Renaissance and Reformation
Ch.14
Italian Renaissance
Why does our government want all kids to be educated?
1300-1600
Italian States
• The civilization of the Italian
Renaissance was urban, centered on
towns that had become prosperous
from manufacturing, trade, and
banking.
• Italians had acquired considerable
wealth, and some of this wealth was
used to support writers, scholars, and
artists. Patrons of the Arts
• During the Renaissance, Italy remained
divided politically. Social Classes
• Rebirth or revival of Greek and Roman
antiquity. Humanism and Renaissance
Man
• Humanities – History, Literature, Art,
Logic/Reason, Rhetoric/Debate,
Grammar, Science
• Florence – Birthplace of the
Renaissance – Medici Family - Bankers
• Florentine merchants loaned and
invested money
• Huge profits from investments and
loans
• More disposable income – Patrons of
the arts
• The rich and middle class enjoyed the
wealth, instead pilgrimages to the City
of God
Italian States - Rivaliries
• Florence
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– Oligarchy
– Medici family
• Milan
– Condottiere mercenaries
– Spanish empire
• Venice
– Great Council
• Doge - leader
– Monopoly on spice and
luxury trade
Papal States
– Renaissance
Popes (Italian)
– Borgias (Spain)
1492
• Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies
Poor land
Spanish empire
• Northern cities had free men who competed with
the Nobles. (Political and economic)
• Merchant guilds and communes. (Oligarchies)
• Political rivals created an unstable government
• The common people (popolo) were heavily taxed
and excluded from government
• The popolo used armed conflicts to establish
republican form of governments.
• The popolo could not maintain civil order
• The wealthy and nobles would gain back control
by using the Condottieri (military leaders)
• The wealthy acted like nobles and created courts
Renaissance Literature
Niccolo Machiavelli
The Prince
Dante Alighieri
• Divine Comedy
Francesco Petrarca
(Petrarch)
• Italian sonnet - poem
of 14 lines (8 and 6)
• Literary humanism
• Devout Catholic
• Revive the classics
Italian Renaissance Art
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Religious scenes focused on expressions
Holy as human - Humanism
God’s beauty in world
Nude body
Uniqueness - self-portraits
Sandro Botticelli
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Vivid colors
Classical mythology
The Adoration of the Magi
The Birth of Venus
Primavera
Leonardo da Vinci
• First Italian artist to use oil
paints
• Mona Lisa
• The Last Supper
• The Virgin of the Rocks
• Religious matter in secular and
humanized fashion
Leonardo da Vinci
• Studying fossils
• Anatomy from
dissections
• First accurate
description of
human skeleton
• Remained on paper
Raphael Santi
• Humanized Madonna
paintings
• Sistine Madonna
• School of Athens
Michelangelo Buonarotti
• Sistine Chapel
– Nine scenes of OT from
Creation to Flood
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The Last Judgment
David
Moses
Pieta
Dying Slave
Night
Michelangelo Buonarotti
•Using these two
paintings, comment on
the similarities and
differences between
Italian and Northern
humanism.
The Northern Renaissance
Why does information spread so fast today?
• The influence of the Italian Renaissance
gradually spread northward.
• Why does it happen later?
• The Northern Renaissance was infused with
a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where
there had been often an almost open revolt
against Christian ideals.
Northern Renaissance
• The Kings and
Queens of Europe
brought in the great
artists and scholars
• Trade and travel to
Italy – people were
educated in Italy exploration
Renaissance in Germany and
Low Countries
• Printing press w/
moveable type
– Johannes Gutenberg
– 1456 - the Bible
– Rapid spread of
knowledge
• Christian Humanism
– Unite classical
learning w/ Christian
faith – Church
encouraged Bible
study
– Erasmus
• ‘Prince of the
Humanists’
• Praise of Folly
• Rejected Luther
Flemish Painting
• Jan and Hubert van
Eyck
– First to use oil paints
– The Adoration of the
Lamb
– Giovanni Arnolfini and
His Bride
• Peter Brueghel
– Earthly and lively
activities of peasants
– Peasant Wedding
– Children’s Games
German Painting
• Albrecht Durer
– Mastery of
expression
– Woodcuts
– Self-Portrait
• Hans Holbein the
Younger
– Portraits
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Henry VIII
Erasmus
Thomas More
The Ambassadors
Elizabethan Literature
• Edmund Spenser
– Leading poet
• Christopher Marlowe
– playwright
– Brief career
– Doctor Faustus
• William Shakespeare
– Most famous playwright
• Thomas More
– Utopia – beneficent
government
Spanish Renaissance
• Miguel de Cervantes
– Don Quixote
• El Escorial – King’s
Palace
• El Greco
Mannerism (1520-1600) – The
artists did not focus on nature,
more on style
•El Greco, Resurrection
•Tintoretto, The Last Supper
France
• Black Death and 100 years war left France
depopulated
• Charles VII revived the monarchy, expelled
the English, strengthened finances thru salt
and land taxes.
• Charles VII created the first permanent royal
army
• Concordant of Bologna (1516) – Frances I
and Pope Leo X agreed to allow French kings
to appoint bishops – set church policies
England
• Decline in Population?
• Tudors restored royal prestige, crush power
of nobility, and establish local order
• Tudors, except Henry VIII, stayed away from
expensive wars
• The royal council was filled with common
lawyers, not nobles – The Star Chamber
• When Henry VII dies (1509), England is at
peace, wealthy from trade, and the royals are
well respected
Spain
• Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
unite the royal houses, but not the two
peoples – Spain not united
• They weaken the power of the aristocracy –
excluded from royal council
• They secured the power to appoint biships in
colonies
• Anti-Semitic pogroms – 40% of jews killed or
forced to convert (conversos)- “purity of
blood”
Spain
• Inquisition – Expell all Jews
• Hapsburg dynasty continues with Charles V
and Philip II
• Charles V – inherits the Netherlands and Holy
Roman Empire
• Philip II – Unites Spain in 1580