APA STYLE GUIDE
How to Format Your Paper
and Cite Your Sources
A Tutorial
1
Introduction
2
An Introduction to Sections I and II provides
you with general guidelines about the APA
STYLE paper formatting and citation rules.
A Note about Navigating this Tutorial:
At first, the tutorial will help you navigate the
Introduction Section as the slides will transition
automatically.
When Section I, How to Format Your Paper, begins,
please click on each slide to advance the presentation one
slide at a time. You will be reminded to do so before
Section I.
This will give you control of the slide transition from this
point on. You can view the examples and information in
3
general at your own pace.
APA STYLE GUIDE
How to Format Your Paper and Cite Your Sources:
An Introduction
4
APA STYLE GUIDE:
APA Documentation
System


This presentation offers an overview of the
APA documentation system described in the
5th edition of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (2001),
as it relates to How to Format Your Paper,
and How to Cite Your Sources.
It also includes documentation from the APA
Style Guide for Electronic References (2007).
5
APA STYLE GUIDE:
APA Documentation
System

For a comprehensive coverage of these
topics, please consult the print version of the
Manual itself (5TH ed.), found in your library,
or
(2007) at: http://apastyle.org/
6
APA STYLE GUIDE:
APA Documentation
System


APA Style Guide to Electronic References (©2007).
This guide is a revised and updated version of section 4.16 of
the fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (2001, pp. 268–281).
7
How to Use This APA Style Guide
For easy of use, this style guide is
comprised of two main sections:
I. How to Format Your Paper
II. How to Cite Your Sources
8
How to Use This APA Style Guide
Hyperlinks throughout this tutorial
help you better navigate the sections at
point of need.
9
How to Use This APA Style Guide
For easy of use, this style guide is comprised of two
main sections:
I. How to Format Your Paper
II. How to Cite Your Sources
PAPER FORMATTING
The FIRST SECTION covers the formatting of the major parts of
your paper in general: title page, the main body of
your paper, and references.
The focus of the section is the overall page numbering, line
spacing, margin setting, punctuation and capitalization
used for these parts (This guide is not intended as a
comprehensive manual for punctuation.)
10
How to Use This APA Style Guide
For easy of use, this style guide is comprised of two main sections:
I. How to Format Your Paper
II. How to Cite Your Sources
Hyperlinks throughout this guide help you better navigate the sections
at point of need.
PAPER FORMATTING
The FIRST SECTION covers the formatting of the major parts of your paper
in general: title page, the main body of your paper, and references.
The focus of the section is the overall page numbering, line spacing, margin
setting, punctuation and capitalization used for these parts (This
guide is not intended as a comprehensive manual for punctuation.)
11
How to Use This APA Style Guide
For easy of use, this style guide is comprised of two
main sections:
I. How to Format Your Paper
II. How to Cite Your Sources
SOURCES YOU NEED TO CITE AND HOW TO CITE THEM
The SECOND SECTION shows you how to handle the parts of a paper you
need to document: sources you need to cite and how to cite them.
Basically, the second section provides examples of frequently used
12
types of citations.
How to Use This APA Style Guide
In addition to the two main sections, I. How to
Format Your Paper, and How to Cite Your
Sources, this presentation includes four
Appendices and a Subject Index:
13
How to Use This APA Style Guide
Appendix A covers a very important ethical
and legal issue: plagiarism.
Appendix B introduces more topics and
examples beyond the ones featured in
Sections I and II.
14
How to Use This APA Style Guide
Appendix C provides hints on how to keep track of
your citations as you go along collecting
materials for your research paper.
Appendix D refers you to Keiser Online Resource
Center, The OWL at Purdue, and other university
online writing centers to expand your knowledge
of the APA Style Guide as well as writing
processes in general.
15
How to Use This APA Style Guide
A convenient Subject Index can be found
at the end of this tutorial. The entries
contain links to the slides where the
topics/examples can be easily and
quickly retrieved.
16
How to Use This APA Style Guide
In addition to the two main sections, I. How to Format Your Paper,
and II. How to Cite Your Sources, this presentation includes Appendices
and a Subject Index:
Appendix A covers a very important ethical and legal issue: plagiarism.
Appendix B introduces different topics and examples of citations in addition to
the most common ones featured in Sections I and II.
Appendix C provides hints on how to keep track of your citations as you go along
collecting materials for your research paper.
Appendix D refers you to Keiser Online Resource Center, The OWL at Purdue, and
other university online writing centers to expand your knowledge of the
APA Style Guide as well as writing processes in general.
A convenient Subject Index can be found at the end of this tutorial. The entries
contain links to the slides where the topics/examples can be easily and
quickly retrieved.
17
General Guidelines
Why Do We Format a Paper and Cite Sources?
I. Why Do We Format a Paper?
APA style is the style of writing used by authors submitting their
research as articles to journals published by the American
Psychological Association (APA).
Who Uses APA Style Guide?
The rules and guidelines presented in the APA Publication
Manual are also the standard for authors other than those
publishing in an APA journal. Papers reporting research in
Psychology, Sociology, Social Work, Business, Economics,
Criminology, Education and Nursing often follow the APA
Style.
18
General Guidelines
Why Do We Format a Paper and Cite Sources?
I. Why Do We Format a Paper?
APA style is the style of writing used by authors submitting their
research as articles to journals published by the American
Psychological Association (APA).
A. Copy Manuscripts vs. Final Manuscripts (Scholarly Papers vs.
Class Papers)
Although originally intended for preparing papers for publication
(copy manuscripts), both the APA research paper formatting
and citation guidelines are the style of choice for final
manuscripts. By final manuscripts, we mean class papers,
theses, and dissertations. It helps students to maintain a
more consistent format when writing.
19
General Guidelines
Why Do We Format a Paper and Cite Sources?
I. Why Do We Format a Paper?
B. Formatting and Citing “Material Other than Journal Articles.”
Some of the rules for publication in scholarly journals are not
necessary for class papers, and Chapter six of the APA Manual
addresses that issue: “Material Other than Journal Articles”
(APA, 2001, pp. 321-330).
This tutorial is meant for class papers, not for journal
publication. Theses and Dissertations following the APA
Manual also take into consideration specific instructions
established by a particular university.
20
General Guidelines
Why Do We Format a Paper and Cite Sources?
I. Why Do We Cite Sources?
Three main reasons:
1. To show research continuity (knowledge building). It
makes it easier for the reader to consult a
researcher’s sources, and build on that knowledge.
2. To support your ideas, as a writer, strengthening your
arguments. It makes your paper more relevant.
3. To give credit where credit is due. Failing to do so
constitutes plagiarism. Plagiarism is
academic/professional misconduct: it is not only
unethical but also illegal.
21
General Guidelines
Why Do We Format a Paper and Cite Sources?
I. Why Do We Cite Sources?
Mano Singham, a theoretical physicist and currently
Director of UCITE (University Center for Innovation in
Teaching and Education), Ohio, simply states the
importance of citations, when you are writing your
paper:
When you cite the works of others, you are strengthening
your own argument because you are making them (and
their allies) into your allies, and people who challenge what
you say have to take on this entire army. When you cite
reputable sources or credible authorities for facts or ideas,
you become more credible because you are no longer alone
and thus not easily dismissed, even if you personally are
not famous or a recognized authority.
22
General Outline

INTRODUCTION

I. HOW TO FORMAT YOUR PAPER
–
–
–
–

Margins
Line Spacing
Page Numbering
Title Page Elements
II. HOW TO CITE YOUR SOURCES
– Sources you need to cite and how to cite them II. How to handle the parts
of a paper you need to document, or, in other words, the sources you need
to cite if you are using words or ideas that you have not originated
yourself.
–
NOTE: Citing the sources you consulted in books, databases, etc. is
paramount to avoid plagiarism (More about plagiarism at the end of this
presentation: See Appendix A)
FORMS OF CITATIONS:
–
–
IN–TEXT CITATIONS (or PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS) and
REFERENCE LIST (REFERENCES)
APPENDIX A: Plagiarism
APPENDIX B: Additional Topics and Examples of Citations
APPENDIX C: Keeping Track of Your Citations during Your Research
APPENDIX D: More Tools on APA Style Guide and Writing Processes
INDEX (SUBJECT INDEX)
Please click on this slide to advance
the presentation, as you wish.
23
I.
How to Format Your Paper:
Basic Guidelines for
Overall Paper
Please click on each slide to advance the presentation one slide at
a time from this point on.
This will give you control of the slides transition. You can view the
examples and information in general at your own pace.
Note that the PowerPoint arrows at the lower left-hand corner of
each screen will also allow you to navigate to the next or
previous slide. (If you can’t see the arrows, place your cursor in the corner
of screen for full view.)
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I. How to Format Your Paper:
Basic Guidelines for Overall Paper




(You can click on a link for Illustration (a) and Illustration (b) on how to Format Your
Paper. A link will allow you to return to this slide to continue viewing the
presentation.)
1. PAPER CHOICE: Print the manuscript on one side of standardsized white paper, (8-1/2 X 11).
2. MARGINS
One-inch margins at the top, bottom, right and left sides of each
page are now required by APA.
3. LINE SPACING
Double spacing is required throughout the paper. Double-space
after every line of the title, headings, quotations, references, etc.
Do not use single or one-and-a-half spacing.
– If you wish to use single-spacing for quotations of verse and drama
because it more nearly approximates what the poet and dramatist
would want, consult with your instructor before doing so.

Note: Remember to click on the slides to advance the presentation.
25
How to Format Your Paper:
Basic Guidelines (cont’d)

4. PAGE NUMBERING
Number each page consecutively from the Title page through the
References page(s).
Type the numbers in the upper right-hand corner using Arabic
numerals.
Arrange the pages of the manuscript as follow:
– Title Page numbered 1.
– Abstract (if used): first page numbered 2 (start on
a separate page).
– Text (Body of Paper): start on a new page and
number it 2 (or 3, if Abstract included.)
– Pages with figures are not numbered.
26
How to Format Your Paper:
Basic Guidelines (cont’d)

4. PAGE NUMBERING
Number each page consecutively from the Title page through the
References page(s).
Type the numbers in the upper right-hand corner using Arabic numerals.
If arranging the pages of an 11-page manuscript (Page Title, Abstract, Body
of Paper, and References, they would look as follow:
2
1
4
18
9
27
How to Format Your Paper:
Additional Guidelines for Your Title Page

TITLE PAGE Main Elements

Title
The title is typed in uppercase and lowercase letters, and should be
centered on the page. If the title requires more than one line, doublespace between all the lines.

Short-title
A short title is used throughout the paper including the title page.
The Short Title and page number appear at the upper right-corner of the
title page.
The short title is a single two-word (or three-word) derivation of the
title of the paper.
The Short Title is typed one inch below the top of the page flush with the
right-hand margin (of one inch).

(You can click on a link for Illustration (a) and Illustration (b) on how to Format
Your Paper. A link will allow you to return to this slide to continue viewing the 28
presentation.)
II. How to Cite Your
Sources
29
NOTE:
Aside from consulting the APA Manual itself, refer to your
Library APA hand-outs for additional information on citations.
Your Library hand-outs contain more details to supplement the topics
covered on these slides. Also refer to Keiser Writes Online Writing Center
on your Library Web site for a very comprehensive coverage.
This presentation is meant to be a detailed, easy-tofollow, thorough introduction to the subject.
The tutorial can be used as a quick and handy
reference tool when you organize your citations as it
includes the most frequently used forms of citing
materials.
You might not find it necessary to consult any other tools to cite your
sources and complete your paper. However, if you can’t find the answer to
a question related to APA citation style, refer to Keiser Writes Online
Writing Center on your Library Web site for a number of university online
tools.
Appendix D offers additional Websites for consultation.
30
General Guidelines
How to handle the parts of a paper you need to
document:

–
Sources you need to cite and how to cite them.
FORMS OF CITATIONS:
A.
B.
IN–TEXT CITATIONS (or PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS) and
REFERENCE LIST (REFERENCES)
31
B.
Creating the Reference List
(References)
What to Document

Be sure to document all the sources you have used
in writing your paper. You’ll need to cite sources
for:
• direct quotations,
• paraphrases and summaries,
• information and ideas that are not common
knowledge or are not available in a standard
reference work, and
• any other borrowed material that might appear to
be your own if there were no citations.
By clicking here you can return to Appendix A, if you need to; otherwise, just continue
this presentation as usual by clicking anywhere on this slide.
32
Direct Quotation
When a direct quotation is used, always include the
author, year, and page number as part of the citation.
1. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be:


enclosed in double quotation marks and
should be incorporated into the formal structure of the
sentence.
Example:
Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required
less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia,
had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and
ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).
33
Direct Quotation
When a direct quotation is used, always include the
author, year, and page number as part of the citation.
2. A lengthy quotation of more than 40 words should be:
– typed on a new line
– without quotation marks
– in block format
– double spaced *
– indented (all lines) five spaces from the left margin
Example:
Miele (1993) found the following:
The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous
studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this
manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited
again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies
(e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in
attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
* The APA suggests that you do not single space; however, some instructors will require that
indented quotations be single-spaced, especially when quoting poetry, which loses some
34
of its formal characteristics when double-spaced. Check with your instructor before singlespacing quotations.
Paraphrases and Summaries



The Publication Manual defines paraphrasing as
summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a
sentence and changing some of the words (p. 349).
Note that two things must be present for
paraphrasing not to be considered plagiarism: use
your own words and use your own sentence
structure.
If you copy the source's words or if you copy the
source's sentence structure, you could be guilty of
plagiarism.
By clicking here you can return to Appendix A, if you need to; otherwise, just continue
this presentation as usual by clicking anywhere on this slide.
35
Information and ideas that are not common
knowledge or are not available in a standard reference
work
If you are stating facts of common knowledge such
as President Obama took the oath on January 20,
2009, you do not need to cite your source (even if you
had to look up the exact day of the inauguration).
36
II. How to Cite Your Sources:
Basic Guidelines
(You can click on the link for Illustration (c) on Basic Guidelines How to Format a References List.)
A comprehensive list of examples is provided down further in this
presentation.)


A. IN-TEXT CITATIONS (or
PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS)
B. CREATING YOUR REFERENCES LIST
(References)
37
II. How to Cite Your Sources:
Basic Guidelines



A. IN-TEXT CITATIONS or PARENTHETICAL
CITATIONS (citing, in parentheses, the author’s last
name & year of publication)
These are your citations within the text; that is,
instead of using footnotes, you briefly document,
within the text of your paragraph, an idea from the
source you consulted, usually citing, IN
PARENTHESES, the author’s last name and year of
publication.
Note that this parenthetical information corresponds
to a full citation for that source in your Reference
List at the end of your paper.
38
REMINDER: The citations YOU CREATED in the text of your document
should point to an entry in the Reference List.
39
A. In–Text Citations (or Parenthetical Citations)
Text citations are basically the same for print and electronic sources.
The main considerations in using text citations are placement and
content of source material.
Placement of citations: Place the author (s) and date (s)
within parentheses at an appropriate place within a sentence.
Example 1 (one author):
Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a
common barrier to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999).
Example 2 (three to five authors, when these are first cited in your
paper):
(Anderson, Myers, Wilkes, & Matthews, 2003)
Example 3 (three to five authors, for all subsequent citations in your
paper):
(Anderson et al., 2003)
Example 4 (when a work has six or more authors, use first author
followed by et al., meaning “and others.”)
40
Varying Your In-Text Citation Styles
Depending on how you construct your sentence, you can cite your
source in various ways. The options can be slightly different from
the examples presented in the previous slide.





An in-text citation could be formatted as in the example:
In the book Coercion (Rushkoff, 1999), the author breaks down
the methods of control…
Variations of the in-text citation above will depend on how you
choose to paraphrase the author’s idea. The following are some
variant styles:
(a) In the book Coercion (1999), Rushkoff breaks down the
methods of control…
(b) Rushkoff (1999) breaks down the methods of control…
(c) The book Coercion breaks down the methods of control…
(Rushkoff, 1999).
41
B. Creating the Reference List (References)
A REMINDER: The citations YOU CREATED in the text of your
document should point to an entry in the Reference List.
BASIC RULE FOR A BOOK: Most references have three parts, each
ending with a period. Please note punctuation and capitalization.
1
2
3
AUTHOR’S
PLACE OF PUBLICATION
st
TITLE
LAST NAME + 1 INITIAL
and
and
(in Italics)
PUBLISHER
.
DATE OF PUBLICATION .
Aarns, G. (2003).
1
Certain flaws.
2
New York: Preston Press.
3
42
.
B.Creating the Reference List (References)
BASIC RULE FOR A BOOK: Most references have three parts, each
ending with a period. Please note punctuation and capitalization.
1
AUTHOR’S
LAST NAME + 1st INITIAL
and
DATE OF PUBLICATION
3
2
.
TITLE
(in Italics)
.
PLACE OF PUBLICATION
and
PUBLISHER
Click on slide to view the reference entry for this book.
.
43
B. Creating the Reference List (References)
A REMINDER: The citations YOU CREATED in the text of your
document should point to an entry in the Reference List.
BASIC RULE FOR A BOOK: Most references have three parts, each
ending with a period. Please note punctuation and capitalization.
AUTHOR’S
LAST NAME + 1st INITIAL(S)
and
DATE OF PUBLICATION
Stone, C. L. (2003).
1
TITLE
(in Italics)
.
.
The basics of biology.
PLACE OF PUBLICATION
and
PUBLISHER
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
3
2
44
.
BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look a Each of
the 3 Main Parts of a Citation (Please Note Punctuation
and Capitalization)
1. (a) AUTHOR(S) AND DATE
AUTHOR’S COMMA
LAST NAME
SPACE
Author(s)
INITIAL(S)
OF AUTHOR
SPACE
YEAR OF
PUBLICATION
(IN PARENTHESIS)
PERIOD
SPACE
Date
Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and education. Philadelphia:
Ballière Tindall.
Colclough, B., & Colclough, J. (1999). A challenge to change. London:
Thorsons.
45
BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look a Each of
the 3 Main Parts of a Citation (Please Note Punctuation
and Capitalization)
1. (b) EDITOR(S) (instead of author) AND DATE
EDITOR’S COMMA SPACE INITIAL(S)
LAST NAME
OF EDITOR
Editor (s)
SPACE
(Ed.)
PERIOD
SPACE
YEAR OF
PUBLICATION
PERIOD SPACE
(IN PARENTHESIS)
Date
Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (1999). Coping: The psychology of what works. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Note the addition of the abbreviation (Ed.) in parentheses to indicate Editor.
If more than one editor, use (Eds.).
46
BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look at the Main Parts of a
Citation (Please Note Punctuation & Capitalization)
2. TITLE OF WORK: (a) Book and Chapter in a Book
Titles of books should be in italics (not underlined) but only the first word
and any proper nouns are capitalized. The rest of the title is written in all
lowercase.
Book Title (in italics)
Book:
Kidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston: Little, Brown
& Company.
Note that if you are citing the Title of a Chapter in a Book, only the Book
Title is in italics. The Chapter Title should not be in italics.
Chapter Title (not in italics)
Chapter in a Book:
Gardener, E. D. (1988). Heretics. In S. Nevins & L. Bointer (Eds.),
16th Century
Century England
England (pp. 327-384). London: Methaneon.
16th
Book Title (in italics) where the Chapter (not in italics) appears.
47
BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look at the Main Parts of a
Citation (Please Note Punctuation & Capitalization)
2. TITLE OF WORK: (b) Article in a Journal
For journals, list the name of the journal in italics with all significant words
capitalized. By significant words we mean nouns, verbs, etc. as opposed to
prepositions, articles, conjunctions.
The article you are citing should not be in italics and only the first word of
the title (and the first word of subtitle, if there is one) should be capitalized.
Article Title (not in italics)
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.
Consulting Psychology
Psychology Journal:
Journal: Practice
Practice and
and Research,
Research, 45
45(2),
(2), 10-36.
10-36.
Consulting
48
Journal Title (in italics)
BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look at the Main Parts
of a Citation (Please Note Punctuation & Capitalization)
2. TITLE OF WORK: (b) Article in a Journal
A summarized view on how to create a reference for an Article in a Journal:
Part of the Citation
Italics
Article Title
Do not
use
italics
Capitalize only the following:
Use
italics
Capitalize all significant words, that is, nouns,
Journal Title
Capitalization
(a) 1st word of the title; (b) 1st word of the subtitle, if there is one; (c) proper nouns.
verbs, etc.; do not capitalize prepositions, articles,
conjunctions, and such.
See another EXAMPLE of an article in a journal on next slide.
49
BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look at the
Main Parts of a Citation (Please Note Punctuation &
Capitalization)
2. TITLE OF WORK: (b) Article in a Journal
Example:
Note that only the initial noun (Adolescent)
is capitalized in this article title.
Article Title (not in italics)
Parker, G., & Roy, K. (2001). Adolescent depression: A review.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 572-580.
Journal Title (in italics)
Note the initials capitalized in the
journal title/sub-title except for “and”
50
BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look at the Main Parts of a
Citation (Please Note Punctuation & Capitalization)
3. Physical Place of Publication
For books, cite the city/(state) *of publication and the publisher.
For journals, list the place in the journal where the article appears
(not city and publisher): volume #, issue #, and page #.
Book:
Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (1999). Coping: The psychology of what works.
New York: Oxford University Press.
city
publisher
Article in a Journal:
Cole, T. B. (1999). Case management for domestic violence. Journal of
the American Medical Association, 282(6), 513-514.
vol. # issue # page #
See next slide for details on how to cite publisher’s location.
51
BASIC RULES FOR CITATIONS: A Detailed Look at the Main Parts
of a Citation (Please Note Punctuation & Capitalization)
1. Physical Place of Publication
For books, cite the city/state) *of publication and the publisher.
For journals, list the place in the journal where the article appears
(not city and publisher): volume #, issue #, and page #.
*Publishers’ Location
Write the publisher’s location as follows:
Publisher
Location
Notes
(1) Click on the link for list of two-letter abbreviations:
http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.
html
Located in
the USA
Located
outside of
the USA
Give city and state (In
your References List,
use the official twoletter U.S. Postal
Service abbreviations
for the states). See
Notes.
Give city and country
(2) For the locations below, do not use the state or
country as they are major cities well known for publishing:
Baltimore
Boston
Chicago
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
San Francisco
Amsterdam
Jerusalem
London
Milan
Moscow
Paris
Rome
Stockholm
Tokyo
Vienna 52
B. CREATING A REFERENCE LIST
(You can click on the link for Illustration (c) on Basic Guidelines How to Format a References List.)


Begin the Reference List on a new page, and use the title
“References” (minus quotations) typed in upper and lower
case, as indicated.
List only sources you have cited throughout the body of
your paper, and list all of these except for:
– an entire Web site you have mentioned, not specific parts
– personal communications (e.g., interviews, letters, e-mails,
messages from un-archived discussion groups),
– or any other material not accessible to your readers.

Note: Works you have consulted throughout your research,
but not cited in the body of your paper, are not included in
References.
53
B. CREATING A REFERENCE LIST



Double-space all text from title page through
References page(s).
First line of each reference is flush at the left
margin (of 1 inch). Indent 5 spaces for the
remaining lines of the same reference entry.
Italicize titles of books and periodicals (do not
italicize the title of a chapter in a book or of an
article in a periodical .)
54
Examples of References
1. Book (single author)
2. Book (two authors)
3. Book (three to six authors)
4. Book (editors in place of authors)
5. Book - Chapter in edited book (second or later edition)
6. Book [or Journal Article, etc.] (with seven or more authors)
7. Journal Article [Print] (page numbering continues from issue to issue)
8. Journal or Magazine Article [Print] (which has volume number and starts each
issue with page one)
55
Examples of References
9. Journal Article [Online version of print journal found on a database]:
(Examples of databases: ProQuest, CINAHL, LegalTrac, etc.)
10. Journal Article [Online] (stand-alone article not connected to a journal, such
as an article appearing on an organization Website)
11. Magazine Article [Print] (basic form): (Note: Use vol. # if magazine has vols.)
12. Newspaper article [Online, no author] (article found on a database; start with
the title of an article or book, if the author is not mentioned
13. U.S. government report [Online] (available on government agency Website,
no publication date indicated [no date=n.d])
56
Examples of References
The reference examples below illustrate the most common types of
references (Book, Journal Article, Database, Web Site, CD-ROM, etc.)
Please note that your References should have all the authors you cited
throughout your paper (the citations you created in parenthesis). Also
remember that your References list should be organized alphabetically
by last names of authors.
1. Book (single author):
Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and
education. Philadelphia: Balliere Tindall.
2. Book (two authors):
Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of
macroeconomics (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
3. Book
(three to six authors):
Marquart, J. W., Olson, S. E., & Sorensen, J. R. (1994). The
rope, the chair, and the needle: Capital punishment in Texas, 1923 57
1990. Austin: University of Texas Press.
4. Book (editors in place of authors):
Stock, G., & Campbell, J. (Eds.). (2000). Engineering the human germline:
An exploration of the science and ethics of altering the genes we
pass to our children. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Book - Chapter in edited book (second or later edition):
Roy, A. (1995). Psychiatric emergencies. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock
(Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (6th ed., pp. 17391752). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Note that the chapter is not in italics – only the book title is.
6. Book [or Journal Article, etc.] (with seven or more authors):
Mercer, E., Faria, R., White, J. R., Brent, C., Moore, M., Zygler, J. E., et al.
(2003). The myth of depression. Health Culture, 9, 221-229.
Note 1: For REFERENCES, cite the six authors and then add to them a comma and the
abbreviated expression et al. (meaning “and others.”)
Note 2: For the corresponding IN-TEXT CITATION, just list the 1st author (NOT ALL SIX
AUTHORS) and add et al. Example: (Mercer et al., 2003).
58
7. Journal Article [Print] (page numbering continues from issue to issue):
Dubeck, L. (1990). Science fiction aids science teaching. Physics
Teacher, 28, 316-318.
Journal issue #
Article page numbers
8. Journal or Magazine Article [Print] (which has volume number and starts
each issue with page one). Citation of magazine articles includes the
month and day the magazine was published - see Magazine entry below.
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in
organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and
Research, 45(2), 10-36.
Volume # Issue # Article page numbers
9. Journal Article [Online version of print journal found on a database]:
(Examples of databases: ProQuest, CINAHL, LegalTrac, etc.)
Sendelberg, K. S. (2008). Child support: Making a molehill out of a
mountain. Michigan Bar Journal, 87(6), 24-26. Retrieved January
5, 2009, from LegalTrac database.
59
10. Journal Article [Online] (stand-alone article not connected to a journal,
such as an article appearing on an organization Website):
Albanese, J. (2001). How can we reach teenage smokers? Retrieved
September 13, 2001, from
http://msweb.nursingspectrum.com/ce/ce229.htm
Note: If you are referring to a Website in general, not a specific article on a Website,
an entire Website may be simply cited in the body of your paper. According to APA Style
Guide, it does not need a corresponding citation in your References.
11. Magazine Article [Print] (basic form): (Note: Use vol. # if magazine has vols.)
Greenberg, G. (2001, August 13). As good as dead: Is there really such
a thing as brain death? New Yorker, 36-41.
12. Newspaper article [Online, no author] (article found on a database; start
with the title of an article or book, if the author is not mentioned):
Mad-cow may tighten blood-donor curbs. (2001, April 19). The Gazette
[Montreal], p. A13. Retrieved August 25, 2001, from Lexis-Nexis
database.
13. U.S. government report [Online] (available on government agency
Website, no publication date indicated [no date=n.d]):
United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). Federal sentencing
statistics by state. Retrieved Aug. 2, 2002, from
http://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htm
60
Appendices
and
Index
61
Appendices & Subject Index

Appendix A covers a very important ethical and legal

Appendix B introduces different topics and examples

Appendix C provides hints on how to keep track of

Subject Index: the entries contain links to the slides where
issue: plagiarism.
of citations in addition to the most common ones
featured in Sections I and II.
your citations as you go along collecting materials for
your research paper.
the topics/examples can be easily and quickly retrieved.
62
Appendix A
Plagiarism
63
Appendix A: Plagiarism




What is plagiarism?
Simply put, plagiarism is the use of another's
original words or ideas as though they were your
own. Any time you borrow from an original source
and do not give proper credit, you have committed
plagiarism and violated U.S. copyright laws.
What are copyright laws?
Copyright laws exist to protect our intellectual
property. They make it illegal to reproduce someone
else's expression of ideas or information without
permission. This can include music, images, written
words, video, and a variety of other media.
Retrieved from WriteCheck on 01/20/09 at
64
http://writecheck.turnitin.com/static/citation_help/prevent_plagiarism.html
Paraphrasing: What to Document


Earlier in this presentation, we covered
what to document when you are doing
research and borrowing someone’s
ideas to write your paper.
Please review What to Document, and
Paraphrases & Summaries, before
proceeding.
65
Avoiding Plagiarism
WriteCheck Student Resources covers this topic in a very simple and
concise way. Take a look at their Web page at:
http://writecheck.turnitin.com/static/citation_help/prevent_plagiarism.html

Here are some quotations from that site:

Plan your paper
Planning your paper well is the first and most important step you
can take toward preventing plagiarism. If you know you are going
to use other sources of information, you need to plan how you are
going to include them in your paper.

Take effective notes
One of the best ways to prepare for a research paper is by taking
thorough notes from all of your sources, so that you have much of
the information organized before you begin writing. On the other
hand, poor note-taking can lead to many problems-- including
improper citations and misquotations, both of which are forms of
plagiarism!
See Appendix C for additional help on how to avoid plagiarism.
66
Appendix B
Additional Topics
and Examples of
Citations
67
APPENDIX B
Additional Topics and Examples of Citations
1. Book (edition placed after the title in parentheses):
Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An
Introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill.
2. Book (revised edition):
Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
3. Book (corporate author*, author as a group, that is, no individual names):
Ohio State University. Natural Resources Institute (1959). A directory
of Ohio facilities and services for resource conservation.
Columbus, OH: Natural Resources Institute.
*The names of groups that serve as authors (This includes corporations, government
agencies, associations, universities, etc.) are spelled out each time they are cited
within the textj, as a general rule. However, when citing a well-known organization, it
suffices to spell out the first mention, and abbreviate thereafter.
4. Book (no author):
The American heritage dictionary (2nd college ed.). (1991). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
68
APPENDIX B
Additional Topics and Examples of Citations
5. Book (English translation of a book):
Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish (A. Sheridan, Trans.) (2nd ed.).
Studies in Critical Theory. New York: Vintage Books (Original work
published 1978).
6. Paper (Unpublished paper presented at a meeting):
Shimahara, N. K. (1983, November 18). Mobility and education of Buraku:
The case of a Japanese minority.. Paper presented at the annual meeting
of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.
7. Encyclopedia [print] (entry in an encyclopedia):
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th
ed.; Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.
9. Encyclopedia (article from an online encyclopedia):
Containerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008,
from http://search.eb.com
69
APPENDIX B
Additional Topics and Examples of Citations
10. Book (electronic book, e-book):
O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Available from
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135
11. Book (Chapter( in an electronic book):
Mitchell, H. W. (1913). Alcoholism and the alcoholic psychoses. In W. A. White
& S. E. Jelliffe (Eds.), The modern treatment of nervous and mental
diseases (Vol. 1, pp. 287–330). Retrieved from PsycBOOKS database.
The database name is included in the reference to aid readers in
finding an electronic version of the book because it may be difficult
to find it in print.
70
APPENDIX B
Additional Topics and Examples of Citations
A Quote from the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2007)
regarding electronic resources in general:



Electronic books are available in a variety of formats and delivery
methods.
They may be viewed page-by-page on a public Web site, downloaded
in part or in whole from a database (e.g., netLibrary, PsycBOOKS,
Gutenberg Project), or purchased as audio files. Text or audio files
can be delivered to computers and to personal audio devices or text
readers.
The database name is included in the reference to aid readers in
finding an electronic version of the book because it may be difficult
71
to find in print.
APPENDIX B
Additional Topics and Examples of Citations
12. Dissertation (accessed online from a database):
Young, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to
sustainable cities. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
(AT3276815)
13. Data file ( available from NTIS/National Technical Information Service
Web site):
Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health
Statistics. (2003). National Extended Care Facility Roster [Data file].
Available from National Technical Information Service Web Site:
http://www.ntis.gov.
NOTE: If you have an URL that is too long to fit within a line, break it at a
“forward slash” section rather than just anywhere. Also, do not use a
period at the end of your URL, unless the period is part of the Web
address.
72
APPENDIX B
Additional Topics and Examples of Citations
14. Electronic publication (with a DOI):
Brownlie, D. Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated
bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), 12451283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161
NOTE: As we all know, because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, electronic
resources are sometimes changed or no longer made available as time goes
by. Broken hyperlinks and nonworking URLs in the References List are
annoying and, worse than that, without them the information would be lost.
To avoid this problem, a permanent ID has been created by the publishing world.
It is called a Digital Object Identifier, or DOI, for short. It is a unique
alphanumeric identifier.
You can see the DOI for an article as you view the article in an electronic journal,
or for an e-book, as you research your databases or other Internet sources.
So, be sure to include it in your References.
Important: Notice that, when you use a DOI in your reference, you do not
need to add : Retrieved from … on (date you retrieved the information), etc.
The DOI identification suffices.
73
APPENDIX B
Additional Topics and Examples of Citations
A Special Note on Alphabetizing Citations in the Reference List
Alphabetizing Author Names in the Reference List
Harris, Patricia (Harris is
A. Alphabetize letter by letter
placed before Harrison in
the Reference list.)
Harrison, Kevin
(1) MacArthur
B. Alphabetize the prefixes M’, Mc, and Mac
(MacArthur is placed
before McAllister)
(2) McAllistser
(3) M’ Carthy
C. Alphabetize author’s last names that contain articles &
prepositions (de, la, du, von, etc.) as per the rules of original
language.
(a) If the prefix is commonly used as part of the last name, such
as De Vries, alphabetize by the prefix.
(b) If the name is normally mentioned without the prefix, such
as Helmholtz (rather than von Helmholtz), alphabetize by the
last name. The prefix follows the initials.
(a) De Vries (but)
(b) Helmholtz, H. L. F. von
(Consult the biographical
section of MerriamWebster’s Coll. Dictionary
for the proper use.)
74
Appendix C
Keeping Track of Your
Citations during Your
Research
75
Keeping Track of Your Citations
during Your Research
For a practical and effective way to keep track of your
citations while you compile materials for your
research paper, you can refer to a teaching tool on
your Library Web site.
The following link will take you to Avoiding Plagiarism:
Safe Practices:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/03/
An additional section provides exercises for you to safely avoid
plagiarism.
76
Appendix D
Additional Sources
for Consultation
77
Appendix D:
Additional Sources for Consultation
I. Keiser Writes Online Writing Center
A. Plagiarism and Style
B. Writing Process
A. Plagiarism and Style
The Resources Module contains the following sections:
Dictionary, Thesaurus and Translation Links
Grammar and Mechanics
Plagiarism and Style
Writing Process
ESL Resources
B. Writing Process
II. The OWL at Purdue (the Online Writing Lab at Purdue
University)
78
Appendix D:
Additional Sources for Consultation
I. Keiser Writes
Online Writing
Center
A. Plagiarism &
Style
B. Writing
Process
Keiser Writes Online
Writing Center
can be found in
the first column
of your Library
home page. At
the top of the
Writing Center
home page, click
on Resources.
79
Appendix D:
Additional Sources for
Consultation
A. The Resources Module of Keiser Writes Online Center contains the following
sections:
Dictionary, Thesaurus and Translation Links
Grammar and Mechanics
Plagiarism and Style
Writing Process
ESL Resources
80
Appendix D:
Additional Sources for Consultation
If you can’t find
the answer to a
particular
citation in this
slide
presentation,
look for APA,
APA (Electronic
References)
under Style
Guides (for
citing resources)
in the
Plagiarism and
Style Section.
Keiser Writes On-line
Writing Center
[RESOURCES]
Plagiarism and Style
Style Guides (for citing
resources)
Specific Styles
APA
General Guides
Citation Machine
Diana Hacker
Duke U
Purdue's OWL
81
Appendix D:
Additional Sources for Consultation
Keiser Writes On-line
Writing Center
[RESOURCES]
Plagiarism and Style
The Section General Guides,
below Style Guides (for citing
resources), further expands on
the material covered in APA,
APA (Electronic References).
Style Guides (for citing
resources)
Specific Styles
APA
General Guides
Citation Machine
Diana Hacker
Duke U
Purdue's OWL
82
Appendix D:
Additional Sources for Consultation
Keiser Writes On-line
Writing Center
B. Writing Process
Tour the various modules of
Keiser Writes Online
Writing Center to benefit
from the wealth of
information provided in
the Center.
One such module is Writing
Process. Tips on how to
approach a research paper
provide good guidance.
You can start with Keiser U
OWL (Improving Your
Writing Process).
[RESOURCES]
Writing Process
Keiser Writes On-line
Writing Center
Dictionary, Thesaurus
and Translation Links
Grammar and Mechanics
Plagiarism and Style
Writing Process
ESL Resources
Keiser U OWL
BYU
Cleveland St U
Colorado St U
MIT
U of Richmond
U of Wisconsin –
ESL Desk
83
Subject
Index
(Forthcoming)
84
APA STYLE GUIDE TUTORIAL INDEX
NOTE: In order to easily access a slide number: (1) Place your cursor on the
lower left-hand corner of a screen until you see the PowerPoint navigation
icons. (2) Click on the rectangle icon in between the pencil and the forward
arrow. (3) A fly-out window will open. (4) Rest your cursor on option # 4 Go to
Slide. (5) Select the slide you need.
Title
Slide
Number
Additional Examples of References: Book (Chapter in an electronic book):
70
Additional Examples of References: Book (corporate author, author as a
group, that is, no individual names):
68
85
Additional Examples of References: Book (edition placed after the title in
parentheses):
68
Additional Examples of References: Book (electronic book, e-book):
70
Additional Examples of References: Book (English translation of a book):
69
Additional Examples of References: Book (no author):
68
Additional Examples of References: Book (revised edition):
Additional Examples of References: Data file ( available from NTIS/National
Technical Information Service Web site):
72
Additional Examples of References: Dissertation (accessed online from a
database):
72
Additional Examples of References: Electronic publication (with a DOI):
73
86
Additional Examples of References: Encyclopedia (article from an online
encyclopedia):
69
Additional Examples of References: Encyclopedia [print] (entry in an
encyclopedia):
69
Additional Examples of References: Paper (Unpublished paper presented at
a meeting):
69
Additional Sources for Consultation: APA, APA (Electronic References)
81
Additional Sources for Consultation: Improving Your Writing Process
83
Additional Sources for Consultation: Plagiarism
79
Alphabetizing Author's Names in the Reference List: Special Rules
74
APA Online
6
APA Style Guide for Electronic Resources
7
APA STYLE GUIDE: HOW TO FORMAT YOUR PAPER AND CITE YOUR
SOURCES
8
87
Appendices & Indexes
62
Appendix A: Plagiarism
63
Appendix B: Additional Topics and Examples of Citations
67
Appendix C: Keeping Track of Citations During Your Research
75
Appendix D: Additional Sources for Consultation
77
Avoiding Plagiarism: WriteCheck Student Resources
66
Citing Sources: Why Do We Cite Sources?
21
Common Knowledge: Stating Facts of Common Knowledge
36
Copy Manuscripts vs. Final Manuscripts
19
Copyright Laws: What are Copyright Laws?
64
Creating the Reference List: Article in a Journal Title
48
Creating the Reference List: Basic Information on Author/Date
45
Creating the Reference List: Basic Rule for Books (Example 1)
42
88
Creating the Reference List: Basic Rule for Books (Example 2)
44
Creating the Reference List: Book Title
47
Creating the Reference List: Chapter of a Book Title
47
Creating the Reference List: How to Format the Reference List
53
Creating the Reference List: Journal Title/Article Title Summary
49
Creating the Reference List: Physical Place of Publication (Book)
51
Creating the Reference List: Physical Place of Publication
(Journal/Article )
51
Creating the Reference List: Place of Publication (Rules for Cities )
52
Creating the Reference List:Basic Information on Editor/Date
46
Creating the Reference List:Journal Title
48
89
Direct Quotation ( of fewer than 40 words)
33
Direct Quotation ( of more than 40 words)
34
DOI: Explaining DOI
73
Examples of References: Journal Article [Print] (page numbering continues
from issue to issue):
59
Examples of References: Book - Chapter in edited book (second or later
edition):
58
Examples of References: Book (editors in place of authors):
58
Examples of References: Book (single author):
57
Examples of References: Book (three to six authors):
57
Examples of References: Book (two authors):
57
Examples of References: Book [or Journal Article, etc.] (with seven or more
authors): rule for the corresponding in-text citation
58
90
Examples of References: Book [or Journal Article, etc.] (with seven or more
authors):
58
Examples of References: Journal Article [Online version of print journal
found on a database]:
59
Examples of References: Journal Article [Online] (stand-alone article not
connected to a journal, such as an article appearing on an organization
Website):
60
Examples of References: Journal or Magazine Article [Print] (which has
volume number and starts each issue with page one).
59
Examples of References: Magazine Article [Print] (basic form):
60
Examples of References: Newspaper article [Online, no author]
60
Examples of References: U.S. government report [Online] (available on
government agency Website, no publication date indicated [no
date=n.d]):
60
Formatting a Paper: Why Do We Format a Paper?
18
91
How to Format Your Paper: Basic Guidelines (for overall paper)
25
How to Format Your Paper: line spacing
25
How to Format Your Paper: margin
25
How to Format Your Paper: page numbering
26
How to Format Your Paper: short-title
28
How to Format Your Paper: title
28
How to Format Your Paper: title page main elements
28
Illustration ( c ): Creating the References List
87
Illustration (a): Title Page Format (Margin, Page Number Placement, Line
Spacing
85
Illustration (b): Title Page Format (Page Numbering, Short Title, Full Title,
Writer's Name/Class/Instructor's Name/Date.
86
In-text Citations & Corresponding References
39
92
In-text Citations (examples)
40
In-text Citations (or parenthetical citations)
38
In-text Citations: Varying Your In-text Citations
41
Keiser Writes Online Writing Center
79
Material Other than Journal Articles
Navigating this Tutorial
3
Outline: Tutorial General Outline
23
Paraphrases & Summaries
35
Plagiarism: What is Plagiarism?
64
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
What to Document
5
32
93
Illustration (a) - Title Page Format: 1. Margins (Upper/Lower/Left/Right);
2. Page Number Placement; 3. Line Spacing.
Click here to return to
Section I, How to
Format Your Paper, for
more Basic Guidelines.
94
Illustration (b): Title Page Format (1. Page Numbering; 2. Short Title; 3. Full-Title; 4.
Writer’s Name; 5. Class #; 6. Instructor’s Name; 7. Date.)
Click here to return to
Section I, How to
Format Your Paper, for
more Basic Guidelines.
95
Illustration (c): Creating Your References List
Click here to return to
Section II, How to
Cite Your Sources, for
more Basic Guidelines.
96
APA STYLE GUIDE


How to Format Your Paper and
How to Cite Your Sources
The End
Created by Marilene L. Riemer
January 2009
97