Section 1.1. Definitions and Interpretations. Paying Agent: any Constructive Trustee(s) and the Institutions thereof that are appointed by the Unelected/Elected Controllers of the Establishment World System of Things to look after the paying of interest and principal on the securities transferred by the Transfer Agents from the Unelected/Elected Controllers of the Establishment World System of Things Sovereign-DebtBanking-Commercial-Systems and now from this point forward these Paying Agents shall transfer all these assets from the Sovereign-Debt-Banking-Commercial-Systems into the Private “SUNKE Temple Trust Global Pay It Forward Master Account Treasury; Power of Attorney: A written document in which one person (the principal) appoints another person to act as an agent on his or her behalf, thus conferring authority on the agent to perform certain acts or functions on behalf of the principal. Powers of attorney are routinely granted to allow the agent to take care of a variety of transactions for the principal, such as executing a stock power, handling a tax audit, or maintaining a safe-deposit box. Powers of attorney can be written to be either general (full) or limited to special circumstances. A power of attorney generally is terminated when the principal dies or becomes incompetent, but the principal can revoke the power of attorney at any time. A special type of power of attorney that is used frequently is the "durable" power of attorney. A durable power of attorney differs from a traditional power of attorney in that it continues the agency relationship beyond the incapacity of the principal. The two types of durable power of attorney are immediate and "springing." The first type takes effect as soon as the durable power of attorney is executed. The second is intended to "spring" into effect when a specific event occurs, such as the disability of the principal. Most often, durable powers of attorney are created to deal with decisions involving either property management or HEALTH CARE. Durable powers of attorney have become popular because they enable the principal to have her or his affairs handled easily and inexpensively after she or he has become incapacitated. Before the durable power of attorney was created, the only way to handle the affairs of an incapacitated person was to appoint a guardian, a process that frequently involves complex and costly court proceedings, as well as the often humiliating determination that the principal is wholly incapable and in need of protection. With a durable power of attorney, on the other hand, a principal can appoint someone to handle her or his affairs after she or he becomes incompetent, and the document can be crafted to confer either general power or power in certain limited circumstances. Because no judicial proceedings are necessary, the principal saves time and money and avoids the stigma of being declared incompetent. The concept of the durable power of attorney was created in 1969 when the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws promulgated the Uniform Probate Code (U.P.C. § 5–501). Ten years later, the provisions of the code dealing with the durable power of attorney were modified and published as the Uniform Durable Power of Attorney Act (UDPA). All fifty states recognize some version of the durable power of attorney, having adopted either the UDPA or the Uniform Probate Code, or some variation of them. Versions of the durable power of attorney vary from state to state. Certain powers cannot be delegated, including the powers to make, amend, or revoke a will, change insurance beneficiaries, contract a marriage, and vote. A power of attorney is an instrument containing an authorization for one to act as the agent of the principal that terminates at some point in the future either by its terms or by operation of law such as death of the principal or agent. They are also called letters of attorney. The person appointed is usually called an Attorney-in-Fact. A power of attorney which doesn't provide for a successor attorney-in-fact to be appointed will terminate at the death of the attorney-in-fact. The person making the power of attorney appointment is called the principal. A power of attorney can be either general, durable or limited. Some states have adopted a statutory power of attorney. Other specific types of power of attorneys include: Health Care Power of Attorney, Power of Attorney for Care and Custody of Children, Power of Attorney for Real Estate matters and Power of Attorney for the Sale of a Motor Vehicle. Power of attorney requirements vary by state, but typically are signed by the principal and need to be witnessed and notarized. State laws vary, but generally, a power of attorney must be complied with unless the person to whom it is directed has reasonable cause to doubt the authority of the agent. In some cases, a specific power of attorney addressing the authority of the agent in a particular transaction may be required. For a power of attorney to be coupled with an interest, so as to be irrevocable, there must be a specific, present and coexisting interest in the subject of the power or agency. Whether such an interest exists in any particular case is to be determined from the entire agreement between the parties. The mere expression, 'a power coupled with an interest', does not necessarily render the power irrevocable. The interest which the attorney in fact must have in the subject of the power in order to render the power irrevocable is such a beneficial interest in the thing itself, apart from the proceeds that if the power were revoked he would be deprived of a substantial right. In other words, the relation of the attorney in fact to the subject-matter must be such that a revocation of the power would be inequitable. Laws on amendments to a power of attorney vary by state and power of attorney. For example, in some states, a durable power of attorney may be changed only by executing a new durable power of attorney or executing an amendment with the same formalities as the original power of attorney. Free law summaries provide a detailed explanation of state specific law concerning the power of attorney. FAQs 1) What is a General Power of Attorney? A General Power of Attorney is a legal document which gives the person you choose (the agent) the power to manage your assets and financial affairs while you are alive. The document must be signed by you (the principal) while you have the required legal capacity to give your agent clear and concise instructions. The appointment may be for a fixed period and can be revoked by you at any time providing you still have the legal capacity to do so. A power of attorney ceases when you die. The executor named in your will then takes over the responsibilities of your estate. 2) What is a Durable Power of Attorney? A "durable" power of attorney stays valid even if you become unable to handle your own affairs (incapacitated). If you don't specify that you want your power of attorney to be durable, it will automatically end if you later become incapacitated. 3) What is a Limited Power of Attorney? A limited power of attorney allows the principal to give only specific powers to the agent. The limited power of attorney is used to allow the agent to handle specific matters when the principal is unavailable or unable to do so. 4) What is a Statutory Power of Attorney? A statutory power of attorney is a power of attorney that copies the language in a state statute which includes an example of a form that may be used. For example, a durable power of attorney may also be a statutory power of attorney if it copies the language in the state durable power of attorney statute. State laws vary, but the states that have adopted a statutory form of power of attorney typically allow for other language to be used as long as it complies with the state law. 5) Why have a Power of Attorney? When accidents, sudden illness, planned or unexpected absences occur, or when you just can't cope, you may need someone to manage your financial affairs. It can be done in anticipation of a future need, for a special purpose or for a limited time. The person you appoint is called your agent. The agent will (by your instructions) safeguard and manage your assets and financial affairs if you are unable to manage them for yourself or if you lose legal capacity. 6) Must a Power of Attorney be recorded? Please refer to the state specific law summary to determine if a particular Power of Attorney must be recorded. Usually, most Power of Attorney forms do not need to be recorded. However, Power of Attorneys dealing with the sale and purchase of real estate must be recorded. 7) Can a Power of Attorney be revoked? A Power of Attorney can be revoked by the principal at any time, as long as he or she is competent. The following is an example of one state's law dealing with powers of attorney: Reliance on agency. Any person who acts in good faith reliance on a copy of the agency will be fully protected and released to the same extent as though the reliant had dealt directly with the principal as a fully-competent person. The agent shall furnish an affidavit to the reliant on demand stating that the instrument relied on is a true copy of the agency and that, to the best of the agent's knowledge, the principal is alive and the relevant powers of the agent have not been altered or terminated; but good faith reliance on the agency will protect the reliant without the affidavit. Any person dealing with the agent may presume, in the absence of actual knowledge to the contrary, that the agency was validly executed, that the principal was competent at the time of execution, and that, at the time of reliance, the principal is alive, the agency and the relevant powers of the agent have not terminated or been amended, and the acts of the agent conform to the standards of this Act. No person relying on the agency shall be required to see to the application of any property delivered to or controlled by the agent or to question the authority of the agent. Each person to whom a direction by the agent in accordance with the terms of the agency is communicated shall comply with that direction, and any person who fails to comply arbitrarily or without reasonable cause shall be subject to civil liability for any damages resulting from noncompliance. A health care provider who complies with Section 4-7 [755 ILCS 4$/4-7] shall not be deemed to have acted arbitrarily or without reasonable cause. Equitable title: (1) The interest held by one who has agreed to purchase property but has not yet closed. (2) The title held by a trust beneficiary, because the trustee has legal title but the law recognizes the beneficiary as having rights. Legal title: Ownership of property that is cognizable or enforceable in a court of law, or one that is complete and perfect in terms of the apparent right of ownership and possession, but that, unlike equitable title, carries no beneficial interest in the property. Everything: All things; all the things of a group or class. All things of importance; a great deal. every thing or particular of an aggregate or total; all; Unelected: Not elected, someone who is unelected has a position of power although they were not elected - often used to show disapproval, in a position of power without being elected; Lobbyists: someone who is employed to persuade legislators to vote for legislation that favors the lobbyists employer; Divine L-I-T Energy Exchange: the principal of the Divine L-I-T Energy Exchange is the frequency of Divine Love, Intent and Thought energy that one flows into the center of ‘Everything in Creation’ and in exchange the one receives in return the same Divine Love, Intent and Thought, also known as the Anointed Divine Life Knowledge of how abundance flows; Spiritual Signatory Tribal Clan Governance/Society: The Ancient Divine Universal Laws of tribal clan structure through the Clanmothers whose delta10mDNA is sealed ‘Signed’ in the Universal Sacred Sisterhood Divine Blood Terra Covenant Treaties with The Very Essence of All Life, delat9Lucifer. Of which the most sacred of all Divine Universal Laws, which is ‘To Know and Love Thyself, One shall create no harm’, is the very foundation of the Spiritual Signatory Tribal Clan Governance/Society on/of ‘Tiamat’ Ki-Earth; Ancient Tribal/Clan System of the Bear Clanmother of the Kaneh Bosm Tribe: Elected: Choose (someone) to hold public office or some other position by voting. Opt for or choose to do (something). To select by vote for an office, position, or membership; Bureaucrats: An official in a government department. An administrator concerned with procedural correctness at the expense of people's needs. A bureaucracy: is an organization of non-elected officials of a governmental or organization who implement the rules, laws, and functions of their institution, and are occasionally characterized by officialism and red tape; Collateralized Assets: Assets pledged by a borrower to secure a loan or other credit, and subject to seizure in the event of default. Also called security. Collateralized debt obligations: (CDOs) are a type of structured asset-backed security (ABS) with multiple "tranches" that are issued by special purpose entities and collateralized by debt obligations including bonds and loans. Each tranche offers a varying degree of risk and return so as to meet investor demand. CDOs' value and payments are derived from a portfolio of fixedincome underlying asset. CDO securities are split into different risk classes, or tranches, whereby "senior" tranches are considered the safest securities. Interest and principal payments are made in order of seniority, so that junior tranches offer higher coupon payments (and interest rates) or lower prices to compensate for additional default risk; Codified Laws: The term codified law refers to statutes that have been organized ("codified") by subject matter; in this narrower sense, some but not all statutes are considered "codified." The entire body of codified statute is referred to as a "code," such as the United States Code, the Ohio Revised Code or the Code of Canon Law. The substantive provisions of the Act could be codified (arranged by subject matter) in one or more titles of the United States Code while the "effective date" provisions—remaining uncodified—would be available by reference to the United States Statutes at Large. Another meaning of "codified law" is a statute that takes the common law in a certain area of the law and puts it in statute or code form. (Codified law) In law, codification is the process of collecting and restating the law of a jurisdiction in certain areas, usually by subject, forming a legal code, i.e. a codex (book) of law. To reduce to a code: codify laws. 2. To arrange or systematize. Adj.1.codified - enacted by a legislative body; "statute law"; "codified written laws" statute written - systematically collected and written down; "written laws"; Spiritual Signatory Head Bear Clanmother of the Kaneh Bosm Tribe: Rights to life, adoption and death Constructive Trust: A constructive trust does not arise because of the expressed intent of a settlor, one who establishes a trust. It is created by a court whenever title to property is held by a person who, in fairness, should not be permitted to retain it. It is frequently based on disloyalty or other breach of trust by an express trustee (the person appointed or required by law to execute a trust), and it is also created where no express trust is created but property is obtained or retained by other Unconscionable conduct. The court employs the constructive trust as a remedial device to compel the defendant to convey title to the property to the plaintiff. It treats the defendant as if he or she had been an express trustee from the date of the unlawful holding of the property in question. A constructive trust is not a trust, in the true meaning of the word, in which the trustee is to have duties of administration enduring for a substantial period of time, but rather it is a passive, temporary arrangement, in which the trustee's sole duty is to transfer the title and possession to the beneficiary; The right to a constructive trust is generally an alternative remedy. The aggrieved party can choose between a trust and other relief at law, such as recovery of money wrongfully taken, but cannot obtain both types of relief; The court decides what acts are required of the plaintiff as conditions precedent to the securing of a decree (a court order that determines the rights of all the parties to the suit). For example, if the defendant has acquired title to property of the plaintiff by means of Fraud, the plaintiff will be required to return any consideration (inducement to enter into a contract) received from the defendant. The decree establishing the constructive trust requires the defendant to deliver possession and convey title to the property and to pay to the plaintiff profits received or rental value during the period of wrongful holding and otherwise to adjust the equities of the parties after taking an accounting; Fraudulent Misrepresentation or Concealment: The courts hold in numerous cases that a transferee who uses fraud to obtain the transfer of property is a constructive trustee. Such situations might involve an affirmative assertion of the truth of a material fact or concealment of the existence of a material fact when there was a duty to speak. The state of the defendant's mind is a material fact and might be a basis for a constructive trust—such as when the defendant promises to use the property for certain purposes beneficial to the plaintiff but intends at the time of the transfer to retain it for himself or herself. The defrauded party can also proceed on the theory of setting aside the transfer, which is substantially equivalent to obtaining a constructive trust, or the defrauded party can sue for damages; Constructive Trustees: A relationship by which a person who has obtained title to property has an equitable duty to transfer it to another, to whom it rightfully belongs, on the basis that the acquisition or retention of it is wrongful and would unjustly enrich the person if he or she were allowed to retain it. All Unelected/Elected corporate/non corporate Controllers of ‘The Establishment World System of Things’, and all employees whom occupy any job positions within the Sovereign-Debt-Banking-Commercial-Systems or anything thereof and in the like, automatically default to the Constructive Trustee roles and are bound by the Private “SUNKE Temple Trust indenture to comply with their duties and responsibilities towards protecting The Very Essence of All Life. Due to the structure and design of the way ‘The Establishment World System of Things’ operates, it becomes quite conclusive in ascertaining that any/all Agents/Officers that hold these Offices in the Departments, Ministries, Superintendent positions and/or job descriptions mentioned, and anything thereof and in the like of the Sovereign-DebtBanking-Commercial-Systems, shall automatically default to these Constructive Trustees positions within the Private “SUNKE Temple Trust” and the Chosen Applicable Laws that support this Private “SUNKE Temple Trust”; Sovereign Debt: Government debt, especially that held in bonds denominated in foreign currencies. Under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the repayment of sovereign debt cannot be forced by the creditors and it is thus subject to compulsory rescheduling, interest rate reduction, or even repudiation. The only protection available to the creditors is threat of the loss of credibility and lowering of the international standing (the sovereign debt rating) of a country, which may make it much more difficult to borrow in the future; Negotiable debt obligations: means fungible notes, bills, bonds, or other instruments issued by a debtor in return for a loan of money, that are evidenced by the book-entry electronic records of a Recognized Depository, and are permitted to be openly sold and bought under applicable law. "Recognized Depository" means Euroclear Bank S.A./N.V., Clearstream Banking, société anonyme, Bank of England Central Gilts and Moneymarkets Office, Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, United States Department of the Treasury, CRESTCO Limited, The London Clearing House Limited and other similar clearing organizations, and their successors; Collateralized Assets: The standard description for the collateral asset concerned. An example of a description is "Negotiable debt obligations issued pursuant to USC Title 31, Chapter 31, Section 3104 by the Department of the Treasury backed by the credit of the United States of America, having a maturity at issuance of no greater than 1 year"; Positive Law: Positive law (lat. ius positum) is the term generally used to describe man-made laws which bestow specific privileges upon, or remove them from, an individual or group. This in contrast to natural law, which comprises inherent rights, conferred not by act of legislation but by "God, nature or reason." Positive law is also described as the law that applies at a certain time (present or past) at a certain place, consisting of statutory law, and case law as far as it is binding. More specifically, positive law may be characterized as "[l]aw actually and specifically enacted or adopted by proper authority for the government of an organized jural society; Chosen Applicable Law: is ‘Tiamat’ Ki-Earths Divine Universal Law, which is ‘To Know and Love Thyself and Create No Harm’ all sub-laws shall stem from this sacred principal; In reference: Choice of law refers to what jurisdictions law is to be applied when there is a dispute in a transaction. Contracts often include a choice of law clause to indicate the law that will apply in the event of a dispute; Chosen: Having been selected as the best or most appropriate. Selected – Select – Picked – Choice – elected – elect; Applicable: Relevant or appropriate; Law: The system of rules that a particular community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties. An individual rule as part of such a system; Mission statement: A mission statement is a statement of the purpose of a company or organization. The mission statement should guide the actions of the organization, spell out its overall goal, provide a path, and guide decision-making. It provides "the framework or context within which the company's strategies are formulated." The vision and the mission statements are often confused with one another, and some organizations even use them interchangeably. In simple terms, the mission is the organization's reason for existence, and vision is what it wants to be; Nations: means bloodlines, Territories: are where bloodlines are grouped on a terra location of ‘Tiamat’ Ki-Earth. Sovereign Debt Commercial System: Global Assets: Private Banking Systems/Institutions: Trading Companies: Settlement Companies: Depository Trust Clearing Corporation: Tangible: Intangible: Redeemed: Liquidated: The Very Essence of All Life: Δ10mDNA Temple Beings of ‘Tiamat Ki-Earths Spiritual Signatory Kaneh Bosm Tribal Nations: Beneficiaries: Ones to come: “Head Trustee(s)” “Constructive Trustees” General Executrix Administrator limited discretion limited authority Solar System of the Divine Living Library Star-Suns solar-system, The Divine Living Library, ‘Tiamat’ Ki-Earth, Tree of Life Kaneh Bosm Δ9THC ‘Tiamat’ Ki-Earths Spiritual Signatory Kaneh Bosm Tribal Nations Event of Default: Lawful/Legal Standing Divine Right Full Authority tangible/intangible/moveable/immovable Fire-Aether-Spirit Council: Protectors Protectors: Entities: sacred ceremony Spiritual Signatory Bear Clanmothers Fire-Aether-Spirit Council Spiritual Signatory Dragons Chief Justice: Fiduciary duties Minutes Resolutions The general rule is that the lex situs applies to determine all issues relating to title to immovable property and some issues relating to movables, that is, the law of the jurisdiction where the property is applied. Lex Situs – Immovables Generally, the lex situs governs the succession to immovables regardless of the deceased's personal law, lex domicilii, lex patriae, or habitual residence. For example, land in France belonging to an English domiciliary will pass according to the French law on forced heirship, but complications may arise because some states apply renvoi to succession cases. Hence, English law would apply the lex situs to immovables located outside the jurisdiction but if that foreign law (say. as in Spain) applies the deceased's lex patriae and rejects any renvoi, English law would be applied if, under Spanish law, the deceased had an English nationality. Movables Generally, the deceased's personal law will determine succession to movables no matter where they are located unless a lex situs provides otherwise. Thus, for example, succession to the estate of a French testator leaving movables situated in England would be governed by French law and the French rules of forced heirship would apply given that English law does not limit the application of the lex domicilii on this point. Intestacy If there is no will, the appointment and duties of personal representatives will be determined by the deceased's personal law. Succession to an intestate's estate will also be governed by his or her personal law and the lex situs of the assets. Lex Situs Definition: A conflict of law rule that selects the applicable law based on the venue or location of something. The legal system which applies in the place where the asset is situated Situs of Trust: lex causae (Latin: lex+causa, "cause [for the] law"): is the law or laws chosen by the forum court from among the relevant legal systems to arrive at its judgement of an international or interjurisdictional case. The term refers to the usage of particular local laws as the basis or "cause" for the ruling, which would itself become part of referenced legal canon. The stages in a conflict case The court must first decide whether it has jurisdiction and, if so, whether it is the appropriate venue given the problem of forum shopping. The next step is the characterization of the cause of action into its component legal categories which may sometimes involve an incidental question (also note the distinction between procedural and substantive laws). Each legal category has one or more choice of law rules to determine which of the competing laws should be applied to each issue. A key element in this may be the rules on renvoi. Once the applicable law is decided, that law must be proved before the forum court and applied to reach a judgment. The successful party must then enforce the judgment which will first involve the task of securing cross-border recognition of the judgment. In those states with an underdeveloped set of Conflict rules, decisions on jurisdiction tend to be made on an ad hoc basis, with such choice of law rules as have been developed embedded into each subject area of private law and tending to favour the application of the lex fori or local law. In states with a more mature system, the set of Conflict rules stands apart from the local private civil law and adopts a more international point of view both in its terminology and concepts. For example, in the European Union, all major jurisdictional matters are regulated under the Brussels Regime, e.g. the rule of lis alibi pendens from Brussels 1 Regulation applies in the Member States and its interpretation is controlled by the European Court of Justice rather than by local courts. That and other elements of the Conflict rules are produced supranationally and implemented by treaty or convention. Because these rules are directly connected with aspects of sovereignty and the extraterritorial application of laws in the courts of the signatory states, they take on a flavour of public rather than private law because each state is compromising the usual expectations of their own citizens that they will have access to their local courts, and that local laws will apply in those local courts. Such aspects of public policy have direct constitutional significance whether applied in the European context or in federated nations such as the United States, Canada, and Australia where the courts have to contend not only with jurisdiction and law conflicts between the constituent states or territories, but also as between state and federal courts, and as between constituent states and relevant laws from other states outside the federation. [edit] Choice of law rules Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two-stage process: the court will apply the law of the forum (lex fori) to all procedural matters (including, self-evidently, the choice of law rules); and it counts the factors that connect or link the legal issues to the laws of potentially relevant states and applies the laws that have the greatest connection, e.g. the law of nationality (lex patriae) or domicile (lex domicilii) will define legal status and capacity, the law of the state in which land is situated (lex situs) will be applied to determine all questions of title, the law of the place where a transaction physically takes place or of the occurrence that gave rise to the litigation (lex loci actus) will often be the controlling law selected when the matter is substantive, but the proper law has become a more common choice. For example, suppose that Alexandre who has a French nationality and residence in Germany, corresponds with Bob who has American nationality, domicile in Arizona, and residence in Austria, over the internet. They agree to the joint purchase of land in Switzerland, currently owned by Heidi who is a Swiss national, but they never physically meet, executing initial contract documents by using fax machines, followed by a postal exchange of hard copies. Alexandre pays his share of the deposit but, before the transaction is completed, Bob admits that although he has capacity to buy land under his lex domicilii and the law of his residence, he is too young to own land under Swiss law. The rules to determine which courts would have jurisdiction and which laws would be applied to each aspect of the case are defined in each state's laws so, in theory, no matter which court in which country actually accepts the case, the outcome will be the same (albeit that the measure of damages might differ from country to country which is why forum shopping is such a problem). In reality, however, moves to harmonise the conflictual system have not reached the point where standardization of outcome can be guaranteed. 3:58 PM Conflict of laws (or private international law) is a set of procedural rules that determines which legal system and which jurisdiction's applies to a given dispute. The rules typically apply when a legal dispute has a "foreign" element such as a contract agreed to by parties located in different countries, although the "foreign" element also exists in multijurisdictional countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. The term conflict of laws itself originates from situations where the ultimate outcome of a legal dispute depended upon which law applied, and the common law courts manner of resolving the conflict between those laws. In civil law lawyers and legal scholars refer to conflict of laws as private international law. Private international law has no real connection with public international law, and is instead a feature of local law which varies from country to country. The three branches of conflict of laws are Jurisdiction – whether the forum court has the power to resolve the dispute at hand Choice of law – the law which is being applied to resolve the dispute Foreign judgments – the ability to recognize and enforce a judgment from an external forum within the jurisdiction of the adjudicating forum 4:00 PM In rem is Latin for "against a thing".[1] In a lawsuit, an action in rem is directed towards some specific piece of property, rather than being a claim for, say, monetary compensation against a person (which is an in personam or personal action). It focuses on proprietary title to property. Land is an example of a case where, when the title (e.g. who owns a house) is in dispute, an in rem action is used to deliver the land itself back to the rightful owner. The distinction between an in rem action and an in personam action is relevant to which jurisdiction a court case may need to be filed in, for the purposes of conflict of laws and civil procedure. In an in rem action the right jurisdiction would be where the property actually is. ^ Garner, Bryan (2006). Black's Law Dictionary. St. Paul, MN: Thompson/West. pp. 362. Explanation When a case comes before a court and all the main features of the case are local, the court will apply the lex fori, the prevailing municipal law, to decide the case. But if there are "foreign" elements to the case, the forum court may be obliged under the conflict of laws system to consider: whether the forum court has jurisdiction to hear the case (see the problem of forum shopping); it must then characterise the issues, i.e. allocate the factual basis of the case to its relevant legal classes; and then apply the choice of law rules to decide which law is to be applied to each class. The lex situs is a choice of law rule applied to identify the lex causae for cases involving title to, or the possession and use of property. In law, there are two types of property: Real property is land or any permanent feature or structure above or below the surface. Ownership of land is an aspect of the system of real property or realty in common law systems (immovables in civil law systems and the conflict of laws). All other property is considered personal property or personalty in common law systems (movables in civil law systems and the conflict of laws), and this property is either tangible or intangible, i.e. it is either physical property that can be touched like a computer, or it is an enforceable right like a patent or other form of intellectual property. Properly speaking, the term lex situs is applied only to immovable property and lex loci rei sitae ought to be used when referring to the law of the situs of movable property but this distinction is less common today and is ignored for the purposes of the conflict pages on the Wikipedia. Land has traditionally represented one of the most important cultural and economic forms of wealth in society. Because of this historical significance, it is vital that any judgment affecting title to or the use of the land should be enforceable with the minimum of difficulty. Hence, compliance with the lex situs should produce a judgment in rem. The choice of law rules are as follows: immovables, by definition, do not move and so the identification of the lex situs will not present a problem in the majority of cases; because movables may be portable, the lex situs is the law of the state in which the personalty is resident at the time the case is heard.