Dependency: Demographic
and Economic
Comparing the two
G. Surabi
Research Scholar at MIDS
5/12/2014
Table of Contents:
Table of Contents: ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.
Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.
Literature on Dependency ratio ............................................................................................................ 3
3.
Need for the study: ............................................................................................................................... 4
4.
Data and Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 4
5.
Hypothesis: ........................................................................................................................................... 5
6.
Definitions of various dependency ratios: ............................................................................................ 5
7.
The population pyramid of India during 2001 and 2011: ..................................................................... 7
8.
Dependency Ratio and Economic dependency ratio in various states: .............................................. 11
9.
Regression Analysis: ............................................................................................................................ 13
EDR and DR ............................................................................................................................................. 13
EDR with OADR and YADR....................................................................................................................... 14
10.
Some Recommendations: ............................................................................................................... 14
References: ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Appendix 1: Ageing Index ........................................................................................................................... 16
Appendix 2: OADR for India and States 2001 & 2011 ................................................................................. 17
Appendix 3: YADR of India and its States 2001 & 2011 .............................................................................. 18
Appendix 4: Dependency Ratio for India and its states: ............................................................................. 19
Appendix 5: EDR for India and its States 2001&2011 ................................................................................. 20
Appendix 6: OADR Descriptive statistics 2001 and 2011 ........................................................................... 21
Appendix 7: YADR Descriptive Statistics 2001 and 2011: ........................................................................... 22
Appendix 8: Regression Analysis................................................................................................................. 23
Regression 1: EDR with DR in 2001 ......................................................................................................... 23
Regression 2: EDR with DR in 2011 ......................................................................................................... 24
Regression 3: EDR with OADR and YADR 2001: ...................................................................................... 25
Regression 4: EDR with OADR and YADR 2011: ...................................................................................... 26
2
1. Introduction:
The main idea behind this study is to capture the demographic dependency ratio1 that is done through
calculating the old age dependency ratio2 and the young age dependency ratio3. Next is to capture the
economic dependency ratio4 (EDR) that is done by calculating the ratio of the unemployed, the
population below 14 and population above 60 to the total working population of the working age group
15-59. One main aim of this paper was to determine whether demographic dependency is the sole
cause of economic dependency. This is analyzed using regression models that are discussed in the
subsequent sections. The results indicate that demographic dependency explains only a part of the
changes in economic dependency both in 2001 and 2011.
2. Literature on Dependency ratio
The previous century was a period of demographic transition from high fertility and high mortality to a
situation of low fertility and low mortality in developed and developing nations of the world. This has
resulted in an increasing high proportion of elderly people in most of the developed and developing
nations and the care for such elderly persons pose a challenge for social security measures in every
government where old age dependency is high. (Harwood, Sayer, & Hirschfeld, 2004)
Fertility decline over the past four to five decades is considered one of the major reasons for the ageing
population at present in the developed and developing countries. As a result of fertility decline, a
progressive decline has occurred in the proportion of younger population on which the future of the
countries belongs and older population may turn for support. (Nations, 2002)
As older population is on the increase their need for the daily care and health care also increases, as
their health conditions are on the decline. There is a general consensus that the older population is on
the increase in every part of the world and that differences in the growth rate are also increasing.
Alternatively we can differentiate between the potential economic dependency ratio and the effective
economic dependency ratio, where the former is the ratio of dependents (Popn. above 60 and Popn. 015) to the labour force population (15-59) and the latter is the ratio of dependents (young and old) to
the employed persons in the labor force.
The theory of demographic transition lists the five stages of growth rate of population. India is clearly in
a late expanding stage where the birth rate is decreasing due to various policies and the death rate is
also rapidly decreasing due to advances in medical facilities.(Lakshmamma & Kumari, 2013); Which
signifies that the population pyramid is like a dome, as the one shown above? However such a
1
2
DR refers to Dependency ratio in this paper
OADR refers to Old age dependency ratio in this paper.
3
YADR refers to Young age dependency ratio in this paper.
4
EDR refers to economic dependency ratio in this paper.
3
demographic bulge in the working group population must be accompanied by additional employment
opportunities such that even the labor force does not contribute or add up to the problem of
dependency. (Yusuf, Martins, & Swanson, 2014)
.
The concept of EDR is an evolving concept in the political debates around the world as it is considered to
capture the real burden of dependency on the working population. (Titu, Banu, & Banu, 2012) This was
used by the authors to study the EDR of Romania as a part of EU countries.
Some authors compare potential economic dependency which is captured by the dependency ratio, and
other authors calculate and compare the effective economic dependency as the pop 0-15 and the
population above 60 by the active employed persons. (Titu, Banu, & Banu, 2012)
Some authors calculate the economic dependency ratio in a different way, they include the ratio of
economically inactive people (people under 14 and people above 60 and the unemployed in the 15-59
population) by the actively working population in 15-59 age group. Such an estimate takes the rate of
dependency 5 to 6 times higher than that of the demographic dependency ratio. (Wöss, 2014)
3. Need for the study:
The main objective of the study is to analyze and discuss the demographic indicators of various states of
India particularly, the ageing index, dependency ratio, potential support ratio and also the economic
dependency ratio. Such a study on dependency ratio and other related indices for all the states within
India is minimal. The need for such a study is warranted by the differences in the states, their
differences in development indices and also the differences in demographic and socio economic factors.
4. Data and Methodology
The Data that has been used for this purpose has been derived mainly from the census data of the years
2001 and 2011 where the population of the various states under different age groups are available. Here
the age group of 0-5 was not given, but as it was needed to calculate the young dependency ratio, the
population of other age groups was deducted from the total population to calculate the born 0-5 age
group population.
The data for the working age group 15-59, older age group and young age group was tabulated for
various states, from which the various indices like the ageing index and the dependency ratios – young
age dependency ratio and the older dependency ratio have been calculated.
4
One more important calculation done is the economic dependency ratio which signifies the real burden
of dependency on the working population of the 15-59 age groups.
Next when we take the methodology we have regressed the economic dependency ratio with the
dependency ratio first to determine the causation effect of economic dependency by the demographic
dependency.
Here the equation for the first regression where economic dependency ratio (EDR) is the dependent
variable and the dependency ratio (DR) is the independent variable. We would have the equation as
EDR = Constant + ß* DR + E
This we calculate for both the years 2001 and 2011.
Next we calculate the second set of regression where we have regressed the EDR with the young age
dependency ratio and the old age dependency ratio as the independent variables.
EDR = Constant + ß1 OADR+ß2 YADR+ E
This regression is also calculated for the two census years 2001 and 2011.
5. Hypothesis:
The hypothesis of this study is given as follows.
H0= The EDR is minimally dependent on the DR, OADR and the YADR
H1 = The EDR is more dependent on the DR, OADR and YADR.
Thus we move on to define and calculate the above ratios and discuss the regression results as discussed
in the methodology part.
6. Definitions of various dependency ratios:
Dependency ratio by the name refers to the number of dependents to the number of working age
population in a geographic area. There are various terms being used in the context of dependency ratio:
Ageing Index
Demographic Dependency ratio
1. Old age dependency ratio
2. Young age dependency ratio
Economic dependency ratio
Demographic dependency ratio is further classified into younger dependency ratio and older
dependency ratio.
The importance of determining various statistics as listed above is as follows:
5
Ageing Index is a ratio of the elderly persons above the age of 60+ who are economically inactive to the
youngest population 0-14. Population ageing is an unprecedented but not an unnatural phenomenon
given the improving health facilities that decreases the death rate and also the given decline in fertility
rates due to changes in life style and increases women employment over the last two decades.
(Lakshmamma & Kumari, 2013)
It is calculated as
𝐴𝑔𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = (Population above 60 / Population 0-14) * 100
Although ageing index is a natural process due to fall in the birth rate and death rate due to advanced
medical facilities, one important factor to be noted is that most of the developed countries have
achieved or experienced slow process of ageing which the developing countries are experiencing in a
much shorter time span which gives them much lower time for creation of productive employment.
Total Dependency ratio is another index to measure the potential social support needs. It is assumed
that population above 60 years and below 0-14 years are in some way dependent on the working age
population of 15-60 years.
Total dependency ratio = [(Population under 15 + population above 60) / population 15-59]*100
Here we differentiate between the younger dependency ratio and the older dependency ratio as follows
The dependency ratio of a country or a geographical area is defined as the aggregate of number of
children aged 0-15 and the number of persons above 60+ divided by the population in the working age
group 15-60. Here we have two segregations.


The older dependency ratio and
The younger dependency ratio.
The older dependency ratio is defined as the ratio of persons aged above 60 to the number of persons in
the working age group 15-59.
The younger dependency ratio is defined as the ratio of people aged 0 to 15 to the number of persons in
the working age group 15-59.
Old Age Dependency Ratio = (Population above 60) / (Pop. aged 15-59)
Youth Dependency Ratio= (Population under 14) / (Pop. aged 15-59)
The importance of dependency ratio lies in the fact that it is a rough indicator of burden of dependency.
However not all the persons in the employment age group 15-59 are productively employed? And this
requires an analysis of actively employed persons and calculation of economic dependency ratio.
6
An more reliable ratio for the determining the real burden on the work force is given by some authors
which is the economic dependency ratio which measures the inactive persons (which includes the
unemployed in the working age group, the young(0-14) and the old(above 60) dependent population to
the actively employed persons in working age group 15-59. (Zamaro, Green, Tsouros, & Chiavon,
2008)The purpose of computing this ratio lies in the fact that economic dependency captures the real
burden over the actively employed persons. However this is an evolving concept and has many
statistical complexities. Since the above 60+ population also consists of actively employed persons and
many of the working age group are part time workers doing along with their studies, the complexities
involved in calculating EDR makes it difficult to compute. But here we have taken the simplest
computation, which may have some limitations. The EDR we have considered in this paper is the ratio of
the unemployed in 15-59 age groups, population above 60+ and population 0-14, to the actively
employed main workers. The limitations in such an calculation may include excluding the persons
employed in above 60+ age group, and excluding the part time and marginal workers, etc.
7. The population pyramid of India during 2001 and 2011:
Before calculating the dependency ratio one needs to look at the population pyramid of India over the
two census periods. In the bar charts below we can see the population pyramid of India in 2001 and
2011. We can see that
Population pyramid-India 2001
A.N.S
80+
70-79
60-69
50-59
40-49
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-5
Females
Males
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
7
Population pyramid-India 2011
80+
60-69
40-49
Females
30-34
Males
20-24
10-14
0-5
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
We can see from the population pyramid of India in the above two figures that the ageing population of
India is on the increase and as such young population is also the highest in the age group 10-24.
The above diagram clearly highlights that in the next two decades the old age dependency ratio will be
higher and the social security policies should be directed towards that. But one cannot just conclude
from just viewing the population pyramid of a country. There are many factors that must be considered.
The ageing Index, OADR and YADR, DR and EDR are calculated for the various states of India and
tabulated which are shown in Appendix 1,2,and 3.
The highest ageing Index is found in Kerala in both 2001 and 2011 followed by Goa and Tamil Nadu.
Appendix 1 and the chart below show the differences in ageing index in the various states where the
states with highest ageing index would need more social security measures than the rest of the states.
8
Ageing Index
60.00
50.00
40.00
2001
30.00
2011
20.00
10.00
0.00
INDIA
KERALA
GOA
TAMIL NADU
When the ageing population of a region goes higher and higher as in the case of Kerala and Goa, their
effects on the society is complex. There will be problems in social security measures that are being
provided; health care measures that have to be improved to keep the ageing population under proper
care.
Old Age Dependency
25.00
20.00
2001Total
Males
15.00
Females
10.00
2011 Total
Males
5.00
Females
0.00
INDIA
KERALA
PUNJAB
HIMACHAL
PRADESH
Old age dependency is highest in Kerala followed by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. One important fact
to be noted is that the old age dependency ratio is higher among females in Kerala both in 2001 and
9
2011. In Punjab and Haryana such a discrepancy is not noted. Some states exhibit such discrepancies
among the male OADR and female OADR that necessitate more security measures for the female
population above 60 years.
When we look into the Young age dependency ratio which implies that the birth rate is still high in these
states, Bihar leads with 82.16 in 2001 and 76.88 % in 2001; followed by Meghalaya and Uttar Pradesh.
Young Age Dependency Ratio
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
2001 Total
Males
Females
2011 Total
Males
Females
While the data on other states show the differences in OADR and YADR, the descriptive statistics show
the maximum and minimum values of the two ratios, with the mean showing the average for India as a
whole. This has been tabulated in Appendix 6 and 7.
10
8. Dependency Ratio and Economic dependency ratio in various
states:
The states with highest dependency ratio, which is the sum of old age dependency and also the young
age dependency ratio are Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Meghalaya as shown in the chart below.
States with highest dependency ratio
2001
95.1291.08
BIHAR
92.65
77.84
UTTAR
PRADESH
2011
88.24
73.12
88.41
80.09
RAJASTHAN
MEGHALAYA
Though dependency ratio has declined over the decade in these states, it is still higher than the all India
average of dependency ratio of 75.17 in 2001 and 65.24 in 2011.
Economic Dependency Ratio
2001&2011
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
2001
200.00
2011
100.00
0.00
LAKSHADWEEP
UTTAR
PRADESH
JHARKHAND
BIHAR
11
The economic dependency ratio which includes the burden of the unemployed with the demographic
dependents is the highest in Lakshadweep which is union territory, in the states, it was the highest in
Uttar Pradesh in 2001 but now it is the highest in Bihar.
There are remarkable differences in the demographic dependency ratio and the economic dependency
ratio as the burden of the unemployed in the working age group also lies in the shoulders of the
employed in the working age group. However in the calculation of EDR only main workers are included,
if marginal workers and part time workers are also included, the EDR might demonstrate lower values of
economic dependency.
One more disadvantage of DR and EDR is that not all the persons in the above 60 population category
are unemployed. In fact they continue to earn and support their immediate off springs even in their old
age. And even in the young population, under 14 categories, there are child laborers, even though there
are policies against it.
The population pyramid below shows the actual EDR in India, during 2001 and 2011.
Population pyramid 2001
80+
60-69
Male workers
40-49
Dependent males
30-34
Female workers
20-24
Dependant females
10-14
0-5
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
12
Population pyramid 2011
80+
60-69
40-49
Male Workers
30-34
Dependant males
Female Workers
20-24
Dependant females
10-14
0-5
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
However, the above pyramids, does not include the marginal workers and since most of the females
tend to work in the marginal category and part time workers who work for 3 to 6 months, are not
included, the EDR might decline or show much lower ratio if the marginal workers are included in the
same. Still we can see that the 15-20 and 20-24 categories having a higher dependency as youth
generally take up to 24 years to finish their studies and settle down.
9. Regression Analysis:
The regression of economic dependency ratio by the dependency ratio gives the following results.
EDR and DR
(Economic dependency ratio and Dependency ratio)
The regression equation as given by the regression run with EDR as the dependent variable and the DR
as the independent variable is as follows
EDR = Constant + ß* DR + E
In 2001 it is given as EDR = 68.452 + 2.635(DR) + E
Since R2 value is 0.218 the model does not sufficiently explain the changes in EDR due to changes in DR.
Similarly in 2011, the equation has become as
In 2011 EDR = -8.091 + 4.493(DR)+ E
Here also the R2 value is given as 0.301, DR explains only 30% of the changes in the EDR.
13
EDR with OADR and YADR
(Economic dependency ratio with Old Age dependency ratio and Young age dependency ratio)
The regression results of EDR as the dependent variable and the OADR and YADR as independent
variable in the years 2001 and 2011, gives the following results.
Here the equation of EDR becomes
EDR = Constant + ß1 OADR+ß2 YADR+ E
In 2001, EDR= -0.462 + 10.258(OADR) +2.306(YADR)+E
Here R2 value is given as 0.307, and the model only explains the 30.7% changes in EDR due to OADR and
YADR.
In 2011, EDR = -89.765+ 11.58(OADR) + 4.324 (YADR)
Here R2 value is 0.362 which signifies that only 36.2% changes in EDR is explained by changes in OADR
and YADR.
However, the regression results of the above four regressions which are tabulated in appendix 8 have
the R2 values that does not sufficiently explain the casual effects of changes in EDR due to changes in DR,
OADR and YADR; which signifies that we have to accept the null hypothesis that Economic dependency
is minimally related to demographic dependency (old age dependency ratio and young age dependency
ratio).
10.
Some Recommendations:
As the various ratios indicate the increasing OADR and YADR in various states of India, the policy
measures have to focus on providing



Better pensions and social security measures for the 60+ population who are more dependent
on their off springs in the working age group.
Better health care facilities and discounts on medical treatments could be provided to the so
called pensioners or the above 60+ age group. Already senior citizen allowances in railways and
higher interest rates in banks for senior citizens are given in various banks. But the awareness
that such facilities are being provided has to be created among the old population.
Regarding YADR, the highest recorded YADR is in the lower developed states like Bihar and Utter
Pradesh and hence better educational facilities and motivation to go to school has to be
initiated and strengthened in these states.
14


As regards to EDR, the highest recorded is among the least developed which comes again to
Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. Better employment opportunities for the working age
group has to be created in these states and others having higher EDR as the EDR is a much
reliable indicator of economic dependency.
Though there seems to be a correlation between YADR and EDR, one has to develop and handle
the situation wholesomely such that all encompassing solution to the demographic bulge is
tackled. Human population is now a day’s considered as a capital of a nation; one should
educate and provide enough opportunities for the same to take the country to a higher level.
References:
Harwood, R. H., Sayer, A. A., & Hirschfeld, M. (2004). Current and future worldwide prevalence of
dependency, its relation to total population and dependency ratios. Bulletin of World Health
Organisation , 82 (4).
Lakshmamma, T., & Kumari, P. (2013). Changing Age-structures of China, India & Japan - Concerns and
Contributions. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention .
Nations, U. (2002). World Population Ageing. Depeartment of economic and 1950-2050;U N;2002, Social
affair: Population division.
Titu, M., Banu, I., & Banu, I.-M. (2012). Demographic and Economic Dependency Ratios – Present and
Perspectives. International Journal of Economics and Finance , 4 (12).
Wöss, D. J. (2014). The impact of labour markets on economic dependency ratios – Presentation of
Dependency ratio calculator. http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/49314824.pdf: Chamber of Workers
and Employees, Austria .
Yusuf, F., Martins, J. M., & Swanson, D. A. (2014). Methods of Demographic Analysis. Springer.
Zamaro, G., Green, G., Tsouros, A., & Chiavon, E. (2008). A new model dependency ratio for European
cities. Italian Jouranl of Public Health .
15
Appendix 1: Ageing Index
Ageing Index for India and States 2001 &2011
2001
INDIA
21.07
JAMMU & KASHMIR
18.67
HIMACHAL PRADESH
29.06
PUNJAB
28.77
CHANDIGARH
17.20
UTTARANCHAL
21.20
HARYANA
20.90
DELHI
16.02
RAJASTHAN
16.90
UTTAR PRADESH
17.15
BIHAR
15.77
SIKKIM
15.37
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
11.27
NAGALAND
12.40
MANIPUR (Excl. 3 Sub-divisions)
20.58
MIZORAM
15.63
TRIPURA
21.62
MEGHALAYA
10.78
ASSAM
15.65
WEST BENGAL
21.39
JHARKHAND
14.74
ORISSA
24.89
CHHATTISGARH
19.56
MADHYA PRADESH
18.41
GUJARAT
21.05
DAMAN & DIU
18.62
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI
11.34
MAHARASHTRA
27.19
ANDHRA PRADESH
23.72
KARNATAKA
24.11
GOA
33.90
LAKSHADWEEP
17.98
KERALA
40.21
TAMIL NADU
32.96
PONDICHERRY
30.84
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
16.69
2011
27.88
21.76
39.60
40.45
25.17
28.79
29.13
25.13
21.55
21.65
18.47
24.56
12.90
15.13
23.21
19.28
28.44
11.79
20.28
31.30
19.82
32.99
24.49
23.51
27.44
20.66
12.89
37.13
37.99
36.14
51.39
32.02
53.55
44.16
40.36
27.43
16
Appendix 2: OADR for India and States 2001 & 2011
Females
Females 2011 Total Males
Males
2001 Total
7.23
7.00
14.22
6.63
6.45
13.08
OADR
INDIA
5.98
6.55
12.53
5.33
6.30
11.63
JAMMU & KASHMIR OADR
8.28
7.79
16.06
7.62
7.46
15.08
HIMACHAL PRADESH OADR
8.01
8.13
16.14
7.47
7.69
15.16
OADR
PUNJAB
4.47
4.83
9.30
3.57
4.00
7.57
OADR
CHANDIGARH
7.60
7.32
14.91
6.93
6.91
13.83
OADR
UTTARANCHAL
7.09
6.98
14.07
6.63
6.68
13.31
OADR
HARYANA
5.16
5.22
10.38
4.10
4.25
8.35
OADR
DELHI
6.79
6.17
12.96
6.63
6.12
12.76
OADR
RAJASTHAN
6.64
7.21
13.85
6.37
7.19
13.56
OADR
UTTAR PRADESH
6.63
7.57
14.20
6.08
6.88
12.96
OADR
BIHAR
4.54
5.58
10.12
3.94
5.11
9.05
OADR
SIKKIM
3.69
4.02
7.71
3.89
4.37
8.26
ARUNACHAL PRADESHOADR
4.01
4.58
8.59
3.39
4.35
7.74
OADR
NAGALAND
5.61
5.59
11.20
5.51
5.59
11.10
OADR
MANIPUR (Excl. 3 Sub-divisions)
5.10
5.11
10.21
4.61
4.72
9.34
OADR
MIZORAM
6.24
6.00
12.24
6.36
5.97
12.33
OADR
TRIPURA
4.38
4.07
8.45
4.21
4.39
8.60
OADR
MEGHALAYA
5.43
5.59
11.02
5.03
5.30
10.34
OADR
ASSAM
6.63
6.56
13.19
6.11
5.84
11.95
OADR
WEST BENGAL
6.31
6.35
12.65
5.41
5.38
10.79
OADR
JHARKHAND
7.72
7.73
15.45
7.15
6.99
14.14
OADR
ORISSA
7.02
6.05
13.07
7.02
5.94
12.96
OADR
CHHATTISGARH
6.92
6.51
13.43
6.70
6.41
13.11
MADHYA PRADESH OADR
6.69
5.91
12.61
6.13
5.34
11.47
OADR
GUJARAT
3.67
2.76
6.44
4.42
3.11
7.52
OADR
DAMAN & DIU
3.40
2.87
6.27
3.69
2.90
6.59
OADR
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI
8.25
7.41
15.66
7.91
6.87
14.78
OADR
MAHARASHTRA
8.14
7.27
15.40
6.60
6.01
12.61
ANDHRA PRADESH OADR
7.76
7.00
14.76
6.70
6.03
12.74
OADR
KARNATAKA
9.15
7.62
16.77
6.98
5.54
12.51
OADR
GOA
6.09
6.27
12.36
5.11
5.21
10.32
OADR
LAKSHADWEEP
10.82
8.82
19.64
9.17
7.35
16.53
OADR
KERALA
8.09
7.70
15.79
6.97
6.88
13.85
OADR
TAMIL NADU
8.09
6.45
14.54
7.07
5.79
12.86
OADR
PONDICHERRY
4.29
5.41
9.70
3.24
4.23
7.47
ISLANDS
ANDAMAN & NICOBAROADR
17
Appendix 3: YADR of India and its States 2001 & 2011
Females
Females 2011 Total Males
Males
2001 Total
24.39
26.62
51.01
29.73
32.36
62.09
YADR
INDIA
26.97
30.63
57.60
30.19
32.12
62.30
JAMMU & KASHMIR YADR
19.21
21.36
40.57
24.88
27.01
51.89
HIMACHAL PRADESH YADR
17.96
21.95
39.91
23.86
28.84
52.70
YADR
PUNJAB
16.88
20.06
36.94
20.13
23.90
44.03
YADR
CHANDIGARH
24.45
27.36
51.81
31.28
33.98
65.26
YADR
UTTARANCHAL
21.80
26.48
48.28
29.10
34.60
63.70
YADR
HARYANA
19.04
22.24
41.28
24.26
27.88
52.14
YADR
DELHI
28.34
31.81
60.15
35.73
39.75
75.48
YADR
RAJASTHAN
30.26
33.73
63.99
37.32
41.77
79.08
YADR
UTTAR PRADESH
36.90
39.98
76.88
39.05
43.11
82.16
YADR
BIHAR
20.26
20.94
41.20
28.96
29.90
58.86
YADR
SIKKIM
29.54
30.25
59.79
35.92
37.38
73.30
ARUNACHAL PRADESHYADR
27.43
29.38
56.81
30.20
32.25
62.44
YADR
NAGALAND
23.38
24.86
48.24
26.40
27.55
53.94
YADR
MANIPUR (Excl. 3 Sub-divisions)
26.05
26.93
52.98
29.37
30.39
59.75
YADR
MIZORAM
21.06
21.99
43.05
27.93
29.09
57.02
YADR
TRIPURA
35.34
36.30
71.64
39.39
40.41
79.81
YADR
MEGHALAYA
26.61
27.74
54.34
32.29
33.75
66.05
YADR
ASSAM
20.62
21.54
42.15
27.25
28.58
55.84
YADR
WEST BENGAL
31.09
32.76
63.85
35.56
37.67
73.22
YADR
JHARKHAND
22.91
23.91
46.82
27.78
29.01
56.79
YADR
ORISSA
26.29
27.08
53.37
32.62
33.64
66.27
YADR
CHHATTISGARH
27.46
29.68
57.14
34.08
37.13
71.21
MADHYA PRADESH YADR
21.50
24.45
45.95
25.60
28.90
54.50
YADR
GUJARAT
14.63
16.51
31.15
19.36
21.04
40.41
YADR
DAMAN & DIU
23.22
25.42
48.65
28.44
29.67
58.11
YADR
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI
19.93
22.24
42.17
25.99
28.38
54.37
YADR
MAHARASHTRA
19.70
20.85
40.55
25.97
27.20
53.17
ANDHRA PRADESH YADR
19.86
20.99
40.84
25.79
27.03
52.82
YADR
KARNATAKA
15.80
16.83
32.64
17.98
18.94
36.92
YADR
GOA
19.22
19.38
38.60
27.80
29.58
57.38
YADR
LAKSHADWEEP
17.99
18.69
36.68
20.15
20.95
41.11
YADR
KERALA
17.35
18.41
35.76
20.45
21.59
42.03
YADR
TAMIL NADU
17.68
18.35
36.04
20.47
21.24
41.71
YADR
PONDICHERRY
17.32
18.03
35.36
21.88
22.88
44.76
ISLANDS
ANDAMAN & NICOBARYADR
18
Appendix 4: Dependency Ratio for India and its states:
Dependency Ratio
INDIA
JAMMU & KASHMIR
HIMACHAL PRADESH
PUNJAB
CHANDIGARH
UTTARANCHAL
HARYANA
DELHI
RAJASTHAN
UTTAR PRADESH
BIHAR
SIKKIM
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
NAGALAND
MANIPUR (Excl. 3 Subdivisions)
MIZORAM
TRIPURA
MEGHALAYA
ASSAM
WEST BENGAL
JHARKHAND
ORISSA
CHHATTISGARH
MADHYA PRADESH
GUJARAT
DAMAN & DIU
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI
MAHARASHTRA
ANDHRA PRADESH
KARNATAKA
GOA
LAKSHADWEEP
KERALA
TAMIL NADU
PONDICHERRY
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR
ISLANDS
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
2001
75.17
73.93
66.97
67.86
51.60
79.09
77.01
60.49
88.24
92.65
95.12
67.90
81.56
70.18
2011
65.24
70.13
56.64
56.06
46.23
66.72
62.35
51.66
73.12
77.84
91.08
51.32
67.50
65.40
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
DR
65.05
69.09
69.35
88.41
76.38
67.78
84.02
70.93
79.23
84.32
65.98
47.93
64.70
69.15
65.78
65.56
49.43
67.70
57.63
55.88
54.57
59.44
63.19
55.29
80.09
65.37
55.35
76.50
62.27
66.44
70.58
58.55
37.58
54.91
57.83
55.95
55.61
49.41
50.97
56.33
51.55
50.58
DR
52.23
45.06
19
Appendix 5: EDR for India and its States 2001&2011
EDR
INDIA
EDR
JAMMU & KASHMIR
HIMACHAL PRADESH EDR
EDR
PUNJAB
EDR
CHANDIGARH
EDR
UTTARANCHAL
EDR
HARYANA
EDR
DELHI
EDR
RAJASTHAN
EDR
UTTAR PRADESH
EDR
BIHAR
EDR
SIKKIM
ARUNACHAL PRADESH EDR
EDR
NAGALAND
EDR
MANIPUR (Excl. 3 Sub-divisions)
EDR
MIZORAM
EDR
TRIPURA
EDR
MEGHALAYA
EDR
ASSAM
EDR
WEST BENGAL
EDR
JHARKHAND
EDR
ORISSA
EDR
CHHATTISGARH
EDR
MADHYA PRADESH
EDR
GUJARAT
EDR
DAMAN & DIU
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELIEDR
EDR
MAHARASHTRA
EDR
ANDHRA PRADESH
EDR
KARNATAKA
EDR
GOA
EDR
LAKSHADWEEP
EDR
KERALA
EDR
TAMIL NADU
EDR
PONDICHERRY
EDR
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
2001
263.84
333.76
243.04
244.90
184.26
305.05
265.50
234.82
254.71
385.92
349.69
179.54
188.11
218.07
268.02
164.71
286.41
241.96
313.90
279.03
359.60
327.04
226.13
250.60
219.23
143.24
142.14
206.43
191.30
200.91
234.86
434.04
316.64
190.75
226.41
227.81
2011
271.85
416.77
266.72
267.51
185.29
292.73
294.11
233.57
256.54
419.98
466.23
187.83
213.80
196.31
226.42
186.90
271.27
253.98
296.70
286.91
434.50
334.51
238.60
255.72
223.10
115.13
174.89
186.51
184.32
188.64
230.47
516.57
291.49
187.81
231.58
218.92
20
Appendix 6: OADR Descriptive statistics 2001 and 2011
2001 Total
OADR
Mean
11.56312006
Standard Error 0.430685975
Median
12.42132169
Mode
#N/A
Standard Deviation
2.58411585
Sample Variance
6.677654727
Kurtosis
-0.852711321
Skewness
-0.320673251
Range
9.940642477
Minimum
6.586754749
Maximum
16.52739723
Sum
416.2723221
Count
36
2011 Total
OADR
Mean
12.66459
Standard Error 0.509515
Median
13.01475
Mode
#N/A
Standard Deviation3.057091
Sample Variance 9.345806
Kurtosis
-0.1686
Skewness
-0.26749
Range
13.37571
Minimum
6.268048
Maximum
19.64375
Sum
455.9252
Count
36
OADR Males OADR Females
5.710550133 5.85256993
0.201548294 0.24434976
5.888149345 6.24448316
#N/A
#N/A
1.209289764 1.46609858
1.462381733 2.14944505
-0.331692771 -0.6694498
-0.485514085 -0.16520361
4.789379525 5.93342942
2.901041745 3.24008552
7.69042127 9.17351494
205.5798048 210.692517
36
36
Males
Females
Females
6.222588
0.23495
6.398399
#N/A
1.409699
1.987252
0.317752
-0.689999
6.06341
2.760203
8.823613
224.0132
36
Mean
6.442001
Standard
0.285731Error
Median
6.638757
Mode
#N/A
Standard
1.714385Deviation
Sample
2.939115
Variance
Kurtosis
-0.16326
Skewness
0.097998
Range
7.421264
Minimum
3.398877
Maximum
10.82014
Sum
231.912
Count 36
21
Appendix 7: YADR Descriptive Statistics 2001 and 2011:
2001
Total
Males
Females
Mean
Standard Error
Median
Mode
Standard Deviation
Sample Variance
Kurtosis
Skewness
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
Count
58.4058
1.962005
57.20004
#N/A
11.77203
138.5807
-0.49707
0.1949
45.24314
36.91951
82.16265
2102.609
36
30.26208
1.023606
29.33498
#N/A
6.141636
37.71969
-0.39922
0.212757
24.17112
18.94027
43.1114
1089.435
36
28.14372
0.948932
27.86507
#N/A
5.69359
32.41696
-0.58089
0.180572
21.41513
17.97924
39.39437
1013.174
36
2011
Total
Mean
47.89413
Standard Error
1.844286
Median
46.38289
Mode
#N/A
Standard Deviation 11.06571
Sample Variance
122.45
Kurtosis
0.072844
Skewness
0.728501
Range
45.73542
Minimum
31.14503
Maximum
76.88045
Sum
1724.189
Count
36
Males
Females
24.8818
0.951957
24.17765
#N/A
5.711741
32.62399
0.019112
0.68389
23.47136
16.51024
39.9816
895.7447
36
23.01233
0.901768
21.65102
#N/A
5.410605
29.27465
0.111491
0.755423
22.26406
14.6348
36.89885
828.4438
36
22
Appendix 8: Regression Analysis
Regression 1: EDR with DR in 2001
23
Regression 2: EDR with DR in 2011
24
Regression 3: EDR with OADR and YADR 2001:
25
Regression 4: EDR with OADR and YADR 2011:
26