TEXAS REAL ESTATE LAW 11E
Charles J. Jacobus
Chapter 7
Real Estate Brokerage
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Real Estate Brokerage
• Real estate brokerage is an ever-changing, complicated subject.
• Real estate brokerage has been regulated by law in Texas since 1939.
• TRELA applies to all persons who engage in the real estate business.
• It is now in the Texas Occupation Code.
• Its intent is to avoid fraud on the public by requiring a license.
• The licensee is not only responsible to the TREC, but also to the
public.
• The public has the right to believe that all licensees are competent,
honest, trustworthy, and of good character.
• A free copy of TRELA is available at www.trec.texas.gov.
• As an assignment for this chapter, print the act and read it.
• The act must be understood by all who are regulated by it.
• Ignorance of the law is no excuse for violations of it.
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www.trec.texas.gov
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The Texas Real Estate Commission (TREC)
• TRELA is administered through TREC, which is a body composed of
nine commissioners appointed by the governor with the advice and
consent of two-thirds of the senate present.
• The governor appoints the chairperson.
• Six members are brokers.
• The other three members must be representatives of the general public.
• Appointments are made without regard to the race, creed, sex, religion,
or national origin of the appointee.
• The commission creates, administers, and enforces all rules and
regulations that govern real estate license holders
• These rules and regulations are also available on the TREC website.
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Licensing Requirements for Salesperson
• Must have a sponsoring broker to receive an active license.
• Must be a citizen of the United States or a lawfully admitted alien.
• Be at least 18 years of age,
• Be a legal resident of Texas.
• Satisfy the commission as to his honesty, trustworthiness, integrity,
and competency.
• The commission conducts a criminal history check of each applicant.
• Applicant must submit a legible set of fingerprints to the commission.
• Must complete 4 semester hours in principles, 2 in the law of agency, 2
in law of contracts, 2 in contract forms and addendums, and 2 in real
estate finance.
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Broker Licensure
• Not less than six years’ active experience in this state as a licensed real
estate salesperson during the 84 months preceding application.
• 60 semester hours of core real estate courses or related courses, which
must include 18 semester hours of core real estate courses, two
semester hours of which must be a course in real estate brokerage.
• If the applicant has a degree form an accredited college or university,
the “related course” requirement is automatically satisfied.
• Competency is determined by an examination prepared by or
contracted for by the commission.
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Mandatory Continuing Education (MCE)
• The commission requires at least 15 classroom hours of continuing
education courses during the term of the current license.
• At least six hours of that instruction must be devoted to legal topics as
set out in the Act (legal update and ethics).
• Core real estate courses can also be used for up to nine hours of credit.
• The commission may not require examinations except for
correspondence courses.
• Course segments must be at least one hour long but cannot last more
than ten hours a day.
• A broker who sponsors a salesperson or supervises another license
holder must also attend at least 6 classroom hours of broker
responsibility courses approved by the commission.
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Brokers and Salespersons
• The Act requires licensure to perform certain functions applicable to
real estate transactions.
• It is specifically unlawful for a person to engage in brokerage without
being licensed by TREC.
• It is unlawful for any salesperson to act as an agent unless he is
associated with a Texas real estate broker.
• Any attempt to circumvent the act as a “consultant” or other similar
sham will not be overlooked by the courts.
• If a broker acts in two capacities (broker/executor of an estate), the
broker is held to the duty of care of a broker .
• The Act defines real estate broker and real estate salesperson as
follows:
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The Acts of Brokerage
(2) “Real estate broker” is a person who, for another person and for a fee:
(A) sells, exchanges, purchases, rents, or leases real estate;
(B) offers to sell, exchange, purchase, rent, or lease real estate;
(C) negotiates the listing, sale, exchange, purchase, rental, or leasing;
(D) lists real estate for sale, rental, lease, exchange, or trade;
(E) auctions, or offers or attempts or agrees to auction, real estate;
(F) buys or sells or otherwise deals in options on real estate;
(G) aids in locating for purchase, rent, or lease any real estate;
(H) procures prospects effecting the sale, exchange, lease, or rental;
(I) procures property effecting the sale, exchange, lease, or rental;
(J) controls the acceptance or of rent on a single-family unit; or
(K) provides a written opinion relating to the estimated price of real
property if:
(i) is not referred to as an appraisal;
(ii) is provided in the ordinary course of the person’s business; &
(iii) is related to the management, sale, or lease of real estate.
(3) “Broker” also includes a person employed by or on behalf of the
owner or owners of lots or other parcels of real estate.
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Brokers and Salespersons
• No real estate salespersons can accept compensation from any person
other than the broker under whom they are licensed at the time or
under whom they were licensed when they earned the right to
compensation.
• A person, as defined by the act, means an individual, a partnership, a
limited liability company, a limited liability partnership, or a corporation.
• A business entity must be licensed if the entity receives compensation
on behalf of a license holder.
• A business entity must also have an officer, partner, or manager to act
for it who must be qualified as a real estate broker.
• A business entity must maintain errors and omissions insurance with a
minimum annual limit of $1,000,000 for each occurrence if the
designated broker owns less than ten percent of the business entity.
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Exemptions
(a) an attorney at law licensed in this state;
(b) an attorney in fact under a duly executed power of attorney;
(c) a public official in the conduct of his official duties;
(d) a person calling the sale of real estate by auction;
(e) a person acting under a court order , will or written trust instrument;
(f) a salesperson employed by an owner in the sale of structures and land
on which said structures are situated, provided such structures are
erected by the owner in the due course of his business;
(g) an on-site manager of an apartment complex;
(h) an owner or his employees in renting or leasing his own real estate;
(i) transactions involving sale/lease/transfer of mineral or mining interests
(j) transactions involving the sale, lease, or transfer of cemetery lots;
(k) transactions involving the rent/lease/management of hotels or motels;
(l) sale of property under a power of sale conferred by a deed of trust or
other contract.
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Property Managers
• One of the confusing areas involves property management.
• It appears that the person who is an on-site manager of an apartment
complex is exempt from licensure regardless of the activity performed.
• Any other type of management function, however, would probably
include some items that were specified under the definition of broker.
• If so, these managers would have to be licensed.
• Property management is not considered to be a “brokerage” function
as defined under Section 2 of the Real Estate License Act.
• It is common practice, though, for property managers to attempt to
lease or solicit prospective tenants to lease space .
• TREC takes the position that if the property manager performs a
brokerage function, he will be required to be licensed.
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Attorneys at Law
• A very controversial exemption has been the attorney exemption.
• Section 1101.651 makes it unlawful for a seller to pay a commission to
anyone who is not a real estate licensee and Section 1101.652(b)(11)
makes it unlawful for a licensee to pay anyone who is not a licensee
(including attorneys).
• Nothing prevents a principal paying an attorney for acts of brokerage.
• Attorneys have requested fees from seller, asking broker to cut their
fee.
• Attorneys may be a principal and request a commission.
• There is no restriction against a licensee splitting a commission with a
principal because the principal is not performing a brokerage function!
• People requesting these commission splits should be advised:
• (1) they will have to be provided with an IRS form 1099;
• (2) it will have to be reported to the lender and
• (3) it should be agreed to by the seller to prevent agency issues.
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Penalties
• A person acting as a real estate broker or salesperson without
obtaining a license is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor.
• Violations are punishable by a fine not to exceed $5,000.
• Each day a violation continues or occurs may be considered a separate
violation (that’s $5,000 per day!)
• If the person received money he shall additionally be liable for not less
than the amount received, and up to three times the sum received.
• The Commission may order a licensee to pay a refund to a consumer.
• TREC may appoint a disciplinary panel to determine whether or not a
person’s license should be temporarily suspended if the licensee
constitutes a threat to the public.
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Inactive Status
• An inactive salesperson is a currently licensed salesperson who is not
sponsored by a currently licensed broker.
• If, for any reason, a salesperson is no longer sponsored by a licensed
broker, she is required to surrender her license to the commission.
• This inactive status allows her to retain her license on inactive status
until it expires or until she finds a new sponsoring broker.
• The inactive licensee is effectively unlicensed and cannot act as an
agent or receive commissions during the inactive period.
• The legislature has also allowed a broker to elect inactive status.
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Licensee’s Employment
• A suit for a commission requires the agreement on which the action is
brought to be in writing and signed by the party to be charged.
• A listing agreement is considered to be specific enough when:
1. It is in writing and signed by the person paying the commission.
2. It promises a definite commission or refers to a written schedule.
3. It specifies the name of the broker to be paid.
4. It must identify with reasonable certainty the land to be conveyed.
• If the employment agreement is for a buyer’s broker, the real estate
doesn’t need to be identified.
• Any employment agreement (other than a contract to perform property
management services) should also contain a definite termination date.
• Section 1101.652(b)(12) of the Real Estate License Act specifies that
failure to specify a definite termination date in the employment
contract provides grounds for license revocation or suspension.
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Types of Listing Agreements
Exclusive Right to Sell
Property owner is prohibited from selling the property himself without
paying the broker a commission.
Exclusive Agency to Sell
Owner reserves the right to sell the house himself and does not have to
pay the commission to the broker.
Open Agency Listing
Allows the owner to give other open agency agreements to other brokers
or the seller may sell the house himself.
Net Listing
Seller must net X dollars and any overage is commission. Broker may not
take a net listing unless the principal requires one, appears to be familiar
with market values, and the broker limits the amount of compensation.
Multiple Listing
Normally an exclusive right to sell taken by a broker who is
a member of an association of brokers.
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Actions for Commissions – Listing Brokers
A broker’s right to a commission is conditioned on five factors:
1. Be a licensed broker or salesperson when services are commenced.
2. The agreement for the payment of the commission must be in writing.
3. Broker must advise the purchaser, in writing, that the purchaser
should have the abstract covering the real estate examined by an
attorney or obtain a policy of title insurance.
4. If the broker produces a ready, willing, and able buyer, he is entitled to
his commission if the first three requirements are met and the
contract submitted is substantially the same terms as those specified
in the listing agreement.
5. When using listing agreements other than the exclusive right to sell,
the broker must be the procuring cause of the sale.
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Actions for Commissions – Buyer’s Brokers
• Buyer’s brokers create a complicating issue involving procuring cause.
• A prospect may spend a great deal of the listing broker’s time asking
questions and getting information.
• Before submitting an offer the prospect goes to a buyer’s broker to
prepare a contract.
• Who was the procuring cause?
• Once a consumer has obtained a buyer’s broker’s advice the buyer’s
broker may become the real procuring cause.
• The buyer’s broker may not even need a written agreement to obtain
the commission.
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Consummation of Sale?
• Closing of the sale, by itself, is not the determinative factor as to
whether or not the broker is entitled to a commission.
• If the seller backs out, he clearly has breached the terms of the listing
agreement, and the commission must be paid.
• If the sale has not been consummated through no fault of the broker,
the broker is still entitled to his commission.
• Even if the commission is contingent upon consummation of the sale.
• Broker may be due a commission even if the purchaser backs out of
the agreement and the seller chooses not to sue.
• A residential broker may not file a lien on to secure a commission.
• There is a statutory right for commercial brokers and appraisers to put
liens on property.
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Special Problem Areas – Securities
• There has been a lot of emphasis on investment real estate in recently.
• Real estate has tax benefits that many other investments do not share.
• The investments generally take the form of syndication interests or
ownership of rental housing such as resort condominiums.
• In these cases, the broker may be selling real estate interests, from
which the owner expects a profit through the efforts of a third party.
• This is considered to be a security rather than a parcel of real estate.
• If the interest sold is deemed a security, the broker may find he cannot
maintain an action for a commission unless he has a securities license.
• After all, a stockbroker cannot maintain an action for a commission on
a real estate sale unless he is licensed.
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Truth-in-Lending
• The Federal Reserve Board has passed Regulation Z, to implement
enforcement of the federal Truth-in-Lending Act (T-i-L).
• T-i-L, simply explained, requires the lending institution to make a full
disclosure of all costs of a loan to a consumer.
• Although the first impression of the T-i-L Act makes very good sense, it
does provide a pitfall for an unwary broker.
• In at least one case, a broker who personally financed five real property
sales was found to be “in the business of making loans.”
• The broker, never realizing he should make a full disclosure , was found
in violation of the T-i-L and was subjected to its penalties.
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Employees Versus Independent Contractors
Broker s like salespeople to be independent contractors because:
• smaller amount of paperwork ;
• fewer records to maintain;
• no office hours are required to be kept;
• sales personnel work on a commission basis only;
• no Social Security taxes paid by the firm;
• no unemployment taxes to be paid by the firm;
• tends to promote more professionalism;
• no limit to his potential income; and
• fewer controls on the individual’s time.
A real estate agent is treated as an independent contractor if:
(1) such individual is a licensed real estate agent;
(2) substantially all the remuneration is directly related to sales; and
(3) the services are performed pursuant to a written contract creating
the independent contractor status.
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Brokers Versus Lawyers
• Both represent clients and often represent the same client.
• Conflicts in this type of situation are inevitable.
• You will find brokers who attempt to give legal advice.
• You will find lawyers who attempt to practice real estate brokerage.
• Keep in mind that attorneys licensed in Texas are Exempt from TRELA.
• The broker’s ability to “fill in the blanks” of an earnest money contract
is specifically approved using TREC promulgated contract forms.
• The relationship should be complementary.
• Neither profession should downgrade the other.
• It will take the efforts of both to keep these conflicts at a minimum.
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Antitrust Laws
Price Discrimination
Charging different prices to different groups to inhibit competition.
Exclusive Dealing Arrangements
Agreeing with competitors not to compete.
Aggressive Acquisition
Large firms buying up small firms to limit competition.
Price Fixing
Agreeing with competitors to fix, set, or limit prices or terms.
Boycotting
Agreeing with competitors not to do business with a person or entity.
Tying Claims
Tying the purchase of one product or service to another
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Deceptive Trade Practices—Consumer Protection Act (DTPA)
• Under DTPA, anybody who receives “goods” or “services” can sue the
provider of those goods or services if the consumer has been deceived
or if the producer of those goods or services has engaged in false,
misleading, or deceptive acts or practices.
• A Texas Supreme Court case defined a deceptive trade practice as one
“which has the capacity to deceive an average, ordinary person, even
though that person may have been ignorant, unthinking, or credulous.”
• It is important to note that the Act is liberally construed in favor of the
consumer.
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DTPA Waivers
A consumer may waive the right to sue under the DTPA provided that:
(1) the waiver is in writing and is signed by the consumer;
(2) the consumer is not in a significantly disparate bargaining position;
(3) the consumer is represented by legal counsel in seeking or acquiring
the goods or services.
The waiver is not effective if the consumer’s lawyer is directly or indirectly
identified, suggested, or selected by the defendant.
To be effective, the waiver must be:
(1) conspicuous and in boldface type at least 10 points in size; and
(2) identified by the heading “Waiver of Consumer Rights,” or words of
similar meaning and in substantially the following form:
“I waive my rights under the Deceptive Trade Practices–Consumer
Protection Act, Section 17.41 et seq., Business & Commerce Code, a law
that gives consumers special rights and protections. After consultation
with an attorney of my selection, I voluntarily consent to this waiver.”
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DTPA Causes of Action – The Laundry List
1. Representing that goods are original or new, if they are deteriorated,
reconditioned, reclaimed, used, or secondhand.
2. Representing goods or services are of a particular standard, quality, or
grade or that goods are of a particular style if they are of another.
3. Making false or misleading statements of fact concerning the reasons
for, existence of, or amount of price reductions.
4. Representing that an agreement confers or involves rights, remedies,
or obligations that it does not have.
5. Knowingly making false or misleading statements of fact concerning
the need for parts, replacement, or repair service.
6. Misrepresenting the authority of a salesperson, representative, or agent
to negotiate the final terms of the consumer transaction.
7. Representing that work or services have been performed or parts
replaced when the work or services were not performed or parts replaced.
8. Failing to disclose information concerning goods or services that was
known at the time of the transaction if such failure to disclose such
information was intended to induce the consumer into a transaction into
which the consumer would not have entered had the information been
disclosed.
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DTPA Breach of Warranties
• The criteria for the breach appear to be circumstances existing where
the knowledge of the seller, in conjunction with the buyer’s relative
ignorance, operates to make the slightest divergence from mere praise
into representations of fact.
• This is really nothing more than taking unfair advantage of a
“consumer” who is “credulous, ignorant, and unthinking”.
• While the services of a real estate broker have not yet been held to
have an implied warranty, it may be on the horizon.
• Texas courts have held that there are implied warranties for
homebuilders and for repairs of residential structures.
• Implied warranties for developers have been specifically rejected by
the Texas Supreme Court
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DTPA Unconscionable Acts
• Defined as “taking advantage of a consumer’s lack of knowledge to a
grossly unfair degree, thus, requires a showing of intent, knowledge or
conscious indifference” at the time the misrepresentation was made.
• It is very important that all brokers deal with consumers in a very, very
careful manner.
• A real estate broker makes representations in the normal course of
business.
• It is clear now that making such representations can be very, very
hazardous if they are not true since there is such a disparity between a
professional real estate agent’s knowledge of the business and that of
a “consumer” purchaser or seller.
• Old-fashioned references to “mere puffing” are no longer applicable in
Texas. What may be mere puffing to a broker could be understood as
absolute fact by an ignorant, unthinking purchaser or seller.
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DTPA Remedies
1. Economic damages
2. Treble economic damages if the conduct was committed knowingly
3. Mental anguish if the conduct was committed knowingly
4. Treble mental anguish if the conduct was committed intentionally
5. An order enjoining such acts or failure to act.
6. Orders to restore
7. Any other relief that the court deems proper
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DTPA Defenses: Statutory
§17.505. Notice: Inspection
(a) As a prerequisite to filing a suit seeking damages a consumer shall
give written notice to the person at least 60 days before filing the suit
advising the person in reasonable detail of the consumer’s specific
complaint and the amount of actual damages and expenses, including
attorneys’ fees, if any, reasonably incurred by the consumer in asserting
the claim against the defendant. During the 60-day period a written
request to inspect, in a reasonable manner and at a reasonable time and
place, the goods that are the subject of the consumer’s action or claim
may be presented to the consumer.
§17.5051. Mediation
(a) A party may, not later than the 90th day after the date of service of a
pleading in which relief under this subchapter is sought, file a motion to
compel mediation of the dispute.
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DTPA Defenses: Statutory
§17.5052. Offers Of Settlement
(a) A person who receives notice may tender an offer of settlement within
60 days of the notice.
(b) If a mediation is not conducted, a person may tender an offer of
settlement for 90 days after that date.
(c) If a mediation is conducted, a person may tender an offer of settlement
for 20 days after the mediation ends.
(g) If the court finds that the amount tendered in the settlement offer for
damages under is the same as, substantially the same as, or more than
the damages found by the trier of fact, the consumer may not recover as
damages any amount in excess of the lesser of:
(1) the amount of damages tendered in the settlement offer; or
(2) the amount of damages found by the trier of fact.
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DTPA Defenses: Statutory
§17.506. Damages: Defenses
(a) It is a defense to the award of any damages if the defendant proves
that he gave reasonable and timely written notice to the plaintiff of the
defendant’s reliance on:
(1) written information obtained from official government records if
the information was false or inaccurate and the defendant did not
know of the falsity or inaccuracy;
(2) written information obtained from another source if the information
was false or inaccurate and the defendant did not know and could not
reasonably have known of the falsity or inaccuracy of the information;
(c) In a suit where the above defense is used, suit may be asserted
against the third party supplying the written information without regard to
privity where the third party knew or should have reason ably foreseen
that the information would be provided to a consumer.
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DTPA Defenses: Statutory
§17.555. Indemnity
The statute provides that the defendant may seek contribution or
indemnity from one who, under statutory law or at common law, may have
liability for the damaging event of the consumer complaint. This allows
the defendant to cross-file against the seller, property inspector, or other
person who may be determined to have the ultimate liability for the
misrepresentation. Note that the statute also provides for reimbursement
for reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs.
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DTPA – New Exemptions
• Provides for exemptions for causes of action under the DTPA.
• One prohibits a claim for damages based on the rendering of a
professional service, the essence of which is the providing of advice,
judgment, opinion, or similar professional skill.
• The exemption does not apply, however,
• (1) to an express misrepresentation of a material fact;
• (2) to an unconscionable action or course of action, the failure to
disclose information and violation of §17.46(b)(23); or
• (3) to breach of an express warranty that cannot be characterized
as advice, judgment, or opinion.
• This section also provides for an exemption if the contract relates to a
transaction involving total consideration of more than $100,000 if the
consumer is represented by legal counsel and the contract does not
involve the consumer’s residence.
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DTPA Defenses: Case Law
• It is a defense if, in fact, the broker never made the representation.
• It also may be a defense if the broker did not know of any defect.
• There may also be a successful defense plead if the court can be
convinced that the plaintiff relied on somebody else’s representation
other than the real estate broker.
• One case has also held that if there was a defect disclosed to the buyer
and the buyer bought the property anyway, aware of the defect, that he
may not later turn around and sue the broker for failing to disclose.
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DTPA Defenses: Contractual
• In TREC forms a broker can recover attorney’s fees from the other
party.
• TAR has published a seller disclosure form and may provide a
successful defense by saying that all representations concerning the
condition of the property were made by the seller, not the broker.
• “As is” might not be a defense to the DTPA .
• The Texas Supreme Court has clearly held, though, that “as is” is a
proper defense under certain circumstances.
• One court has held that Section 7.D. creates an “as is” defense.
• All actions brought under the act must be commenced within two years
after the date on which the deceptive act or practice occurred or within
two years after the consumer discovered or should have discovered the
false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice.
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Questions for Discussion
1. List the requirements to obtain a salesperson’s and broker’s license in
the state of Texas.
2. Define the five types of listings discussed in your text.
3. A broker’s commission is conditioned on what five factors?
4. Explain the three primary violations of antitrust laws.
5. The Deceptive Trade Practices–Consumer Protection Act (DTPA)
prohibits a claim for damages based on the rendering of a professional
service, the essence of which is the providing of advice, judgment,
opinion, or similar professional skill. When does this exception not
apply?
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