What are the divisions of organization?
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animal
Kingdom
Porifera
Cnidaria
Jellyfish
Annelida
Worms
Mollusca
Snails
Coral
Octopus
Anemone
Squid
Chordate
Birds
Mammals
Fish
Reptiles
Echinoderm
Arthropod
Starfish
Shrimp
Sea Urchin
Crab
Horseshoe
crab
Animal Phyla of the Oceans
Phylum Porifera
• Benthic, suspension feeders
• Asymmetrical
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
• No tissues or organs
• Osculum- large opening(s) at top
• Pores for incurrent water
• Collar cells (choanocytes)
Ex: Sponges
Coralline sponge
Encrusting sponges
Tubullar sponge
• Wonderful world of sponges
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMzi
y2o
• Sponge filtering
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7E1rq7z
HLc
Phylum Cnidaria
Polyp
• Benthic or pelagic
• Predators, passive suspension feeders
– Extra and intracellular
• Radial symmetry
• Oral and aboral surface
• Two stages
– Polyp – attached to bottom (sessile)
– Medusa – free swimming
• Nematocysts - stinging cells on tentacles
Medusa
Nematocysts firing
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zJiBc_N1Zk
&feature=related
Class Hydrozoa
Portugese Man of War
• Colonial
• Polyp stage dominant
Freshwater Jelly
Hydra
Class Scyphozoa
• Individual organisms
• Medusa stage dominant
• Jellyfish
Bell
Killer cnidarian
• Box jellyfish
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ws5hIme
onEA
Anemone
Class Anthozoa
• Sessile
• Solitary or colonial polyp
• Nematocyst to sting and capture prey
Coral
Sea fan
Anemones
• And clownfish
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVNW3mO
8hCE
• Reproducing
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPwi2QcL
Kao&feature=PlayList&p=68713C56DE93FD18
&index=14&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL
Phylum Ctenophora
• No stinging cells
– Colloblasts that stick to prey
• Pelagic predators
• Radial symmetry
• Ciliary combs
Comb jelly
Comb jelly
• Lobed comb jelly
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW3sqB7
RTIc
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Flatworms
• Benthic parasites
• Simple brain
• Bilateral symmetry
• True organs and organ systems
Fluke
Turbellarian
Tapeworm
Flatworms
• Planarian
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0QzSYQ
GsnA
• Fencing
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn3xluIRh
1Y
Phylum Nemertea
• Benthic predators
• Bilateral symmetry
• Complete digestive tract
• Circulatory system
• Proboscis – long tube to entangle prey
Ribbon worm
• Proboscis
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qT2x9Yuo
wqU
Phylum Nematoda
• Benthic predators
• Bilateral symmetry
• Common in sediment
• Parasite (sushi)
Round worm
• Nom nom
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1YiIiPUQ
R8
Phylum Annelida
• Segmented worms
• Coelom
• Muscles (longitudinal/circular)
• Closed circulatory system
• Complete digestive tract
Class Polychaeta
• Each segment has parapodia with sharp
bristles, setae
Beard worm
Tube worm
Sandworm
• Clam worm
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdHzRNdz
2HU
Class Oligiochaetes
• Found in mud and sand
• Lack parapodia
Black worm
Class Hirundinea
• Suckers at each end
• No parapodia
Leeches
Phylum Sipuncula
• Soft, unsegmented
• Mouth contains small lobes or tentacles
• Retractable mouth
Peanut worm
• Peanut worm
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5eaYp6J
w_g
Phylum Echiura
• Non-retractable proboscis
• Benthic predators
Spoon worm
• Fat innkeeper worm
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PZwkxYSbs&playnext=1&list=PL3D098C5C1CC08E6
B&feature=results_video
Phylum Mollusca
• Calcium carbonate shell
– Internal or external
• Separate mouth and anus
• “Rasping tongue” - radula
• Mantle – secretes shell
Abalone
Class Gastropoda
• “stomach foot”
• Torsion development
– Anus over head
Nudibranch
Snail
Cowrie
Killer cone snail
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcBm
MPJrrKk
Class Bivalva
• Bivalve named for number of shells
• No eyes or distinct head
• Siphons (feed/breathe)
• Byssal threads
• Umbo – oldest part
Scallop
Oyster
Mussel
Clam
Fouling
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=609Ch
AyR3yM
Class Cephalopoda
•
•
•
•
Octopus
“head-footed”
Bilateral symmetry
Ink sac
Most intelligent invertebrates
Cuttlefish
Nautilius
Squid
• Color changing
– http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/2
9084-the-ultimate-guide-octopus-colorchanging-cuttlefish-video.htm
• Walks on land
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjQr3lRAC
PIm
Class Polyplacophora
• All marine
• 8 overlapping shells
chiton
Class Monoplacophora
• Only known as fossils until 1952
• Deep water
• Similar to segmented worms
Monoplacophoran
Class Scaphopoda
• Deep water
• Tentacles with adhesive tips
Tusk shells
Phylum Arthropoda
• Most dominant animals on Earth
• Segmented, bilaterally symmetric
• Exoskeleton (chitin)
– molts
• Jointed appendages
• Well developed
– sensory system
– nervous system
– circulatory system
Subphylum Crustacea
•
•
•
•
Calcified exoskeleton
Compound eyes
2 pairs of antennae
Gills
Barnacles
Copepod Isopod
Decapods (10 legs)
Shrimp
Crab
Lobster
Amphipod
Krill
• Mating dance
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gwet0JLu
qWY
• Mantis shrimp
– http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/4
564-the-predatory-shrimp-video.htm
Class Merostomata
Horseshoe Crab
• 5 pairs of legs
• Lay eggs on beach
Class Pycnogonida
• 4 or more pairs of legs
• Large proboscis
• Common in cold waters
Spider Crab
Phylum Ectoprocta
•
•
•
•
Bryozoan
“moss animals”
Lophophore – tentacles for feeding
Suspension feeders
Benthic and colonial
Phylum Phoronida
•
•
•
•
Sessile
Lophophore
Filter feeder
U-shaped gut
California phoronid
Phylum Brachiopodia
• Shell with two valves
– Dorsal/ventral
• Lopophore with 2 ciliated arms
Lamp shells
Phylum Chaetognatha
•
•
•
•
Smallest animal phyla
Transparent, streamlined
Fish-like fins and tails
Eyes, spines, and teeth
Arrow worm
Phylum Echinodermata
• Water-vascular system
– Locomotion, respiration, and food capture
• Pentamerous radial symmetry
• Tube feet for movement
– Ampullae (muscular sacs)
– Madreporite
• Endoskeleton
Class Stelleroidea
• Central disc
• 5 or more arms
• Regenerative abilities
Crown of thorns
Sea star
• Regeneration
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7cXeWxxf
D4
Class Ophiuroidea
• Long, thin flexible arms
• Tube feet
– lack suckers
– Used for feeding
Brittle Star
Class Echinoidea
• Interlocking plates form a test
• Movable spines
• Artistotle’s lantern
– Jaw muscles
Sand dollar
Sea urchin
• Walking sand dollar
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLK71vsi2E&NR=1
Class Holothoroidea
•
•
•
•
Elongated body
Leathery skin
Deposit feeders
Evisceration
Sea Cucumbers
• Spilling guts
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCxKFc3Xt
Js&feature=related
Class Crinoidea
Feather stars
• Mouth with feeding
•
•
arms
Suspension feeders
Three sections
– Stem
– Calyx
– Arms
Sea lilly
Phylum Hemichordates
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• Proboscis, collar, and trunk with gill slits
• Some live sedentary lives in the deep ocean
Acorn worm
Subphylum Urochordates
Salps
•
•
•
•
Tunicates
Sac-like bodies
Sessile
Filter feeders with siphons
– Incurrent = mouth
– Excurrent = anus
• Tadpole larvae
Sea squirts
Subphylum Cephalochordata
• Lancelets
• Laterally compressed and elongated
• Filter feeders using gill slits
Amphioxus
Phylum Chordata
• Characteristics
– Notochord
– Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
– Pharyngeal gill slits /
Respiratory Openings
– Post-anal tail
Class Agnatha
• Jawless fishes
• Suction with aid of round mouth and teeth
• Lack fins, scales and true vertebrae
Lamprey
Hagfish
Class Chondrichthyes
• Cartilage bodies
• Movable jaws
• Placoid scales cause rough skin
Hammerhead Shark
Manta ray
Skate
Stingray
Ray video
Shark video
Pufferfish
Class Osteichthyes
• Bony fishes
• Cycloid(smooth) or ctenoid(spines) scales
• Gills covered by operculum
Angelfish
Gramma
Sea Dragon
What is a fish video
Sea Turtle
Class Reptilia
• Ectothermic – “cold blooded”
• Skin covered in dry scales
• Lay eggs on beach
Sea Snake
Saltwater Crocodile
Marine Iguana
Marine turtles
Class Amphibia
• NONE
Tern
Class Aves
• Endothermic– “warm-blooded
• Feathers and light bones for flight
• Nest on land but feed at sea
Seagull
Cormorant
Penguins
Frigate birds
Pelican
Tubenoses
Seabirds video
Class Mammalia
• Homeotherms
• Viviparous – embryos develop in mother
nourished by placenta
• Lungs
• Can be fully or semi-aquatic
• Mammary glands
Order Pinnipeds
• Semi-aquatic
• Flippers - “winged feet”
• Thick layer of blubber
• Breed on land
Sea lion
Monk Seal
Elephant Seal
Walrus
Elephant Seal video
Order Carnivora
• Insulation from fur instead of blubber
• Semi-aquatic
Polar Bear
Sea otter
Order Sirenia
• Herbivorous
• Front flippers, no rear limbs
• Paddle shaped horizontal tail
• Blubber
Dugong
Manatee
Order Cetacea
• Warm blooded, have hair, produce milk
• Front flippers with horizontal fluke
• Blowhole on top of head
• Toothless vs. toothed
Baleen Whale
Sperm Whale
Orca
Humpback Whale
Common dolphin
Dolphin video
Whale video