Strategy for Integrated Global
Atmospheric Chemistry
Observations
(IGACO)
Joerg Langen (ESA-ESTEC)
on behalf of the IGACO Theme Team
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
-1-
Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS)
Partnership (1/3)
Partners
• the Global Observing Systems (GOS/GAW, GOOS, GTOS,
GCOS)
• the international agencies which sponsor the Global
Observing Systems (FAO, ICSU, IOC of UNESCO,
UNEP, UNESCO, WMO)
• the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS)
• the International Group of Funding Agencies for Global
Change Research (IGFA)
• the international global change research programmes
(WCRP, IGBP)
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
-2-
Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS)
Partnership (2/3)
addresses the need to
• join forces in Earth Observation globally
• fill gaps in existing observation systems
• integrate diverse data sets and strengthen institutional
capacity to implement integrated global observations
• ensure long-term continuity in observation, supporting data
policies, enhanced product processing chains, better archiving
and improved accessibility to the information products.
• improve communication between space agencies, agencies
supporting in-situ observing systems, scientific research
programmes, and governmental agencies
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
-3-
Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS)
Partnership (3/3)
Themes
• Ocean
• Global Carbon Cycle
• Global Water Cycle
• Geo-Hazards
• Atmospheric Chemistry (IGACO)
• Coastal (incl. Coral-Reef)
•
Land
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
-4-
The IGACO Team - Authors
• L. Barrie (WMO) (co-chair)
• J. Langen (ESA) (co-chair)
• P. Borrell (P&PMB
Consultants) (secretary)
•
•
•
•
•
O. Boucher (Univ. Lille)
J. Burrows (Univ. Bremen)
C. Camy-Peyret (CNRS/LPMA)
J. Fishman (NASA-L)
E. Hilsenrath (NASA-G)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
D. Hinsman (WMO)
C. Granier (CNRS/SA)
H. Kelder / A. Goede (KNMI)
V. Mohnen (SUNYA)
T. Ogawa (JAXA)
T. Peter (Univ. Zürich)
M. Proffitt (WMO)
A. Volz-Thomas (FZ Jülich)
P.-Y. Whung (NOAA)
P. Simon (Inst.d’Aeronomie
Spatiale de Belgique)
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
-5-
The IGACO Team - Reviewers
• U. Platt (Univ. Heidelberg)
• H. Akimoto (Adv. Sci & Tech
Research Centre, Tokyo)
• G. Brasseur (MPI Meteorology,
Hamburg)
• M.-L. Chanin (SPARC / CNRS,
Paris)
• P. J. Crutzen (MPI Atmospheric
Chemistry, Mainz)
• N. Harris (European Ozone
Research Coordination Unit,
Cambridge / UK)
• D. Jacob (Harvard Univ.)
• M. J. Molina (MIT, Cambridge
/ USA)
• S. Oltmans (NOAA-CMDL)
• A. M. Thompson (NASA – G)
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
-6-
The Objectives of IGACO
To initiate a process leading to the implementation of
globally coordinated observation and integration
programmes within 10 years, by:
•
•
•
defining a feasible strategy for deploying a global
atmospheric chemistry observation system with
comprehensive coverage of key atmospheric gases
and aerosols
establishing a system for integration of groundbased, airborne and satellite air chemistry
observations using atmospheric models
making the integrated observations accessible to
science, responsibles for environmental policy
development and weather / environmental
prediction centres
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
-7-
IGACO Strategy
 Identify the major societal and scientific issues associated
with atmospheric chemistry and composition change;
 Recommend a list of target observables using a well
defined set of criteria;
 Establish the requirements for observations of
atmospheric composition and their analysis, integration
and utilisation;
 Review existing observational systems for the target
variables as well as data processing and modelling;
 Make recommendations and propose a structure for
implementation.
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
-8-
The Issues
1. Air pollution / air quality
2. Climate
3. Stratospheric ozone depletion
4. Atmospheric self-cleansing capability
(“oxidising power”)
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
-9-
Issue 1 : Air Pollution
•
•
•
•
•
Enhanced levels of aerosols, ozone, NOx , CO etc. in the lower
atmosphere
Sources: industrial activities, power plants, traffic, heating,
anthropogenic biomass burning
Deposition effects: acid rain, eutrophication of lakes, damage to the
biosphere.
Respiratory and cardio-vascular diseases (air pollution kills 60000/y
in USA: source EPA)
Globalisation through industrialisation and intercontinental
transport of pollution
IGACO Products:
 Localisation and quantification of pollution sources, identification of
chemical processing, transport pathways and sinks
 Air quality forecast
 Monitoring of conventions (e.g. UN-ECE LRTAP) and national
legislation
 support of impact assessment (e.g. air pollution  human health)
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
- 10 -
Issue 2 : Climate
Complex coupling between radiation, transport and chemistry
(“climate-chemistry interaction”)
•
•
•
•
•
Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, O3, N2O, Halocarbons) and aerosols
emitted by human activities are primary forcing agents of climate
change.
Atmospheric lifetime of CH4, O3 and aerosols are chemically
controlled
High climate sensitivity to GHG conc. in the tropopause region
Stratosphere-troposphere-exchange is a major factor for stratospheric
H2O and upper tropospheric O3
Climate change impacts on sources, transport, removal of chemicals
and hence, distribution of atmospheric constituents
IGACO Products:
 Scientific assessment of climate change (IPCC, UNFCCC)
 Climate prediction and weather forecasting
 Contribution to convention monitoring (e.g.CH4 for Kyoto protocol)
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
- 11 -
Issue 3 : Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dramatic ozone losses in polar spring (“stratospheric O3 hole”, last
year: diminished early due to circulation anomaly, 2003: full extent)
 4% O3 depletion at mid-latitudes
 10% increase in surface UV irradiance
Potential for increase in skin cancer and crop damage
Source of problem : anthropogenic halocarbon emissions
Montreal protocol effective for chlorine but not bromine
Recovery time uncertain due to stratospheric cooling and H2O
increase.
IGACO Products:
 Monitoring of Vienna Convention / Montreal Protocol and
amendments
 UV irradiance forecast
 Scientific assessment of stratospheric ozone evolution and recovery
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
- 12 -
Issue 4 : Oxidising Power
•
•
•
•
Atmospheric self-cleansing depends on the “detergent” OH
OH is very short lived and maintained by a balance between
complex “source and sink” chemistry
Impact of atmospheric change on OH difficult to predict, due to
non-linear chemistry, small-scale processes and uncertainties in
sources
Effects long-term evolution of chemical balances in the
atmosphere  major feedback to all other issues as well as cycles
of toxic substances (POPs and mercury)
IGACO Products:
 Scientific assessment of chemical and physical processes, in
particular distinction between anthropogenic trends and natural
variabilities, as relevant to the other issues
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
- 13 -
Chemical species
Targeted
Variables
IGACO
Group 1
&
Group 2
Air
Quality
Oxidation
Capacity
Climate
Stratospheric
Ozone
Depletion
O3




CO


UV-A j(NO2)


UV-B j(O3)


H2O (water vapour)




HCHO


C2H6


active nitrogen: NOx =
NO+NO2
reservoir species: HNO3






SO2





active halogens: BrO, ClO,
OClO
reservoir species: HCl,
ClONO2
sources: CH3Br, CFC-12,
CFC-11, HCFC-22
aerosol optical properties






CO2
CH4




Critical
Ancillary
Variables
IGACO
Ancillary
Variables
Air
Quality
Oxidation
Capacity
Climate
Stratospheric
Ozone
Depletion
T




P




Wind Speed (u,v,w)




Cloud Top Height




Cloud Coverage




Albedo




Lightning Flash
Frequency




Fire Occurrence



Solar Radiation



INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)

- 16 -
Atmospheric species in Group 1 to be measured by an integrated global observing system
Atmospheric region
1
Lower
troposphere
2
Upper
troposphere
3
Lower
stratosphere
4
Upper
stratosphere,
mesosphere
5
Total
column
6
Tropospheric
column
Requirement
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
t
precision
trueness
delay
Unit
km
km
%
%
km
km
%
%
km
km
%
%
km
km
%
%
km
%
%
km
%
%
H2O
5/25
0.1/1
1 hr
1/10
2/15
(1)/(2)
20/100
0.5/2
1 hr
2/20
2/20
(1)/(2)
50/200
1/3
1d
5/20
5/20
(1)/(2)
50/200
2/5
1d
5/20
5/20
(1)/(2)
50/200
1d
0.5/2
1/3
(1)/(2)
10/200
O3
<5/50
0.5/2
1 hr
3/20
5/20
(1)/(2)
10/100
0.5/2
1 hr
3/20
5/30
(1)/(2)
50/100
0.5/3
1d
3/15
5/20
(1)/(2)
50/100
0.5/3
1d
3/15
5/20
(1)/(2)
10/50
1d
1/5
2/5
(1)/(2)
10/50
CH4
10/50
2/3
2 hr
1/5
2/10
(1)/(2)
50/250
2/4
2 hr
1/10
2/20
(1)/(2)
50/250
2/4
6-12 hr
2/20
5/30
(1)/(2)
50/250
2/4
1d
2/4
5/30
(1)/(2)
10/250
12 hr
1/5
2/10
(1)/(2)
10/50
CO2
10/500
0.5/2
2 hr
0.2/1
1/2
(1)/(2)
50/500
1/2
2 hr
0.5/2
1/2
(1)/(2)
250/500
1/4
1d
1/2
1/2
(2)/(3)
250/500
2/4
1d
1/2
1/2
(2)/(3)
50/500
1d
0.5/1
1/2
(2)/(3)
10/500
1 hr
0.5/2
1/3
(1)/(2)
1 hr
5/15
5/15
(1)/(2)
2 hr
1/5
2/10
(1)/(2)
2 hr
0.5/1
1/2
(1)/(2)
CO
NO2
10/250 10/250
0.5/2
0.5/3
2 hr
1 hr
1/20
10/30
2/25
15/40
(1)/(2)
(1)
10/250 30/250
1/4
0.5/3
2 hr
1 hr
1/20
10/30
2/25
15/40
(1)/(2)
(1)
50/250 30/250
2/5
1/4
1d
6-12 hr
5/15
10/30
10/25
15/40
(2)/(3)
(1)
100/500 30/250
3/10
1/4
1d
1d
10/20
10/30
10/25
15/40
(2)/(3)
(1)/(2)
10/250 30/250
1d
12 hr
1/10
1/10
2/20
2/20
(1)/(2)
(1)
10/250 10/250
2 hr
2/20
5/25
(1)/(2)
1 hr
1/10
2/10
(1)
BrO
50
2
1 hr
10
15
(2)
ClO
HCl
CFC-12
10 d
2*
4*
N/R
N/R
100
1
6 hr
10
15
(2)
100
1
1d
10
20
(2)
100
12 hr
10
15
(2)
25
100
1
6 hr
10
15
(2)
100
1
1d
10
20
(2)
100
12 hr
10
15
1 hr
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
50/250
1/4
6-12 hr
5/10
15
1000
10 d
6
15
50/250
1/4
1d
5/10
15
30/250
6-12
4
6
1000
10 d
4
10
1000
10 d
4
10
- 17 -
Atmospheric species in Group 2 to be measured by an integrated global observing system
Atmospheric region
1
Lower
troposphere
2
Upper
troposphere
3
Lower
stratosphere
4
Upper
stratosphere,
mesosphere
5
6
Total
column
Tropospheric
column
Requirement
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
t
precision
trueness
delay
Unit
km
km
%
%
km
km
%
%
km
km
%
%
km
km
%
%
km
%
%
km
%
%
NO
HNO3
C2H6
CH3Br
Halons
HCFC-22 ClONO2
10/250
0.5/3
10/250
1/3
50
?
500*
1 hr
10/30
15/40
(1)
30/250
0.5/3
1 hr
10/30
15/40
(1)
30/250
1/4
12 hr
10/30
15/40
(1)
30/250
1/40.5
1d
10/30
15/40
(1)/(2)
30/250
1d
1/10
2/20
(1)
10/250
1 hr
1/101
2/20
(1)
1d
10/30
15/40
(1)/(2)
10/250
1/3
1d
10/30
15/40
(1)/(2)
50/250
1/4
12 hr
10/30
15/40
(1)/(2)
50/250
1/4
1d
10/30
15/40
(2)/(3)
30/250
1d
1/10
2/20
(2)/(3)
10/250
1d
1/10
2/20
(1)/(2)
1 hr
10
15
10 d
4*
8*
10 d
15*
20*
10 d
2*
4*
50
2
1 hr
10
15
N/R
N/R
N/R
10 d
N/R
N/R
10 d
N/R
N/R
10 d
N/R
N/R
500
5
3d
4
8
500
5
3d
4
8
1000
5
3d
8
15
HCHO
SO2
1
2-5
1
2-5
1 hr
10
15
(1)
10
0.5
1 hr
5
10
(1)
10
0.5
1 hr
5
10
(1)
10
15
(1)
50/250
1/4
6-12 hr
20
30
UVA JNO2
UVB JO3
2-5
1 hr
7/10*
15*
50/500
3**
1 hr
10
15
N/A
50/250
2/6
1d
20
30
50
1 hr
1
2
1000
10 d
5
15
1000
10 d
4
8
1000
10 d
4
8
1000
10 d
6
15
30/250
6-12 hr
20
30
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
50
1 hr
1
2
(2)
- 18 -
Target and threshold requirements for aerosol
Theme
a, d
Climate
studies
and
oxidizing
capacity
b
Air
quality
(PBL and
free trop)
c
Ozone
depletion
(UT/LS)
x
z
Unit
Aerosol
Optical Depth
(VIS+IR)
km
km
1 / 10
N/A
Aerosol
Extinction
Coefficient
(VIS)
10 / 100
0.5 / 1
global daily
0.005 / 0.01
0.01 / 0.02
weeks
global weekly
0.005 / 0.01 km-1
0.01 / 0.02 km-1
weeks
t
precision
trueness
delay
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
km
km
x
z
t
precision
trueness
delay
km
km
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
N/A
0.1 in PBL
regional hourly regional daily
0.005 / 0.01 0.005 / 0.01 km-1
0.01 / 0.02
0.01 / 0.02 km-1
near real-time
near real-time
10 / 100
N/A
10 d
10-5 / 10-4
10-5 / 10-4
days
10 / 100
1/2
10 d
-6
10 / 10-5 km-1
10-6 / 10-5 km-1
days
Aerosol
Absorption
Optical Depth
(VIS)
1 / 10
N/A
PM1,
PM2.5, PM10
global daily
0.002 / 0.01
0.004 / 0.02
weeks
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.25 / 1
0.1 in PBL
regional sub-daily
1 / 10 µg m-3
1 / 10 µg m-3
near real-time
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
- 19 -
The Existing Observational System
A. Routine ground-based measurements (in-situ and remote
sensing) incl. balloon
Accuracy, long-term history, validation source,
local/regional relevance
B. Systematic aircraft measurements
High-resolution tropospheric profiles, tropopause
measurements
C. Satellite observations
Global coverage, uniform data quality
D. Chemical models and data assimilation tools
Integration, data analysis and exploitation
Observed Variable:
Statospheric Ozone
COMPONENT
Satellite
ADEOS TOMS
ADEOS ILAS
ADEOS ILAS
AQUA AIRS
AURA HRLDS
AURA MLS
AURA OMI
AURA TES
ENVISAT MIPAS
ENVISAT GOMOS
ENVISAT SCIAMACHY
EP TOMS
ERBS SAGEII
ERS GOMEMETEOR TOMS
METEOR M SAGE III
METOP , , GOME
METOP IASI
NOAA HIRS
NIMBUS /TOMS
NPOESS OMPS
NPP OMPS
SCISAT ACE
SCISAT MAESTRO
UARS MLS
UARS HALOE
UARS CLAES
An Overview of satellite, ground-based and aircraft measurements for stratospheric O
LS=Lower stratosphere
C=column
P=profile
C
P
P
C
P
P
C/P
C/P
P
P
C/P
C
P
C/P
C
P
C/P
C
C
C
C/P
C/P
P
P
P
P
P
Stratospheric O3
c
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Non-Satellite Global
Surface total column
Surfacebased vertical profile Microwave
Suface based Lidar profile
Balloon vertical profile
Aircraft Mosaic
LS
Assimilation Model
Measurement
DEMONSTRATION
PRE-OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONAL
PROPOSED
B
Data available in near real time
Data available in near real time and replacement guaranteed by agency
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A. Routine Ground-Based Measurements
Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) coordinates WMO
network with contributing-partner networks to complete
global coverage.
• Ozone sonde network for vertical profiles(WMO,
NASA)
• Dobson/Brewer network total column ozone (WMO,
space agencies)
• Networks for CO2, CH4, N2O (WMO with
NOAA/CMDL major player)
• Aerosol optical depth (WMO, NASA)
Calibration issues
Diverse organisational structures
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
- 22 -
B. Systematic Aircraft Measurements
•
•
•
•
MOZAIC – O3, H2O, CO, NOy, since 1994 and grab
sampling package – CO2, CH4, CO, since 1993
CARIBIC – one aircraft, new, many species, now twice
per month
Vertical profiles CO2, CH4, initiated, frequent flights
GAW led by NOAA-CMDL
Several demonstration programmes for aerosols (ARM
and NOAA/CMDL)
 Unique measurements but still limited species / space /
time coverage
 Sampling biases
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
- 26 -
C. Satellite Observations
•
•
•
•




Near-continuous record of total column ozone since 1978,
commitments for continuation well into next decade;
demonstration of tropospheric ozone retrieval
CO, NO2, HCHO, BrO, SO2 are under development
Aerosol optical depth, considerable coverage over oceans
and, now, over continents as well.
Good coverage of stratospheric species in research mode,
much less in troposphere
Spatial and temporal resolution inadequate for troposphere
Vertical resolution inadequate for UTLS
Very limited commitments after 2008
Need more systematic calibration/validation and archiving
D. Chemical Models and Data Assimilation Tools
•

Chemical transport models (chemistry driven by external met
data)
Interactive chemistry-climate models (chemical processes part of
the climate simulation)
Weather forecast models with ozone and aerosols dynamically
incorporated.
Spatial resolution needs improvement (variability within model
grid box, sampling consistency between model and measurements)
Quality of emission inventories insufficient
•

Chemical data assimilation (incl. forecast)
Demonstrated and developing fast
•
Major application inverse modelling (retrieval of surface sources
and sinks)
starting but inhibited by lack of observational data
•
•


RECOMMENDATIONS
A Phased Approach:
(I) Short Term: 2004 to 2014
•
•
Integrate data of group 1 species
Build up observation system for group 2 species
(II) Long Term: beyond 2014
•
Operate complete integrated observation system
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
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INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
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Observations
Establish long-term continuous observation system
satisfying IGACO data requirements by:
 Adding missing ground-based measurements for Group
1 variables, and, where feasible, some of those from
Group 2 (in situ, total column, active and passive
profiling, and balloon sonde)
 Developing robust routine aircraft measurements for all
the feasible species. An instrument development
programme aimed at the operating environment of
aircraft is most desirable
 Initiating immediately the planning of a network of
satellite measurements for the long term with priority
to adding GEO instruments to a complementary set of
LEOs
The Long Term Satellite System
Should Include:
A tropospheric mission to address air quality,
climate and oxidizing power:
Geostationary satellites (or larger number of
polar orbiting satellites) with nadir-viewing
instruments.
An upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric mission
to address climate-chemistry interaction and
stratospheric ozone depletion :
Polar orbiting sun-synchronous satellites with
limb-viewing instruments
Quality Assurance
Ground-based and routine aircraft data :
 Use internationally traceable standard reference
materials or reference methods
 Conduct routine comparison activities to link diverse
measurements together
 harmonize data quality between stations and networks
Quality Assurance
Satellite Operations Should Include:
 Pre-launch instrument calibration & characterisation
and in-flight calibration
 Long term ground validation
 Systematic validation of vertical profile observations
Data Processing and Distribution
Should Include
 Development of automated retrieval of total column and
profile data from existing and planned satellites for all
targeted variables
 Systematic reprocessing of data following algorithm
improvements
 Establishment
of
universally
distribution protocols
recognised
data
 Establishment of multi-stakeholder World Integrated
Data Archive Centres (WIDACs) for targeted variables
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
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Models : the tool for integration
 develop comprehensive chemical modules in weather
and climate models with appropriate data assimilation
 develop inverse modelling using data assimilation to
improve chemical source and sink characterization
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
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IGACO status and further schedule
Draft report available
Comments received from IGOS-P and IGACO review team
Refinements and implementation of comments ongoing
Presentation to CEOS-SIT, February 2004
Presentation to IGOS-P and aim for approval, May 2004
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
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The IGOS Process
International
and national
Scientific
Social
Economic
and Political
drivers
Redesign systems
Assess
Requirements
for
Observations
Evaluate
capabilities of
Observational
systems
Implementation
Monitor progress
Assess
implementation
of systems
Evaluate
usefulness of
products
Use
Resultant
Products
Collect
Observations and
Generate
Products
Decide
what
needs to be
changed
Obtain
commitments for
change
Change the
Observational systems
Enhance the product
processing chain
Deploy improved
observational assets &
improve use of existing
ones
INTEGRATED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS (IGACO)
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