NASA and NOAA space
missions for Ozone Research
Ken Jucks
NASA HQ, Earth Science Division
40 Years of BUV Observations
Nimbus-4 BUV
Nimbus-7 SBUV
Nimbus-7 TOMS
NOAA-9 SBUV-2
NOAA-11
Meteor-3 TOMS
NOAA-14
GOME
Earth Probe TOMS
NOAA-16
SCIAMACHY
1977 Amendment of Clean Air Act
EOS Aura OMI
GOME-2
OMPS
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Discovery of Polar O3 Depletion
Merged Backscatter UV observations of total O3 from TOMS and SBUV flights
model
measurement
First image of the Antarctic
Ozone hole. This image was
produced from the TOMS
data in 1984, and was first
published in NY Times in
late ‘85. Subsequently,
images like this appeared in
magazines and newspapers
all over the world.
A rare splitting of the Antarctic ozone
hole captured by TOMS in 2002. The
split occurred because of the splitting of
the polar vortex (circumpolar winds).
TOMS Firsts!
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Detection of precursors of severe weather in total O3 data.
Mapping of Antarctic O3 hole and its evolution.
Dynamical influences on tropical trop O3.
Surface UV estimation in all weather conditions.
Compilation of volcanic SO2 budget.
Identification of sources of desert dust.
Mapping of smoke plumes over land (incl. Greenland).
Estimation of aerosol absorption OD.
For TOMS, discovery was not a quest but result
of quarter century of dedicated teamwork
NASA - NOAA SBUV Cooperation
• Under a memorandum of understanding (MOU) between
NASA and NOAA agreed to in ~1984
– NOAA launches and operates a series of SBUV/2 instruments
for ozone monitoring
– NOAA is responsible for data production and archival
– NASA is responsible for prelaunch and in orbit calibration
– NASA supports development of new ozone retrieval algorithms
• NPOESS OMPS will be the next generation ozone
monitoring instrument. OMPS consists of 3 modules:
– The OMPS nadir total column mapper is a TOMS-like ozone
mapping instrument
– The OMPS nadir profiler is an SBUV-like vertical profile
instrument
– The OMPS limb profiler makes high vertical resolution ozone
profile measurements (currently on NPP only)
Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS)
Description
• Purpose: Monitors the total column and vertical profile of ozone
• Predecessor Instruments:
TOMS, SBUV, GOME,
OSIRIS, SCIAMACHY
• Approach:
Nadir push broom
CCD spectrometers
• Swath width: 2600 km
• Algorithm Status: Use
TOMS/SBUV heritage
approaches for Nadir
Instruments
Status
• Flight Unit #1
Calibration
underway
• Limb Sub-System
Re-manifested
• Instrument 50/50
cost share NOAA
and NASA
NASA to develop
algorithm
NOAA to support
operational users
OMPS Team
•At this point, over 300 people have contributed to the progress of the
OMPS mission and, thus, to this presentation. Instead of giving an
incomplete list of them, I decided to provide an incomplete list of their
organizations:
• Ball Aerospace and Technology Corporation
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(and its subcontractors)
• The Integrated Program Office (NOAA)
• Northrop Grumman Corporation
• Raytheon Company
• NASA, DoD, DOC
• The Aerospace Corporation
• Atmospheric and Environmental Research Incorporated
• Science Systems and Applications Incorporated
• The University of Arizona
• Hampton University
OMPS Instrument Design
Total Ozone Mapper
• UV Backscatter, grating spectrometer, 2-D
CCD
• TOMS, SBUV(/2), GOME(-2), OMI,
SCIAMACHY
• 110 deg. cross track, 300 to 380 nm spectral
Limb Profiler
• UV/Visible Limb Scatter, prism, 2-D CCD array
• SOLSE/LORE, OSIRIS, SAGE III,
SCIAMACHY
• Three 100-KM vertical slits, 290 to 1000 nm
spectral
Nadir Profiler
• UV Backscatter, grating spectrometer, 2-D
CCD
• SBUV(/2), GOME(-2), SCIAMACHY, OMI
• Nadir view, 250 km cross track, 270 to 310 nm
spectral
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The calibration concept uses working and
reference solar diffusers.
OMPS Sensor characteristics
compared to heritage
OMPS sensor and algorithm design include improvements to enhance
performance (green indicates design improvement)
OMPS
TOMS
OMI
Bands Range
300nm to 380 nm
308.6, 313.5,
317.5, 322.3
331.2, 360.4 nm
307nm to 383nm
Spectral resolution
.41nm
Discrete bands
1nm - .45nm THIS DOESN’T Look right.
Channel selection
22 channels
6 wavelengths
Detectors
CCD
PMT
CCD
IFOV
110 degrees
Scanning = 53 degrees
110 degrees
Multiple Diffusers
Algorithm
improvements
Aluminum
•Multiple Triplets
•Cloud top pressure
•Others (see presentation).
Aluminum
6 Channels and DOAS
QVD and Aluminum
•Improved ozone profile, temperature and
climatologies.
•Improved ozone profile correction
•Use of surface UV reflectivity database.
•Use of co-located UV Cloud pressure
determination using OMI data
OMPS Total Column
Requirements Specification
EDR/Attribute
Appendix D EDR requirements
Horizontal cell size
50 Km @ Nadir
Horizontal Reporting Interval
50 Km @ Nadir
Vertical Cell Size
60 Km
Solar Zenith Angle (SZA) coverage
SZA < 80 deg
Vertical Coverage
0 to 60 Km
Measurement Range
50 - 650 milli-atm-cm
Measurement Accuracy
TC > 450 milli-atm-cm
16 milli-atm-cm
250 milli-atm-cm<TC< 450 milli-atm-cm
13 milli-atm-cm
TC < 250 milli-atm-cm
9.5 milli-atm-cm
Measurement Precision
TC > 450 milli-atm-cm
7.75 milli-atm-cm + 1.1% of Measured Ozone
over 450milli-atm-cm
250 milli-atm-cm<TC< 450 milli-atm-cm
7.7 milli-atm-cm
TC < 250 milli-atm-cm
6.0 milli-atm-cm
Mapping uncertainty, 1 Sigma
5 Km
Maximum Local Average Revisit Time
24 hrs
Latency
NPP - 140 min
NPOESS - 28 min
Measurement Degradation Conditions (OMPS degradation)
Total Column Accuracy if Sulfur Dioxide Index > 6 milli-atm-cm
15 milli-atm-cm + 3SOI
Total Column Precision if Sulfur Dioxide Index > 6 milli-atm-cm
6 milli-atm-c, + 1.5SOI
OMPS Limb Algorithm Status
• Limb Profile Algorithm Technical
Content
– Ozone Limb Profiles (LP) are
successfully retrieved from four
systems today (GOMOS,
SCIAMACHY,OSIRIS & SAGE III)
– NASA has developed an Ozone
LP algorithm, and data from these
systems are processed for ozone
research
• Operational Production
– POES SBUV/2 provides a model
for NASA/NOAA cooperation to
process OMPS LP data.
• Instrument calibration, data
cal/val, performance
monitoring, algorithm
adjustments, and operational
processing
Ozone Profile Comparison
October 10, 2002
OMPS-NP
OMPS-LP
Ozone Concentration [cm-3]
Multi-Instrument Ozone Profile Data
Limb Scatter (OSIRIS)
SAGE 2
MLS
NASA Science Team analysis on existing data increase
confidence that we can meet NASA OMPS Limb goals.
OSIRIS data courtesy of University of Saskatchewan
OMPS Limb Algorithm Plan
Continue SBUV/2 model of NASA/NOAA cooperation to process OMPS LP data.
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NASA led team with NOAA members
Algorithm development and improvement
Instrument calibration, Instrument performance monitoring, & data cal/val
Adjusting algorithms for specific instrument performance issues
Develop long-term ozone profile data set: SAGE II to Aura MLS to OMPS
Develop algorithm and calibration for operational data production
Research Data Production
• NASA Ozone PEATE provides facility for algorithm development, research data processing
and long-term data set production.
• Additional OMPS PEATE resources for meeting OMPS Limb requirements are baselined to
launch
Operational Data Production
• Use SBUV/2 Model: NASA/NOAA team produces algorithm, instrument calibration,
performance monitoring, algorithm adjustments, and operational algorithm
• Current operational SBUV2 data processed by NESDIS
• Future operational OMPS LP data could be produced by NPOESS Data Exploitation (NDE).
– NDE adapts operational algorithm for NDE system
– All operational users supported by NOAA NDE
Expected Applications of OMPS EDRs, SDRs,
Intermediate and other Products
Operational
• Assimilation into NWP
• Ozone Hole Monitoring
• UV Index Forecast
• Air Quality Forecasts
• Hazards (Volcanic Ash)
• Space Environment (Mg II)
Climate
• Ozone Trends
• Cloud Reflectivity
• Surface UV Trends
• Aerosol Trends
• Atmospheric Chem.
• Process Studies
EOS Aura
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Launched VAFB, July 15, 2004
Orbit: Polar: 705 km, sun-synchronous, 98o incl.,
ascending 1:45 PM equator crossing time.
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Main science objectives: stratospheric ozone recovery;
air quality; climate change
Four Instruments:
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Some teams are reprocessing based on validation measurements
Senior review in 2009
Main data validation program will be complete in 2008.
Some remaining validation requirements for OMI
Spacecraft in good shape
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Aura instrument
fields of view
HIRDLS (High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, Univ. Of
Col/NCAR./ Oxford U. K.)
MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder, JPL)
OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Netherlands/ Finland)
TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, JPL)
Level 1 mission success requirements have been met
All instruments have delivered data to the DAAC
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Aura follows Aqua in the same orbit by <7 minutes. Orbit position
moved closer to Aqua to improve science – crossing time unchanged.
Dec 2007 formatter anomaly – recovered all data
Fuel sufficient for 2015 orbit lowering
Aura
HIRDLS
MLS
OMI
TES
HIRDLS
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Limb sounding filter IR radiometer 6.12 - 17.76 µm range, 1 km vertical
resolution
Joint U.S., U.K. science team.
Instrument is currently off due to recent chopper wheel stall (March, 2008)
Kapton® has been blocking part of the aperture since launch
HIRDLS team has delivered data to the DAAC using new algorithm
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Ozone, HNO3, aerosols, temperature
Currently working on H2O, CFC’s, CH4, ClONO2
HIRDLS high vertical resolution is revealing structures in the lower stratosphere
not seen before…
HIRDLS
GMI Chemical Model
01-26-2006
~ 248° Lon
MLS
• Limb sounding microwave radiometer 125 GHz-2.5 THz
• Instrument has operated since shortly after launch
– Known pre-launch problems with amplifier chips has caused loss of one
channel; data products recovered from other channels
– Instrument electronics slowly deteriorating due to radiation exposure
• All data products have been released to the DAAC
– Data products include profiles of O3, ClO, HCl, H2O, N2O, HNO3, OH, HO2,
Cloud ice, BrO, HOCl.
O3 Sept 1, 2005
HCl Sept 1, 2005
ClO Sept 1, 2005
Vortex edge
OMI
• UV-Vis hyperspectral imager, 280-500 nm, 13x24 km
footprint at nadir, swath width 2600 km
• Joint US, Dutch, Finish Science Team
• Direct broadcast capability
• Radiation damage is increasing the dark current
• All data products being delivered to the DAAC, some
new products under development. Ozone, Cloud
heights, NO2, Aerosols, SO2 have been validated.
Sept. 24, 2006
SO2 over Europe and
China
Global NO2
TES
39
40
Latitude, deg
41
42 38
39
40
41
42
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
Effective Column Mixing Ratio, ppbv
6
3
2
2
2
CH3OH
NH3
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Observation Number
35
40 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Observation Number
Bejing
35
40
Terrain Height, km
Latitude, deg
38
Effective Column Mixing Ratio, ppbv
• Fourier transform spectrometer with nadir and limb
modes, 3.3 - 15.4 µm , 5.3x8.5 km spatial footprint
• Translator bearing wear will limit instrument life,
currently using nadir mode only to preserve instrument
life. TES is predicted to fail ~2010
• Trop. O3, CO, H2O, T have been validated and are on
DAAC
• New data products under development – HDO,
CH3OH, NH3
Aura Summary
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Spacecraft is in good shape – fuel to 2015
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Instrument status
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Recovered from formatter anomaly, commands to switch to B side
available upon reoccurrence
HIRDLS – chopper stalled – status TBD
MLS – working well – showing an accumulation of radiation damage in
amplifier circuits
TES – Translator bearing current rising slowly – 2009-10 expect failure
OMI – working well -accumulation of radiation damage increasing dark
current
Have met Mission Success Criteria
Platform wide validation program nearly complete.
All the instruments have data on the DAAC- many
instruments are reprocessing data based on validation
results.
NRT data available for OMI NO2, O3, Aerosols
Publications
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IEEE Special issue on Aura Instruments and Algorithms Published May
2006
Aura Validation Special Issue in JGR is coming out now (>63 papers)
>100 other publications in the refereed literature
NASA’s Earth Science Decadal Survey
• The US National Research Council recommended 15 new space
missions to be done over a 10 year time frame.
• The launch order was grouped into 3 tiers based on priority, cost,
and technology readiness.
• Missions evolved from chapters that discussed “societal objectives”
as opposed to “science questions”, and over 120 responses to
requests for information from the community.
• This resulted in the merging of missions for some traditionally
separated scientific fields.
• 4 proposed missions will make measurements applicable to Ozone
research and monitoring.
Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity
Observatory (CLARREO)
CLARREO Characteristics
• Spectrally resolved nadir instruments in the IR and solar backscatter
designed for setting “Climate Benchmarks” as opposed to being
used for atmospheric sounding.
• Stability and simplicity take priority over the complexity needed to
properly sound the atmosphere. Accuracy over Precision.
• Baseline instrumentation include 3 thermal FTS instrument
packages with roughly 100 km footprints and 1 cm-1 spectral
resolution from 200 to 2000 cm-1.
– Each is on a separate polar precessing orbit to cover semi-diurnal
radiances.
– To cover spectral range, 1 or 2 FTS spectrometers may be needed.
• One of the satellites will have a solar backscatter instrument.
• Both IR and UV will have Ozone bands.
• All instruments will have on-board NIST traceable calibration
sources to understand any instrument drift over time.
• This is a Tier 1 mission
GEOSTATIONARY COASTAL AND AIR POLLUTION EVENTS (GEO-CAPE)
GEO-CAPE Characteristics
• Geosynchronous orbit
– Will observe most of North and South America and coastal regions.
• Suite of air quality observing instrumentation
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CO sensors in near infrared and mid infrared.
Tropospheric O3 sensor in UV or potentially near IR.
NO2, formaldehyde and aerosols retrieved in UV.
All would have footprint sizes of roughly 5 to 8 km.
This has strong technical overlap with Sentinel 4.
• High spatial resolution imager
– Roughly 250 m resolution to observe coastal ocean biology activity and
“special events” over land.
– Enough spectral filter bands to properly separate the radiances from the
ocean or land from the atmospheric opacity of aerosols and NO2.
– The knowledge of the atmospheric opacity is required to fully
characterize the ocean radiances.
• This is a Tier 2 mission
Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystems (ACE)
Characteristics of ACE
• Low Earth Orbit
– The lower the better for the lidars…
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Scanning aerosol polarimeters (next generation GLORY)
Clouds radar imager (next generation CloudSat)
Aerosol and cloud lidar (next generation CALIPSO)
Global Ocean Color mapper
– Like GEO-CAPE, ocean color is tied to atmosphere sounders to
better determine atm. effects on the ocean leaving radiances.
• No “direct” Ozone observations, but will see
stratospheric aerosols.
• This is a tier 2 mission
Global Atmospheric Chemistry Mission (GACM)
GACM Characteristics
• Low Earth Orbit
• UV nadir sounder for O3 columns and potential profiling,
NO2, formaldehyde, aerosols, BrO, etc.
• Mid to near IR sounder for potential CO, tropospheric O3,
CH4…
• Scanning microwave limb sounder to get daily global
maps of profiles for O3, ClO, HCl, N2O, H2O, etc.
• This mission is very much a next generation Aura and
has many similarities to the ESA Sentinal 5.
• This is designated as a Tier 3 mission, and the odds are
high for a significant gap in profile information of global
data sets.
Data Gaps from space issues
• Observations of Ozone related species like ClO, HCl,
H2O, N2O, CFCs in the stratosphere may end after Aura
with a near certainty that GACM will not overlap (Aura
did overlap with UARS).
• Space observations have many advantages over ground
based and spot field campaign observations that are
required for understanding the climate coupling with the
stratosphere.
• A “gap filler” set of observations may be required, either
by NASA or through a collaboration with a partner
country.
• The Decadal Survey also calls out for 1 or 2 “Venture
Class” missions in recognition of this problem in many
different Earth Science disciplines.
CASS, Chemical, Aerosol and Solar Satellite
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CASS would provide stratospheric and upper
tropospheric composition data in the post-Aura
period until the NAS Decadal “Global
Atmospheric Composition Mission (GACM)”.
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NAS Decadal Survey: “.. it is imperative that .. a follow-on
tropospheric-stratospheric mission … should be launched into a
LEO orbit in the middle of the next decade. (pg 109)”
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Stratospheric chlorine levels will remain above 1980 levels
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until 2040
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CASS fulfills the Congressional Mandate for
NASA to monitor the state of the stratospheric
ozone layer
CASS also provides a better venue for the
NPOESS TSIS solar monitoring package
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Would not require NPOESS solar pointing platform saving
IPO $20M
TIM
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CASS would be a sun-pointing
satellite based upon SCISAT in midinclination orbit (50-650)
CASS Payload
– Canadian ACE instrument
(flown on SCISAT – provided by
CSA)
– SAGE III (flown on METEOR,
copy at LaRC, requires
refurbishment)
– TSIS – Total solar irradiance
sensor (TIM and SIM, flown on
SORCE, provided by NOAA)
CASS ROM cost (including
spacecraft, refurbishment of SAGE
III, launch and operations) ~$120M
SIM