Religion Sparks Reform
Ch. 8 S. 1
Revivalism

Religious meeting meant to give faith

Could last up to 4-5 days

Charles Finney was one of the best

1800 – 1 in 15 belonged to a church

1850 - 1 in 6 were a member

Opened membership up to African Americans
Transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and
celebrated the truth found in nature and personal emotion and imagination

Stressed optimism, freedom, elf reliance


Henry David Thoreau – tested this
Gave the idea to refuse laws

Civil Disobedience :o
Utopian Communities

A perfect place

Common goals

Indiana, New Harmony (It used to be more than just corn)

Usually did not last for more than a few years
Shakers

Men & Women were equal

Refused to fight

When converted they refused to marry

1840’s 6,000 members

1999 - 7
Reforms!


1845-1852 Improving the Prisons

9 States set up public hospitals for the Mentally Ill

Treatment to reform the sick
Education

1830’s schools started demanding tax money

1837 First Secretary of Board of Education

Teacher Training

Doubled money spent on schools
Slavery and Abolition
Ch. 8 S. 2
Abolition

The call to outlaw slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison

Most radical white abolitionist

Started his own paper The Liberator


Spoke out for immediate emancipation

With no payment for slave holders
Founded the Anti-Slavery in 1832
Free Blacks

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

1829 David Walker

Wanted blacks to fight for freedom

1850 – 434,000 Free blacks

Lowest paying jobs were open to free black

Born to Slavery in 1817

Slave owners wife taught
him
Escaped
to Freedom
Frederick
Douglass


Started North Star in 1847

Dawn to dusk in the field

Slave driver made them
work harder

Many worked side by side
with their owner

Worked in factories

1850

Skilled occupations

Rural Slaves – 2.8 million

Urban – 400,000

Blacksmithing

Carpentry
Urban Slavery

A gifted preacher

Killed almost 60 whites

Used the eclipse of the sun

Turner hid for several
weeks

In return whites killed 200
blacks
Nat Turner
Nat Turner Cont.

This strengthened the Southern will to keep slavery
Reform from Revolts

Revolts caused a backlash against free blacks

Lost many of the rights they formerly had

Many found reason in the bible to own slaves

Invention of the myth of a happy slave

Gag Rule – Limiting or preventing debate on an issue
Women
Cult of Domesticity

Work that women was restricted to after marriage

Roughly 1 in 5 white women had worked for wages for just a few years

1 in 10 women worked outside the home for half the wages of men
Women Abolitionists

Looked down because they were taking the place of men

Made them more determined

Step towards women’s rights
Temperance

Temperance movement – effort to get rid of drinking

A branch of the church movement and women’s movement

Alcohol was used a lot
Education for women

Chemistry enough to keep the pot boiling

Geography enough to know the location of the different rooms of the house

Women start being educated in 1821

1831 Women tried to desegregate
Health reform

1849 First women to graduate from medical college

Women’s clothing and bathing was a problem

First women in pants
Women’s Rights

Seneca Falls convention – Women’s rights conventions

Declaration of Sentiments – Detailed statement of grievances
The Changing Workplace
8.4
Rural Manufacturing

Initial stage of clothing was done in a factory

Second stage was called Cottage Industry

All stages started to be done in the factory

It cut time and costs
Early Factories


Artisans-People who made items

Master – Most experienced

Journeyman – Skilled worker employed by a master

Apprentice – a young worker learning a craft
Spread of factories allowed unskilled workers to make items
Lowell Mill

Women were hired because they could be paid less

Conditions at Lowell

Started at 5

Work till 7:30

Was in hot, dark, and poor ventilated areas
Strikes at Lowell

Union is Power

Wanted conditions returned

Most women returned to work at lower rates

Mill owners then fired leaders
Immigration Increases

1845-1854 = 3 million immigrants

Mostly German or Irish

Went mostly to the North

Problems?
Unions & Strikers

Organized specific to trade

Faced opposition

Courts gave workers the right to Strike
Market Revolution
9.1
Entrepreneurial Spirit

Capitalism

Entrepreneurs
New Inventions

Vulcanized Rubber – Charles Goodyear

Sewing Machine
Communications

Telegraph

What is that?
Transportation

Canals

Railroads

Offered speed

Operate in winter

Brought things to people that live inland

Northeast became center of commerce and shipping