Endocrine System
0
Learning Objectives – Endocrine System
Identify the endocrine glands and their
hormones.
Gain an understanding of the functions
of these hormones in the body.
Analyze medical terms related to the
endocrine glands and their hormones.
1
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
 Identify abnormal conditions resulting from
excessive and deficient secretions of the
endocrine glands.
 Describe laboratory tests and clinical
procedures related to endocrinology, and
recognize relevant abbreviations.
 Apply your new knowledge to understanding
medical terms in their proper contexts, such as
medical reports and records.
2
The Endocrine System – p. 746
• Glands release hormones
• Hormones regulate the many and varied
functions of an organism
• Hormones bind to receptors
• Receptors are recognition sites in the various
target tissues on which hormones act
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/hormonesdefinition-function-intro-to-the-endocrinesystem.html
3
4
Two Types of Glands
• ENDOCRINE glands
Secrete their hormones directly into the
bloodstream
• EXOCRINE glands
Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk,
saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBwCBdd0r
u8
5
Glands page 747
6
Thyroid Gland – page 748
7
Thyroid Function – page 748
• Two hormones secreted by thyroid:
– thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
– triiodothyronine (T3)
• Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of
oxygen and regulate metabolic rate
8
Thyroid Gland
• Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to
leave the blood and enter the bone
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
bsM5-PV_ObQ
• New hormone recently discovered
9
Thyroid Gland:
Hormones and Actions
10
Parathyroid Gland: - page 749
11
Parathyroid Glands – page 750
12
Parathyroid Function
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
causes calcium to mobilize from bones into
the bloodstream
13
Adrenal Glands – page 751
14
ADRENAL GLANDS:
Each gland has two parts
– an outer portion, the adrenal cortex
• Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals
derived from cholesterol
– an inner portion, adrenal medulla
• Secretes catecholamines
chemicals derived from amino acids
15
Adrenal CORTEX Secretes
• Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars,
fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory
(cortisone).
Influences--SUGAR
• Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes
– Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of
potassium. Influences—SALT (and BLOOD
PRESSURE)
• Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens.
Influences--SEX
16
Adrenal MEDULLA Secretes
• Two types of catecholamine hormones
– Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate
and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases
glucose from storage
– Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts
vessels to raise blood pressure
17
The Adrenal Cortex
and Adrenal Medulla
18
Pancreas – page 752
• Located near and partially behind stomach
• Exocrine and endocrine organ
19
Pancreas Function
• islets of Langerhans produce:
• Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into
cells and promotes storage as glycogen
• Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose
into the blood by breaking down glycogen
stored in liver cells
20
Pancreas Function
21
22
Pituitary Gland – page 753
• Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella
turcica) also called the hypophysis
– Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
– Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
• Hypothalmus controls secretions of the
pituitary via releasing factors (hormones)
23
Pituitary Gland
24
Pituitary Function – page 754
• Anterior Pituitary secretes the following
hormomes:
– Growth hormone (GH) – increases bone and
tissue growth
– Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH;
thyrotropin)
25
26
Pituitary Function
– Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –
stimulates cortisol secretion
– Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
– Prolactin (PRL)
27
Pituitary Function (cont’d.)
• Posterior pituitary: stores and releases
hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus
– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH;
vasopressin) – increases water
reabsorption by kidneys
– Oxytocin (OT)
28
Pituitary Gland: Hormones and Actions
– page 755
29
Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and
Actions – page 755-756
30
Table 18-2
• See page 756 for summary of major endocrine
glands, hormones they produce, and their
actions.
31
COMBINING FORMS – page 760
GLANDS
Combining Form
Meaning
• aden/o
gland
• adren/o
adrenal glands
• adrenal/o
adrenal glands
32
Combining Forms
Combining Form
Meaning
gonad/o
sex glands
(ovaries, testes)
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
33
Page 760 - Glands
Combining Form Meaning
• pituitar/o
pituitary gland;
• thyr/o
thyroid gland
• thyroid/o
thyroid gland
34
Combining Forms - Page 760-761
Combining Form
• andr/o
• calc/o, calici/o
• cortic/o
• crin/o
Meaning
male
calcium
(hypocalcemia)
cortex, outer region
secrete (endocrine)
35
Combining Forms
 Combining Form
Meaning
 dips/o
thirst (poly
dipsia)
 estr/o
female
 gluc/o, glyc/o
sugar
(hyperglycemia)
36
Glands - Page 761
Combining Form
Meaning
• home/o
sameness
• hormon/o
hormone
• kal/I
potassium (an electrolyte)
37
Glands
• Combining Form
Meaning
• lact/o
milk
• myx/o
mucus
• natr/o
sodium
38
Glands - Page 762
Combining Form
Meaning
• phys/o
growing
• somat/o
body (somatotropin)
• ster/o
solid structure
39
Glands
Combining Form
Meaning
• toc/o
childbirth
• toxic/o
position
• ur/o
urine
40
Suffixes - page 763
Suffix
Meaning
• -agon
assemble, gather together
• -emia
blood condition
• -in, -ine
a substance
41
Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
• tropin
stimulating the function of
• -uria
urine condition
42
Prefixes - page 763
Prefix
• eu-
Meaning
good, normal
(euthyroid)
• hyper-
excessive, above
• hypo-
deficient, below
• oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
43
Prefixes
Prefix
Meaning
• pan-
all
• tetra-
four
• tri
three
44
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means a blood
condition of too little
potassium?
A. hyperkalemia
B. hypocalcemia
C. hypercalciuria
D. hypokalemia
45
Thyroid Abnormalities – page 764
Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVSBo
065hmw
46
Thyroid Abmormalities
Hypersecretion
Hyperthyroidism
– Graves disease – Autoimmune
• Exophthalmos and proptosis
47
Thyroid Abnormalities
Hyposecretion
Hypothyroidism
– Myxedema:swelling of the skin and underlying
tissues giving a waxy consistency, typical of
patients with underactive thyroid glands.
– Cretinism: characterized by physical deformity,
dwarfism, and mentalretardation, and often by
goiter.
Neoplasms
Thyroid carcinoma
48
49
Thyroid carcinoma
50
Parathyroid Abnormalities – page 765
Hypersecretion
Hyperparathyroidism
– Loss of bone density
– Kidney stones
– Hypercalcemia
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sD9st1ZPFrQ
51
52
Parathyroid Abnormalities
Hyposecretion:
Hypoparathyroidism
–Deficient production of parathyroid
hormone leads to hypocalcemia which
leads to tetany
53
Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex – page 766
Hypersecretion
• adrenal virilism – excessive androgens
amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), hirsutism,
acne, voice deepening
• Cushing syndrome – excessive cortisol
Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition
54
hirsutism
55
56
Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex
Hyposecretion
• Addison disease – low cortisol and
aldosterone levels
hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low blood
pressure
57
58
Abnormalities of Adrenal Medulla – page 767
• Pheochromocytoma:
Benign tumor of adrenal medulla
Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hypertension, palpitations, severe
headaches, sweating, flushing of the
face, and muscle spasms
59
Abnormalities of the Pancreas
Hypersecretion
• Hyperinsulinism – excessive
secretion of insulin causing;
Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting
60
Pancreas
Hyposecretion
• Diabetes mellitus
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of
insulin in promoting sugar, starch and fat
metabolism in cells
Type 1 : childhood onset typically
Type 2 : adult onset typically
61
Comparison of Type 1 and
Type 2 Diabetes
62
Abnormalities
Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe)
Hypersecretion
• acromegaly
• gigantism
Hyposecretion
• dwarfism
• panhypopituitarism
63
64
65
66
Abnormalities
Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe)
Hypersecretion
• Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excess ADH
Excess water retention
Hyposecretion
• Diabetes insipidus
Deficient ADH
Polyuria and polydipsia
67
Review Abnormal Conditions of
Endocrine Glands – page 748
68
Laboratory Tests – page 748
• Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
– Measures circulating glucose in a patient
who has fasted at least 4 hours
• Serum and urine tests
– Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose,
etc. in blood and urine as indicators of
endocrine function
• Thyroid function tests
– Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the
bloodstream
69
Clinical Procedures – page 749
• exophthalmometry
• computed tomography (CT) scan
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the
head
• radioactive iodine uptake
• thyroid scan
• ultrasound examination
70
QUICK QUIZ:
5. What is the pathologic condition in which
enlargement of the extremities is caused by
hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after
puberty?
A. Addison disease
B. acromegaly
C. Cushing syndrome
D. Graves disease
71