vliet et al., 1994 PLA Versiani et al. 1992 MOC Versiani et al. 1992 PHE Versiani et al. 1992 PLA Vos et al., 2012 CBT (226) (227) (228) (229) (230) Vos et al., 2012 IPT 229 230 231 232 233 234 Wade et al., 1997 CIT Wade et al., 1997 CMI Wade et al., 1997 PLA Wells, 2010 AR Wells, 2010 CBT Westenberg et al., 2004 FLV Westenberg et al., 2004 PLA Wiborg et al., 1996 CMI Williams & Falbo, 1996 CBT Williams & Falbo, 1996 WL Wims et al., 2010 iCBT Wims et al., 2010 WL Woelk et al., 2010 LOR (231) (232) (233) (234) (235) (236) (237) PDA PDA SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD PDA Imipramine Pill Placebo Pill Placebo Sertraline CBT CBT + SSRI SSRI Fluvoxamine Pill Placebo Moclobemide Phenelzine Pill Placebo CBT TCAs Pill Placebo Pill Placebo SSRIs CBT CBT + Drug SSRIs SSRIs Pill Placebo Moclobemide Phenelzine Pill Placebo CBT PDA IPT IPT PDA PDA PDA GAD GAD SAD SAD PDA PDA PDA PDA PDA GAD Citalopram Clomipramine Pill Placebo Applied Relaxation CBT Fluvoxamine Pill Placebo Clomipramine Exposure Waitlist Internet-CBT Waitlist Lorazepam SSRIs TCAs Pill Placebo Relaxation CBT SSRIs Pill Placebo TCAs CBT Waitlist Non-Face-to-Face Therapy Waitlist Benzodiazepines HAMA HAMA BSPS BSPS HAMA HAMA HAMA LSAS LSAS HAMA HAMA HAMA Panic Attack Frequency Panic Attack Frequency HAMA HAMA HAMA PSWQ PSWQ LSAS LSAS HAMA FQ phobia FQ phobia PDSS PDSS HAMA 0.551 0.253 1.027 1.716 0.622 1.389 0.827 1.760 0.484 1.563 2.376 0.735 0.564 20 20 69 134 37 36 27 15 13 26 26 26 48 8 8 20 20 39 39 39 12 12 8 8 8 13 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no yes yes yes yes 0.564 43 13 yes 1.385 1.492 0.960 0.811 3.828 1.802 1.363 1.418 0.961 0.244 1.051 0.186 2.900 281 98 96 10 10 146 148 18 39 9 19 25 37 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 39 8 8 8 8 6 yes yes yes no no yes yes no no no yes yes yes 22 References for studies included in the meta-analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 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