Goal 2 Part 4
Religion Sparks Reform
Slavery and Abolition
Women
“Second Great Awakening”
Ideas of 2nd Great Awakening:
(1) reject the 18th-century Calvinistic belief of
“predetermination”
(2) Focus on “individual salvation”
Promoted:
(a) INDIVIDUALISM
(b) RESPONSIBILITY
(c) SELF-RELIANCE
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Charles G. Finney
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“the father of modern revivalism” – the Rochester Revivals (New York)
Spoke on salvation through individuality
Promoted the idea of many different denominations
Hudson River School
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Art school that promoted “American
landscapes” and demoted the paintings of
“European landscapes”
Nationalism increased!!!!!!!!! (natural
America)
**Ralph Waldo Emerson**
**Henry David Thoreau**
“TRANSCENDENTALISM”
– philosophical and literary movement that emphasized
and celebrated the
“simple life” and personal imagination
emotion…..optimism and
self-reliance
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Built a cabin in Massachusetts, locked
himself in and lived alone for 2 years
- Famous literature: Walden
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“Civil Disobedience” - urged people to
“PEACEFULLY” disobey laws that are unjust
ROMANTICISM (1820-1850)
A style of literature, art and thought in the
mid-1800s that stressed the human development
of emotional forms of expression, nature and emotion. –
Authors used American setting, American characters, and
American themes
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Helped promote the Hudson River School
Why important: American authors writing
about America themes for American people
Examples of “Romantic” Authors
Ralph Waldo Emerson (Transcendentalism)
 Henry David Thoreau (Civil Disobedience)
 James Fennimore Cooper (Last of the Mohicans)
 Edgar Allen Poe – American poet (The Raven)
 Washington Irving – (Legend of Sleepy Hollow)
 Nathaniel Hawthorne – (The Scarlet Letter)
 Noah Webster – (Webster’s Dictionary)
All of these authors raised nationalism because they
were all AMERICANS with AMERICAN themes –
before most authors were from EUROPE with
EUROPEAN themes
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Utopian communities
(1820-1850)
- Experimental groups that tried to create the
“PERFECT” place or “utopia”.
“prepare a society of liberal, intelligent and cultivated
persons, whose relations with each other would
permit a more wholesome and simple life that can
be led amongst the pressures of our competitive
institutions”
- George Ripley (transcendentalist)
* EXAMPLES: (Brook Farm and New Harmony)
 Result: didn’t work due to
(1) Lack of mainstream resources
(2) Laziness of patrons
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PRISON REFORM
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“DOROTHEA DIX”
visited Massachusetts and saw the horrors of prisons
and decides to reform / improve the conditions
 Worked for the “mentally ill” inmates
 Urged for the government to establish separate facilities
 Also introduced the idea of “Rehabilitation”
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SCHOOL REFORM
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“HORACE MANN”
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Main Goal: get students ready for society / good
citizens
Curriculum reforms and teacher training
Example: With Mann’s actions, every state have a
policy for elementary schools.
Analyze the impact of each movement
or figure on the Reform movement in
the mid 1800s
(1) 2nd Great Awakening
(2) Charles G. Finney
(3) Hudson River School
(4) Ralph Waldo Emerson
(5) Henry David Thoreau
(6) Dorothea Dix
(7) Horace Mann
Slavery and Abolition
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Abolition = a call to outlaw slavery in America,
******
William Lloyd Garrison ******
(ABOLITIONIST)
Goal: an immediate “emancipation / abolition”
of slavery with no payment to the slaver owner!
 Started his own newspaper called
****The Liberator*** – spoke of ways
to end slavery- I WILL BE HEARD!
(most famous abolitionist paper)
Also founded the
“American Anti-Slavery Society”
Abolitionists
David Walker
*Published the

“Appeal” to the Colored Citizens of the World literature passed around the South
 Spoke of “standing up and fighting
for your freedom as a slave”
(Don’t wait on emancipation….
FIGHT for it)
(D.W. = Don’t walk…RUN!)
Frederick Douglass
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An escaped slave that supported Garrison and
The Liberator
Lecturer or Orator at the American Anti-Slavery
Society conventions.
Wrote his own newspaper:
******The North Star******
Nat Turner’s
Rebellion
Considered the
“most successful” slave rebellion
 Followed “DAVID WALKER’S ideas”
 Nat Turner –a preacher born into slavery in 1800 in
Virginia
 Saw an eclipse in the sky (divine message) to free
slaves
 Attacked 4 plantations with 80 followers (killed 60
white people)
 Nat Turner – hid, found, tried, hanged
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Main result of the
Nat Turner Rebellion
Whites killed roughly 200 African Americans
*****This bloody rebellion made the white
slaveholders become more STRICT and more
controlling!
*(SLAVE CODES) – state legislation over slaves!
Slave owners = VERY NERVOUS!
Slave Owners DEFEND Slavery
(1) Bible – citing passages that claimed servants
should obey their masters /
Slaves are being “Christianized”
(2) Myth of a “happy” slave / happy addition to the
plantation family
(3) Abolitionists would SWAMP Congress with antislavery petitions and Southern representatives
countered by securing a “GAG RULE” – a rule
limiting the reading of an issue in Congress –
repealed years later
(4) Southern economy
(5) Paternalism
Women in the
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th
19
century
19th century woman – limited option and
opportunities (remember 1824-1828 voting
population left them out)
“Cult of Domesticity” – childcare and
housework
Female Abolitionist

Sarah and Angelina Grimke
An Appeal to Christian Women of the South
 Distributed literature, raised money
 Supported by William Lloyd Garrison
MAIN REASON WHY THEY GOT INVOLVED
 Anti-slavery issues COULD lead to women’s
rights issues!
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TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
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The effort that criticizes excessive drinking of
ALCOHOL
Problem: alcohol is everywhere!
(1) American Temperance Society
(2) Women’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU)
July 19-20 (1848)
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton –
MAIN GOAL:“WOMEN’S RIGHTS” (SUFFRAGE)
VERY FIRST WOMEN’S RIGHTS CONVENTION
 *********“Declaration of Sentiments”**********
(famous document)
Based loosely on the Declaration of Independence but
sheds light on “WOMEN’S RIGHTS”
**** SUSAN B. ANTHONY = leading women’s suffrage leader
*Mott, Stanton & Anthony help
found the National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA)
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T.Q. What did the Seneca Falls
Convention accomplish for the women’s
rights movement?
a. a series of education and health reforms
b. equal property rights with men
c. a series of resolutions stating women’s
grievances
d. the right to vote
Analyze the impact of each American
figure on the Abolitionist movement
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William Lloyd Garrison
David Walker
Frederick Douglas
Nat Turner
Harriet Tubman
Slave Defender
WCTU
Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony
Sojourner Truth
Impact of Social Reform
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Create a visual summary of the IMPACT of
social reform in America during the mid 19th
century.