7th Grade Semester One English
Exam Review
To be used in conjunction with review
handout and your textbook.
Nominative & Objective Case
Nouns
• The best source to study for this is your
packet.
• Page one covers your Nominative Case
Nouns (S, SC, DA, Appos).
• Page two covers your Objective Case
Nouns (DO, IO, OP, Appos).
Nouns
Nominative Case Nouns can be found on pages
235 & 236 in your textbook.
Nominative Case Nouns
Subject:
Where: They are usually at the front of the sentence in front of the verb.
What: They are the noun or nouns that do the verb.
Clue: Find the verb and ask “who” or “what” is doing it.
Example: Susan walked three miles to her home.
Subject Compliment:
Where: They are always behind the linking verb toward the back of the sentence.
What: They are nouns that restate the subjects in front of them.
Clue: Find the subject and verb and ask the question “who” or “what”, look behind the l
linking verb for the answer. (Remember, these can not be in prepositional phrases.)
Example: My sister is the girl in the third row.
Direct Address:
Where: They can be in the front, middle, or end of the sentence.
What: They are the nouns (usually people) that are being spoken to in the sentence.
Clue: Most direct addresses are people, and commas always set them off.
Example: Go to the store, Sarah, and buy some bread.
Appositives:
Where: They are always directly behind the noun they replace. (No verb is between
them).
What: They are nouns that repeat or restate a noun in front of them.
Clue: They are similar to subject compliments without the linking verb between
them, and commas sometimes set them off.
Appositives in the Nominative case can restate subjects and subject compliments
Example: Joseph, my neighbor, gave me a ride to school.
Objective Case Nouns These can be found on pages 242-245 in your
textbook.
Nouns in the Objective Case
Direct Object:
Where: They are behind the action verb.
What: They are nouns that receive action from the verb.
Clue: Find the subject and verb and ask “who” or “what”, look behind the verb for the answer.
(Remember DO’s can not be in prepositional phrases).
Example: Tony received the award for his speech.
Object of Preposition:
Where: They are the noun or nouns located behind the prepositions in the prepositional phrases.
What: They are nouns that complete the prepositional phrases.
Clue: You must know your prepositions!! Ask who or what after your preposition.
Example: Jenny went {to the store} yesterday.
Indirect Object:
Where: They are behind the action verb and in front of the direct object.
What: They are nouns that receive the direct object from the subject.
Clue: Find the verb and direct object and ask “to whom” or “for whom”,
Look behind the verb and in front of the direct object for the answer. You will NOT have an
indirect object without a direct object, and they can never be in prepositional phrases.
Example: The teacher gave the class a test.
Appositives:
Where: They are directly behind the noun they replace. (There is no verb between them.
What: They are nouns that repeat or restate a noun in front of them.
Clue: They are similar to subject compliments without the linking verb between
them, and commas sometimes set them off.
Appositives in the Objective case restate direct objects, objects of the prepositions, and indirect
objects.
Example: I gave the bone to Spike, my friend’s dog.
Possessive Nouns
• You add ‘s to all singular nouns to make
them possessive. Ex: glass’s
• You add ‘s to all plural nouns that don’t
end in “s” to make them possessive. Ex:
children’s
• You add just an ‘ to plural nouns that
already end in “s” to make them
possessive. Ex: boxes’
Possessive rules can be found on the third
page of your packet & on page 239 of your
textbook.
Plural Rules for Nouns
• The many different rules for making nouns plural can be
found on pages 228-232 in your textbook.
Proper & Common Nouns –
These rules can be found on page 221 of
your textbook.
Proper nouns are words that name a
specific person, place, thing or idea.
Proper nouns are capitalized so the
reader can tell them apart from
common nouns.
Common nouns do not name a
specific person, place, thing or idea.
Common nouns are not capitalized
unless they are at the beginning of a
sentence or part of a title.
Proper - George Washington
Proper - White House
Proper - United States Constitution
Common – man
Common - building
Common - document
Concrete & Abstract Nouns –
These rules can be found on pages 224 & 225 of
your textbook.
Concrete nouns are words that
represent objects one can see, hear,
touch, smell, taste with the senses.
Abstract nouns are anything one
cannot literally see, hear, touch, smell
or taste.
Examples:
Concrete Noun – Heart, Flag
Abstract Noun – Love, Patriotism
Collective Nouns –
These can be found on page 223 of your textbook.
Collective nouns, a special class,
name groups [things] composed of
many members.
Ex:
army
audience
board
cabinet
class
committee
company
corporation
Each noun from the list above is a
single thing.
Pronouns
Person of Pronouns –
This can be found in your packet or on page 255 in
the text book
Number of Pronouns –
This can be found in your packet or on page 256
in the text book
Case of Pronouns –
This can be found in your packet or on page 257 263 in the text book
Personal Pronouns
Nominative Case:
Singular
I
You
He, She, It
Objective Case:
Singular
Me
You
Him, Her, It
Possessive Case:
Singular
My, Mine
Your, Yours
His, Her, Hers, Its
( ____ baked a cake)
Plural
We (1st person)
You (2nd person)
They (3rd person)
(Mary baked a cake for ______)
Plural
Us (1st person)
You (2nd person)
Them (3rd person)
(That was ___ cake. The cake was ____)
Plural
Our, Ours (1st person)
Your, Yours (2nd person)
Their, Theirs (3rd person)
Remember:
First person = person speaking
Second person = person spoken to
Third person = person spoken about
Nominative parts of speech = Subject, Subject Compliment, Direct Address, Appositive
Objective parts of speech = Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object of Preposition, Appositive
Possessive part of speech = Adjective
Compound Pronouns –
These can be found on page 268 of your textbook.
Compound Pronouns are also called reflexive and intensive
pronouns.
They are the words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
EX:
I gave myself plenty of time to get to work.
You should let yourself into the house.
Interrogative Pronouns
These can be found on page 271 of your
textbook.
Interrogative pronouns take
the place of nouns in
questions.
Interrogative pronouns
include the words:
who, whom, which and what
Who = Subject
Whom = Object
Ex:
Who is at home?
Whom did you ask over?
(you is the subject)
Relative Pronouns
These can be found on page 274 of your
textbook.
Relative pronouns are used to link
adjective clauses to other phrases
or clauses. The relative pronouns
are:
who, whom, that, which
Who = Subject
Whom = Object
Ex: The girl who sits behind me is
talkative.
The boy whom we invited is
arriving. (we is the subject)
Demonstrative Pronouns
These can be found on page 283 of your
textbook.
The four demonstrative
pronouns are:
this, that = singular
these, those. = plural
A demonstrative pronoun
identifies and specifies a
noun or pronoun. They
point to something
“Vanna White” pronouns.
Indefinite Pronouns
These can be found on page 284 of your
textbook.
An indefinite pronoun refers to
something that is not definite or
specific or exact.
Some plural indefinite pronouns
are all, another, any, few, many,
some, several. You can replace
these with “THEY” to get the right
verb.
The singular indefinite pronouns
are:
anybody, anyone, anything,
everybody, everyone, everything,
nobody, none, nothing,
somebody, someone, something
You can replace them with “HE”
and get the right verb.
Distributive Pronouns
These can be found on page 285 of your
textbook.
Distributive Pronouns are used distributively.
They are: each, either, neither.
These are always singular and can be replaces by “HE” to get the correct
verb.
Pronoun Subject Verb Agreement
Rules
• Page 264: Pronouns after “than” or “as”
(The
pronoun behind must take the same case as the word it is being
compared to.)
Ex: The girl is as tall as (he, him). = subject form
• Page 270: Agreement of Compound Pronouns
(They must agree in number with the antecedent.)
Ex: Susan asked (herself, themselves) a question.
• Page 273: Who or Whom as Interrogative
Pronouns (who = subj., whom = obj.)
Ex: Who do you like?
who = subject
Whom did you ask that question?
you = subject, so whom = object
Pronoun Subject Verb Agreement
Rules Cont..
• Page 276: Who or Whom as Relative Pronouns
(who = subject, whom = object)
Ex: The girl who is tall is nice. (Who = subject)
Ex: The boy whom we like is nice. (We = subject)
• Page 286: Distributive & Indefinite Pronouns
(all distributives = singular, each, either, neither; can replace with
“he”.)
(Indefinites that end with “one,” “thing,” or “body” are singular; can
replace with “he”.)
• Page 288: Avoiding Double Negatives
Ex: I didn’t do (anything, nothing).
Adjectives
Position of Adjectives
This is found on page 297 in your text book.
Adjectives can be:
In front of the word they modify: That is a tall tree.
A subject compliment behind a linking verb: That tree is tall.
Directly behind the word it modifies: The tree, tall and green,
is an Elm.
Descriptive Adjectives
These can be found on page 295 of your textbook.
These are words that describe a noun.
They could be said to answer the
question “what kind of.”
Ex: That is my favorite book.
My new car is blue.
The loud music isn’t to my taste.
Articles
These can be found on page 299 of your
textbook.
• The three article are:
a
an
the
• Definite article is: THE
• Indefinite articles are: A AN
Demonstrative Adjectives
These can be found on page 302 of your
textbook.
This
•
•
•
•
That
These
Singular: This, That
Plural: These, Those
Close: This, These
Distant: That, Those
Those
Possessive Adjectives
These can be found on page 302 of your
textbook.
• These are formed from possessive
pronouns.
My, mine,
our, ours,
your, yours,
his, her, hers, its,
their, theirs
Distributive Adjectives
These can be found on page 302 of your
textbook.
Each,
Either, Neither, & Every
Indefinite Adjectives
These can be found on page 302 of your
textbook.
• These represent an indefinite number.
• Examples: some, few, many, several, all etc.
Interrogative Adjectives
These can be found on page 302 of your
textbook.
• These ask a question.
which, what, whose
Positive/Comparative/Superlative
Adjectives
These can be found on page 305-307 of your
textbook.
Positive is describing one thing.
Ex: strong,
interesting
Comparative is describing two things:
Ex: stronger, more/less interesting
Superlative is describing more than two things. Ex: strongest, most/least interesting
Verbs
Simple Tenses
These can be found on pages 342-343 of your textbook.
Present: (today I…)
jump
sing
Past: (yesterday I…)
jumped
sang
Future: (Tomorrow I…)
will jump
Passive Voice: (Tense is determined by helping verbs)
Present: is, am, are, jumped
is, am, are, sung
Past:
was, were, jumped
was, were sung
Future:
will be jumped
will be sung
will sing
Perfect Tenses (Compound)
These can be found on page 344 of your textbook.
Present Perfect: have, has jumped
have, has sung
Past Perfect:
had jumped
had sung
Future Perfect: will have jumped
will have sung
Passive Voice: Add a form of “be”
Present Perfect: have, has been jumped
have, has been sung
Past Perfect: had been jumped
had been sung
Future Perfect: will have been jumped
will have been sung
Progressive Tenses
These always have a verb ending in “ing”
Present Progressive: is, am, are, jumping
is, am, are, singing
Past Progressive:
was, were jumping
Notice the tense is
determined by the
helping verbs
was, were singing
Future Progressive:
will be jumping
will be singing
Passive Voice: Move the “ing” to the additional form of “be.”
Present Progressive: is, am, are, being jumped
is, am, are, being sung
Past Progressive:
was, were being jumped
was, were being sung
Future Progressive: There is no form of this
Regular/Irregular Verbs
These can be found on page 323 of your textbook.
Regular verbs are verbs that you add
“d” or “ed” to from the present to the
past tense.
Ex: jump = jumped
carry = carried
waste = wasted
Irregular verbs are verbs that you do
anything else to from the present to the
past tense.
Ex: sing = sang
take = took
choose = chose
Active/Passive Voice
These can be found on pages 337-339 of your textbook.
• In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the
sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object.
Ex: Susan baked a cake.
• In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the
sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the
end of the sentence.
Ex: The cake was baked by Susan.
Passive voice will always have a form
of “be” as a helping verb.
Troublesome Verbs
These can be found on pages327 & 328 of your textbook
SIT – To sit means to take a resting
position. There is no object of this verb.
sit
sat
have sat
SET - Set must have a direct object. It
means to place something in a
position.
set
set
have set
• Lie means that the (subject) is doing
something to himself or herself.
Raise is transitive, it needs a direct
object. You do it to something else.
lie
raise
lay
have lain
raised
have raised
Lay means that the subject is acting on
something else; therefore, it requires an object.
Rise is intransitive, it doesn’t have a
direct object. You do it to yourself.
lay
rise
laid
have laid
rose
have risen
Troublesome Verbs Cont.
These can be found on pages327 & 328 of your textbook
Leave as a verb means to
depart or to go away.
leave
left
have left
Let as a verb means to allow or
to permit.
let
let
have let
Bring vs. Take
He brings his lunch to work every day.
• emphasizes movement in the direction of the
destination.
bring brought have brought
She takes her lunch to work every day.
• emphasizes movement away from the
starting point
take
BORROW needs an object, you get
something from someone else.
LEND needs an indirect object + a
direct object, you give something to
someone else.
took
have taken
Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
These can be found on pages 331-333 of your
textbook.
The meaning of a transitive verb is
incomplete without a direct object as in the
following examples:
The shelf holds three books.
The committee named a new chairperson.
An intransitive verb, on the other hand,
cannot take a direct object.
The shelf holds.
The committee named.
Linking Verbs
Action/Linking Verbs
These can be found on page 335 of your textbook.
Common Linking Verbs
State of
Being
or State
Verbs
Action Verbs do an action:
Forms of to be
feel
grow
is
were
taste
remain,
stay,
am
be
look
seem
are
being
She is tired.
smell
sound
was
been
It smell beautiful.
appear
become,
Ex: jump, run, ask
Linking verbs have a subject
compliment:
Subject/Verb Agreement Rules
These can be found on pages 353-365 of your textbook.
There is a pod cast of all the subject/verb agreement rules on the
classroom Wiki page in the “audio/video” page link.
https://mjanes8.wikispaces.com/
Subjects Joined by “and”…
• When the subject of a sentence is composed of
two or more nouns or pronouns connected by
and, You almost always should use a plural
verb. You can replace the subjects with the
pronoun they, and you will always get the right
answer.
• Ex: She and her friends (is, are) at the fair.
• Answer:
They (are) at the fair.
Exceptions to That Rule…
• Rarely, but sometimes, two subjects joined
by and represent one object. If that is the
case, you should use a singular verb. You
can replace the subjects with he, she, or it,
and the sentence will work.
• Ex: Ice cream and cake (is, are) my favorite dessert.
• Answer:
It (is) my favorite dessert.
• since the SC = one dessert, then the subject must be singular.
Compound Subjects Preceded by
Each, Every, Many a, or No…
• When you have two subjects joined by
“and” but preceded by “each” or “every”,
“many a”, or “no”, you should use a
singular verb. You can replace the subject
with “he”, “she”, or “it” and it will work.
• Ex: Every aunt and uncle (was, were) at the reunion.
•
He (was) at the reunion.
• Ex: Each lion and tiger (is, are) dangerous.
•
It (is) dangerous.
Subjects Joined by “or” or “nor”,
• When a compound subject is joined by “or” or
“nor”, the verb should agree with the part of the
subject that is nearer the verb.
• If it is singular, replace with “he”, “she”, or “it.”
• If it is plural replace with “they.”
• Ex: The boy or his friends (runs, run) every day.
•
They (run) every day.
• Ex: His friends or the boy (runs, run) every day.
•
He (runs) every day.
Sentences Beginning with “There”
• In sentences beginning with “there is” or
“there are”, the verb agrees with the
word/words that follows the verb.
• Ex: There are many questions.
• Ex: There is a question.
Collective Nouns
• Collective nouns are words that imply
more than one person but that are
considered singular and usually take a
singular verb, such as: group, team,
committee, class, and family. You can
replace the subject with “he”, “she”, or “it.”
• Ex: The class (want, wants) a recess.
He (wants) a recess.
Singular Indefinite Pronouns
• The indefinite pronouns that end in “one”,
“body”, or “thing” are always singular and,
therefore, require singular verbs. You can
replace them with “he”, “she” or “it” and it
will always work.
• Ex: Everyone (has, have) done homework.
He (has) done homework.
Plural Indefinite Pronouns
• Plural indefinite pronouns such as: some,
many, few, several, are plural and can be
replaced with “they” to use with the plural
verb.
• Ex:
Several of the girls (swim, swims) on the team.
They (swim) on the team.
Distributive Pronouns
• The pronouns each, neither and either are
singular and require singular verbs even though
they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two
things. You can replace it with “he”, “she”, or “it”
and it will work.
• Ex: Neither of the two traffic lights (is, are) working.
•
It is working.
• Ex: Either shirt (is, are) fine with me.
•
It is fine with me.
Phrases between the Subject &
Verb
• You should ignore any phrases between
the subject and verb, remembering to just
look at the subject.
• Ex: Everyone of the girls (is, are) tired.
•
She (is) tired.
• Ex: Melody, as well as her sisters, (like, likes) running.
•
She (likes) running.
Special Singular Subjects
• Some nouns that may look plural actually
use a singular verb. They can be replace
with “he”, “she”, or “it” and it will always
work. Ex: aeronautics, athletics, civics,
economics, mathematics, physics, measles,
mumps, news, molasses.
• Ex: Mumps (is, are) contagious.
•
It
(is) contagious.
Special Plural Subjects
• Some other nouns are always considered
plural and should be used with a plural
noun. You can replace them with the
pronoun “they” and it will always work.
• Ex: pincers, pliers, scales, scissors, shears, tongs,
tweezers, clothes, glasses, trousers, suspenders, ashes,
proceeds, thanks
• Ex: The pliers (are, is) in the shed.
•
They (are) in the shed.
Good Luck!