Home learning
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Review using green pen the
questions
Focus on :
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Command words
Key words
Marks awarded
A2 Physical Education
Sport Psychology
Group cohesion and
Attribution Theory
Week 4
Revision
Summary sheets
Group Dynamics TIPS!
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Be able to define the terms ‘group’ and
‘team’.
Group formation and dynamics, Carron’s
antecedents
Factors affecting cohesion
Task and social cohesion
Stenier’s model
Ringlemann effect, social loafing and
strategies to overcome social loafing
Groups
“Groups are those social aggregates that
involve mutual awareness and the potential
for interaction” (McGrath)
A collective identity
GROUPS
(Carron)
A sense of shared purpose
A clear structure for
communication
Stages of group formation. Whose
model is this? Describe each stage
to your partner.
Group Cohesion
“The extent to which a group sticks
together in pursuit of a common goal.”
TASK COHESION
The way team members
work together to
successfully complete
a task, e.g. a football team sets
Out to win by adopting attacking
Tactics at home & away matches
Vital in INTERACTIVE
Sports, e.g. hockey
SOCIAL COHESION
The personal relationships
within a group which relies
on individuals enjoying
social interaction, e.g. strong
Bond developed whilst on tour.
Vital in CO-ACTIVE sports,
e.g. track and field
Group Dynamics
“The social processes operating within the
group between individual members.”
SUB GROUPS
Small groups
contained within
the whole group
TO ACHIEVE COHESION
• Break down cliques
and sub groups
• Separate pairs
• Integrate isolates
GROUP DYNAMIC
SOCIOGRAM
The best way of
illustrating the
group dynamics of
a team.
Team sports rely on
units within the team
Working closely
together
Carron’s model
Steiner’s Model
ACTUAL
=
POTENTIAL
-
LOSSES DUE TO
PRODUCTIVITY
PRODUCTIVITY
FAULTY PROCESSES
(AP)
(PP)
(FP)
The team
performance at
any given time
(due to
successful
interaction)
The maximum
capability of
the group
when
cohesiveness is
strongest
Factors that go wrong
in team performance
which impede/ prevent
group cohesion e.g. coordination losses &
motivational losses
GROUP COHESION IS THE FORCE THAT BINDS A GROUP
TOGETHER, HELPING TO PREVENT FAULTY PROCESSES.
Faulty Processes
Co-ordination Losses
Motivation Losses
o These occur when the
‘operational effectiveness’ of
the group cannot be sustained
for the whole match.
o This may occur if the task is
too difficult.
o Planned strategies/tactics
may go wrong due to positional
error or bad timing, e.g. Line
out in rugby.
A co-ordination loss that leads to a
breakdown in team work is called the
RINGLEMANN EFFECT.
Problems with team co-ordination are
more likely to increase as the number
of team members increase.
o Also an individual might suffer
loss of motivation causing them
to withdraw effort and coast
through that part of the game.
They hide!
A motivation loss that leads to a
reduction in effort is called
SOCIAL LOAFING. This is called
when an individuals efforts go
unnoticed or when someone feels
like the others on their team are
not trying hard enough. People with
low SC tend to be loafers.
Group Locomotion
“ The process that explains the reasons
why the group has formed. It symbolises
the activity of the team.”
For locomotion to be
efficient there must
be a LEADER to
ensure the coordination of the
team.
****Don’t always
assume that good
players make good
leaders! Make sure you
know the
characteristics of a
good leader****
Strategies to develop an effective
group and cohesion
What’s the difference?
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Ringlemann effect and social loafing
Strategies to minimise the effects of
social loafing.
Question
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Explain Carron’s antecedents and
suggest how they may determine
the cohesiveness of a group.
Review the syllabus
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Devise two
questions (3 and
4 marks)
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Devise one
essay question
(14 marks)
Group cohesion – traffic light sheet
Anything new that
I’ve learnt
Summary sheets
Attribution Theory TIPS!
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You should be able to identify the
reasons for success and failure in
sport.
You need to understand ‘Weiner’s
Attribution Model’ and be able to
relate it to specific sporting situations.
Learn the definitions of ‘mastery
orientation’ and ‘learned helplessness’.
Attribution Theory
Attribution theory looks at the common reasons coaches and
players give for their success or failure in sport.
Weiner’s Attribution
Model
LOCUS OF CAUSALITY
INTERNAL
STABLE
STABILITY
UNSTABLE
ability
EXTERNAL
task difficulty
'we were more 'the opposition are
world champions'
skilful'
effort
'we tried hard'
LOCUS OF CAUSALITY
is the performance outcome caused by
- INTERNAL factors
under the control of the performer
ability / effort
- EXTERNAL factors
beyond the control of the performer
task difficulty / luck
luck
'the court was
slippy'
STABILITY
is the performance outcome caused by
- STABLE factors
fixed factors which don’t change with
time
ability / task difficulty
- UNSTABLE factors
factors which can vary with time
effort / luck
Weiner’s model - Dimensions
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Locus of causality could fall into two sub
divided areas
Internal and external
Stability dimension:
Stable and unstable
Third dimension added in (1986)
Locus of control:
Personal and external
Attribution Theory
HIGH ACHIEVERS
attribute success to internal factors
and attribute failure to external factors
LOW ACHIEVERS
attribute success to external factors
and attribute failure to internal factors
Attribution Retraining
The athlete has little control over ability, luck or task
difficulty but has complete control over EFFORT. Effort is
internal and unstable and can be changed by the performer.
The coach changes the usual external attributions for failure
into internal, unstable controllable factors.
Attributing a lack of success to internal and unstable factors will
help to prevent learned helplessness.
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
A belief acquired over time that one has no control over events
and that failure is inevitable. A feeling of ‘hopelessness.’
Learned helplessness
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What is it?
General and specific
List strategies to avoid it
Review the syllabus
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Devise two
attribution
questions (3 and
4 marks)
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Devise an
attribution essay
question (14
marks)
Attribution – traffic light sheet
Anything new that
I’ve learnt
Next lesson and homework
Week 1
Aspects of personality
Arousal
Week 2
Controlling anxiety
Attitudes
Week 3
Aggression
Confidence
Week 4
Attribution theory
Group success
Week 5
Leadership