2.4 Seconds
2.4 Seconds
Re-Feeding Syndrome
• Metabolic disturbance that occurs when
individuals who had been starving are too
rapidly reintroduced to complex foods
• When the body undergoes prolonged starvation,
it will undergo gluconeogenesis, in which the
body converts other body tissues into glucose
• Gluconeogenesis shuts down the body’s
production of normal digestive enzymes
• When complex foods are reintroduced, the body
cannot hydrolyze them and the patient may
suffer severe diarrhea, dehydration and even
death
How do you prevent “refeeding syndrome”
Power Flour™
• A mixture of enzymes
that, with water, can
be added to complex
foods, converting
them into their
constituent monomers
• Power Flour™
effectively “predigests” food for the
recently starving,
reducing risk of
re-feeding syndrome
How does the form of enzymes relate
to their function of digesting foods?
Target 2.11 – Enzyme Form
In which organic class would you place
enzymes?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic Acids
ENZYME FORM
• Enzymes are intricate, highly folded
proteins made of thousands of amino acid
monomers.
Target 2.11 – Enzyme Form
What is name of the molecule(s) with
which an enzyme reacts in a chemical
reaction?
A) Substrates
B) Surfactants
C) Competitors
D) Active Sites
SUBSTRATES
• The molecule that interacts with an
enzyme in a chemical reaction is the
substrate.
Target 2.11 – Enzyme Form
In the equation below, which substance is
the substrate?
A) Hydrogen Peroxide
B) Catalase
C) Water
D) Oxygen Gas
CATALASE & H2O2
In the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
into water and oxygen gas, hydrogen
peroxide is the substrate, catalase is the
enzyme and water & oxygen are the
products
Target 2.11 – Enzyme Form
In the diagram below, what type of
reaction is being catalyzed by sucrase?
A) Neutralization
B) Dehydration Synthesis
C) Hydrolysis
D) Homeostasis
SUCRASE
• Sucrase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the
disaccharide sucrose into the
monosaccharides glucose and fructose
Target 2.11 – Enzyme Function
How does an enzyme catalyze a chemical
reaction with a substrate?
A) By buffering the addition of H+ or OH- ions
B) By raising the temperature of the system
C) By reducing the number of substrate
molecules in the reaction
D) By reducing the activation energy of the
reaction
Enzymes & EA
• Enzymes reduce the activation energy
(EA) necessary for a chemical reaction to
proceed.
Target 2.12 – Enzyme Specificity
Where must the enzyme pair with the
substrate in order for it to function properly?
A) Functional Group
B) Active Site
C) Nucleation Site
D) β-Glycosidic Linkage
The Active Site
• Enzymes pair with their substrates at the
active site. Other substances may
compete for access to this site, preventing
chemical reactions.
Target 2.12 – Enzyme Specificity
To what does the “lock & key hypothesis”
refer?
A) How enzymes must be unlocked by coenzymes before they can function
B) How competitive inhibitors lock out enzymes
by binding to the substrates
C) That every enzyme reacts with two substrates
D) That each enzyme can only pair with one
specific substrate
Lock and Key Hypothesis
The lock and key hypothesis describes the
1:1 specificity of enzyme to substrate. Only
one substrate can match the active site of
any particular enzyme
How do you know which
enzyme matches a substrate?
LAB: Enzyme Specificity Inquiry
Purpose:
1) To determine which of five (5)
enzymes is capable of catalyzing the
hydrolysis of specific biopolymer
substrates.
2) To assess if a mixture of these
same enzymes could successfully
“digest” a meal containing
polysaccharide, protein and lipid
components into their constituent
monomers
PROTOCOL
Your lab group will need to develop a
procedure to successfully determine which
enzymes (if any) successfully catalyze the
following biopolymer solutions:
1% Albumin
1% Casein, Disaccharides &
Triglycerides (i.e. milk)
1% Gelatin
1% Starch
Biopolymers
Enzymes
Indicators
Lab Equipment
Safety Equipment
1% Albumin
5% Bromelin
Benedict’s
Beakers
Aprons
1% Gelatin
5% Catalase
Biuret
Graduated Cylinders
Goggles
1% Milk (casein,
disaccharides,
triglycerides))
5% Chymosin
Lugol’s
(postassium-iodide)
Graduated Pipettes
Hotplates
1% Starch
5% Diastase
Sudan IV
Test Tubes
Laboratory Timers
5% Lactase
Tongs
(beaker & test tube)
SUGGESTIONS & REQUIREMENTS
• Your method will also need to involve control groups that should
show the presence of the different organic biopolymers in
undigested form.
• Your group is limited to using 50mL of ANY of the various stock
solutions or enzymes. Plan before you use, conserve your
resources and choose wisely before running trials.
• Most enzymes will not work instantaneously. Allow 5-10 minutes for
the enzymes to complex with their specific substrates.
• That said, all indicators need to show positive or negative results
within 3 minutes.
• Enzymes may but not necessarily will necessarily pair with a specific
substrate
CONCLUSION
• Your conclusion should identify which
substrate-enzyme combinations were
possible. Use specific qualitative and
quantitative results to support your
contentions.
• Based upon your results you should be
able to assess if you have the proper
enzymes to develop a mixture that could
digest a meal of bread, eggs and protein