1.
What is a system?
A group of related parts that work together to
accomplish a common goal
2. List the 5 parts of a system and their duty.
Goal – objective
Input – ingredients
Process – directions
Output – what you get
Feedback – a way to change the input and
process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Define Matter and Atoms.
Matter – Anything that has mass and volume
Atoms – “building blocks” of matter
What are the two parts of the atom and what subatomic particles are
housed there?
Nucleus – Protons(+) and Neutrons (0)
Electron Shell – Electrons (-)
What is an Ion?
Charged atom from gaining or losing electrons
What is an element?
Matter with all identical atoms
How are the atomic number and mass number different?
atomic number is the number of protons in an atom (different for each
element)
atomic mass number of protons and neutrons (could determine if the
element is an isotope)
What are Isotopes?
atoms of the same element but different mass numbers (neutrons)
1.
2.
How is a chemical property different from a
physical property?
Chemical properties are observed with chemical
changes; during a chemical change, the original
matter changes its identity.
When changing a physical property, you still have
the same type of matter.
How is the state of matter determined?
Depends on the kinetic energy or how fast the
atoms are moving.
State of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Attraction
Volume
Shape
State of Matter
Attraction
Solid
Strong
Liquid
Medium
Gas
Weak
Plasma
Weak
Volume
Shape
State of Matter
Attraction
Volume
Solid
Strong
Fixed
Liquid
Medium
Fixed
Gas
Weak
Will fill the
container
Plasma
Weak
Will fill the
container
Shape
State of Matter
Attraction
Volume
Shape
Solid
Strong
Fixed
Fixed
Liquid
Medium
Fixed
Of the container
Gas
Weak
Will fill the
container
Of the container
Plasma
Weak
Will fill the
container
Of the container
1.
2.
Is changing the state of matter a physical or
chemical change? Think about water.
PHYSICAL – no matter if I boil or freeze
water, the chemical composition is still H2O
What are two ways to change a state of
matter?
Adding or removing heat energy
Changing the pressure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is energy?
The ability to cause change or do work
What are the two categories for types of energy and
how do they differ?
Kinetic Energy – motion and movement
Potential Energy – stored energy
What transfers energy?
Matter
What is the Conservation of Matter and Energy?
Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed,
but only transfer into different forms
What is the Unifying Principle?
All matter is influence by GRAVITY
1.
2.
What is a natural resource?
Matter on Earth, living and non-living, that has
value to humans in some way.
What is the difference between a renewable and
nonrenewable resource? Give an example of each.
Renewable – replaced within a human life time
EX – wildlife, water, soil, wind
Nonrenewable – cannot be replaced fast enough
naturally, exists in only small fixed quantities
EX – fossil fuel, minerals
1.
What is Einstein’s famous equation and what does it
mean?
E =mc2
All matter posses energy
2.
3.
4.
Define electromagnetic radiation. Do we give off
radiation? If so, what type?
kinetic energy given off by all atoms
YES, infarred
What form does radiation travel in and how fast?
waves
speed of light
What is a wavelength? How does it relate to energy?
wavelength – distance from crest to crest
longer wavelength – less energy
shorter wavelength – more energy
5.
6.
7.
8.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
A graph of all types of radiation based on their
wavelength
What’s visible light? What happens when white light
passes through a prism?
Radiation that we can detect with our eyes.
White light is separated into all visible colors
What type of radiation has the longest wavelength? The
shortest?
longest – Radio – least amount of energy
shortest – gamma – most amount of energy
What are five ways that radiation can interact with the
environment? Give a quick description.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Refraction – bends or changes direction
Reflection – bounce off
Scattering – energy is split into multiple paths in all directions
Absorb – when matter takes in energy
Transmission – pass through without interaction
1.
List three ways heat is different than temperature.
Heat
Temperature
Measures how fast the kinetic energy
TRANSFERS
Measures the average kinetic energy
During change of state heat energy is
absorbed or released
Marks the number where the state
changes
Units: calories
Units: celcius
2.
3.
How does heat flow?
From high to low
What is latent heat?
hidden or absorbed heat
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is cosmology?
The study of our universe – past, present, and future
What are theories and how are they different than laws?
theories describe a complex series of events
laws explain a simple universal action
True or False: The best way to describe the universe or
unknown is to observe what happens on Earth and apply
that knowledge elsewhere.
TRUE
The Universe formed from the __________ __________, and
occurred ____________________ years ago in an explosion.
Big Bang
13.7 billion
True or False: The Big Bang is a series of events that led to
the formation of our solar system.
FALSE!!!
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What are two pieces of background information that we
can apply to help describe the Big Bang? How do they
support the theory?
The Electromagnetic Spectrum – determines all galaxies
are red shift and moving AWAY from us
Doppler Effect – the change is only apparent b/c we are in
constant motion
The Universe is constantly expanding. How do we know?
All galaxies are red shifted or moving away
Finish what Hubble started, if the Universe is constantly
expanding, rewind it, at one point the Universe must have
…
began at one point
What are two ways that we can test the Big Bang Theory?
Measure the Cosmic Background Radiation (Temperature)
Apply the Unifying Principle
What were the first two elements in our universe? Think
simple.
H (Hydrogen)
He (Helium)
11.
12.
13.
11.
12.
What is Nuclear Fusion?
The nuclei of two hydrogen fuse (glue) together from colliding at high
speeds. This fusing makes one helium atom and releases large
amounts of heat and light.
What is a supernova?
the implosion that marks the death of a very large star; stars die when
they run out of hydrogen to burn
How did we get an element rich universe?
the process of nebula to fusion to supernova and back to nebula
repeats for almost 9 billion years.
After the Big Bang, describe what occurred to create our Solar System?
How long after the big bang was it?
a huge cloud of gas and dust (nebula) begins to clump together due to
gravity and form galaxies
the nebula will continue to move inward until enough matter and
energy are located centrally to start the fusion process – a star is born
the rest of the dust cloud revolves around the central star and begins
to combine and form planetesimals
Planetesimals collide forming larger planets with well defined orbits
What was the iron catastrophe?
the early Earth was liquid rock that separated into layers based on the
liquid’s density.
16.
17.
18.
18.
What are the four layers of Earth and how are they sorted?
Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Liquid Core
the most dense material is toward the center of the Earth
During the solar stew lab you compared the densities of
items to the density of the planets, how does this apply to
our solar system?
the rocky inner planets are the most dense and the
gaseous outer planets are the least dense
Describe baby Earth. How did we develop oceans? The
atmosphere?
Very hot, incredibly acidic, and poisonous to humans
Oceans 1: condensation from volcanic gases
Oceans 2: Earth was hit by ice comets
ATM: from volcanic gases (carbon dioxide and ammonia)
What are stromatilites and what role did they play in the
development of modern Earth?
Photosynthetic bacteria – very simple life form that
changed the carbon dioxide into oxygen