Outline
 Introduction
 Cell repair Machines
 Features
 Applications of Cell Repair Machines
 Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair Machines
 Nano Medicine
 Respirocytes
 Ongoing Research
 Nano Horrors
Cell Repair Machines
 Medical Nano Robots (Molecular technology and AI)
 Will change medicine at its foundations
 A system including nanocomputers and molecular scale sensors and
tools, programmed to repair damage to cells and tissues
 A fundamental break through : these machines will free medicine from
the reliance of self repair as the only path to healing
 Selective Destruction : example cancerous cells , recognize and destroy
a specific kind of cell
 Nature's own cell repair machines are limited in their ability
Features
 Size
 micron scale robot with nano scale parts , parts would be from
1 to 100 nm , the actual machine would be 0.5 to 3 microns
 Bio Compatibility
 Passive Diamond coating , because of its inert nature , not attacked by the
immune system
 Powering
 Metabolize local glucose and oxygen for energy
 Clinical environment acoustic energy
 Communication
 Broadcast acoustic type messages
 Device similar to an Ultra Sound Probe
 Acoustic sensors
 Internal communication network
 Navigation :
 a navigational network with station
keeping navigational elements
providing high positional accuracy
 Accurate positions could be
reported to the physician using the
internal communication network
Applications of cell Repair Machines
 Drug Delivery
 Sophisticated ways
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Target specific ,enable the use of lower
doses of medicine
Side effects may be minimized and
stronger medicine could be used
Trigger based , will release medicine
when needed example Insulin
delivery
 Correcting Genetic Disorders
Comparing the strand of nucleotides
segment by segment
 Changing the nucleotides within a DNA
so that it matches a correct pattern

 Anesthesia plus
interrupting metabolism of the body for hours, days or years resulting in a condition
of bio statis( a stoppage or stable state)
 Bio statis provides deep anesthesia , thereby physicians can work for more time
 Used in the case of emergencies
 Can be achieved using molecular machines
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Molecular machines injected into the blood stream enter each cell , block the molecular
machinery for metabolism , the water is displaced using other molecular devices
 Reversing bio statis
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When it is time to wake up the patient , the process of resuscitation is started by the doctor ,
repair machines remove packing around molecules replace it with water and unblock the
metabolic machinery
Astronauts as a one way travel
Establishing Health
 State of health is established
 Recognize the differences between the
healthy tissue and the diseased tissue and
rectify those differences
 Immune system
 the body’s immune system is limited in its
capabilities
 Immune machines :- Medical nano
machines, which could be programmed to
respond to anything encountered by the
world of medicine .
 Disease of Aging
 Damaged molecular machinery
 Misarranged structures , low enzymes
Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair
machines
 Developing cell repair machines
requires great effort ,knowledge and
skill, tremendous development in
Artificial Intelligence
 An exact answer cannot be given to
the question “ when will cell repair
machines be available “
 Loss of information through
obliteration of structure imposes
the most important fundamental
limit to the repair of tissue
 Cell repair
machine
destroying a
cancer cell
NanoMedicine
 Nano medicine is an interdisciplinary field of science , even a simple
project needs contributions from physicists, engineers , material
chemists , biologist and end users such as an orthopedic surgeon
 Molecular nano technology and molecular manufacturing are key
enabling technologies
 Analyzing and repairing human body just as we repair any other
machine
 Applications
 Miniaturizing surgery
 Tissue reconstruction
 Eliminating all common diseases , all the medical pain and suffering
Respirocyte
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A proposed nano robot , artificial red blood cell
Of the order of 1 micron
Spherical nano robot made of 18 billion atoms
A pressure tank which can be pumped upto 9 billion Oxygen O2 and CO2
molecules
 By the virtue of its pressure sensors it releases Oxygen or Carbon Dioxide
 The bottom line is that mimics the action of hemoglobin filled red blood cells
and can deliver 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than a natural red
blood cell
 Applications
 Treatment of Anemia
 Transfusions and perfusions
 Fetal and Child Related disorders
On Going Research
Making Tiny Plastic Particles to
deliver Lifesaving Medicine
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Many medications such as therapeutic DNA,
insulin and human growth hormone must
enter the body through painful injections, but
a Johns Hopkins researcher is seeking to
deliver the same treatment without the sting
Justin Hanes an assistant professor at the
Department of Chemical and BioMolecular
Engineering wants to pack the drug into
microscopic plastic spheres which can be
inhaled
new type of porous polymer particles capable
of releasing drugs in an environment
resembling the deep lungs
http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03
/sep03/hanes.html
DNA Nanotechnology
 Self-Assembly of Metallic Nanoparticles
Arrays by DNA Scaffolding.
 This NSF-funded project is a done under the
supervision of :

Profs. Richard Kiehl (Electrical Engineering)
Karin Musier-Forsyth (Chemistry),

Prof Nadrian Seeman (New York University).

 The objective of this exciting multi-disciplinary
research project is to use two-dimensional
DNA crystals as a scaffolding for the selfassembly of arrays of metallic nanoparticles for
the development of new electronic devices.
 Chemical Imaging
 University of Michigan


Raoul Kopelman , Ph.D student
(Department Of Chemistry)
Optical nano sensors for real time chemical
imaging of cellular membranes and
intracellular processes , these sensors will
monitor pH, calcium , magnesium , sodium ,
potassium , chloride , oxygen concentrations
within the cells
Nano Horrors
 Self replicating Nano
Robots
 A threat to the
existence of human
beings
References
 http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/index.html
 http://www.ornl.gov/doe/doe_nsrc_workshop/talks/4_Schloss.pdf
 ( for research at National institute of health and other universities)
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http://www.brightsurf.com/news/sept_03/EDU_news_092903_b.php
http://www.pettribune.com/2000/090100/petpost2.html
 (nano technology applied to veterinary medicine )

http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r10/bombay/news3/page4.html
 (medical nano robots)
 http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/nanotechAndMedicine.html
 http://www.irannano.org/English/publication/Articles/nanomedicine2.htm
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(nano medicine faq)
http://www.chem.umn.edu/groups/musier-forsyth/dnagold.html
http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/sep03/hanes.html
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#NMResComOrg
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#PubDate
 (for nano medicine )