America’s Economic
Revolution
Chapter 10
Outline Guide
The Market Revolution
• By Civil War in 1861, U.S. part of
international market economy
• __________________________________
• Industrial Revolution divided United States
into economic regions:
- _____-> Industrial
- _____ -> Cotton & Slavery
- _____ -> The Nations “Breadbasket”
America’s Economic
Revolution
The Changing American
Population
Rapid Urbanization
• Cities grew
dramatically 18401860
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Immigration
Sources of Immigration
1820-1840
1840-1860
Irish
• Almost half of all immigrants came from Ireland
because of the potato famine of 1840’s
• ______________________________________
______________________________________
• Congregated in northern cities – Boston,
Philadelphia, & New York
• Competed with African Americans for unskilled
laborer jobs
• ______________________________________
______________________________________
Germans
• Failure of political revolutions in 1848 &
economic hardships brought over 1 million
Germans to the United States
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Strong supporters of _________________
and ______________________________
The Rise of Nativism
• ______________ - hostility towards foreign-born
combined with a desire to stop/slow immigration
• __________ – immigrants inferior to native-born
• Claimed foreigners willing to work for low wages,
thus stealing jobs from native working force
• Sound familiar???
Native American Party –
The “Know-Nothings”
• _____________________________________
• Endorsed list of demands including banning
Catholics or foreign-born from holding public
office, more restrictive naturalization laws,
literacy tests for voting
• Secret Password for society: “______________”
• Native Party became known as the
_________________________
• Helped collapse existing party system organized
around Whigs & Democrats
America’s Economic
Revolution
Transportation, Communications,
and Technology
Early Transportation Methods
• _________________
(1790’s-1820’s) ->
U.S. relied largely on
roads for internal
transportation
• _________________
(1820’s-1840’s) ->
Erie Canal connected
the West to New York
City
Transportation Improvements
• ________________________ -> Pennsylvania’s
_______________________ successfully
connected Lancaster with Philadelphia
- led to the construction of other privately built
toll roads
• ________________________ -> age of
mechanized, steam-powered travel began in
1807 when _______________ made the first
successful steamboat trip on the Clermont
Erie Canal (1825)
• ______________ – man-made waterways
meant to make travel faster and easier
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Because it connected ________________
to the Great Lakes, the canal helped make
New York a dominant commercial center
by expanding its markets
New York City
• 1798 – British immigrant ______________
opened a textile mill (factory that makes clothing
and fabric) in Rhode Island
• By end of 1814, similar mills common in New
York City ->
______________________________________
______________________________________
• New York’s port made it a major center for
shipping and trading as well as an arrival point
for thousands of foreign immigrants
The Railroad
• By 1840, railroads replaced canals and
steamboats as the most important form of
transportation in the United States
• Consolidation of short lines into connected
longer lines, known as “_________________” ->
connected North and Old Northwest
• Diverted traffic away from main water routes ->
______________________________________
______________________________________
The Telegraph
• 1844 -> invented by
_________________________________
• Relatively low cost to construct wire
systems across the country
• Became most popular form of long
distance communication
• By 1860 -> all independent telegraph lines
had joined in one organization, the
__________________________________
The Associated Press
• 1846 -> Richard Hoe invented the
_________________________________,
making it possible to print newspapers
rapidly and cheaply
• Newspaper publishers from around the
nation formed the ___________________
to promote cooperative news gathering by
wire (telegraph)
• ______________________
America’s Economic
Revolution
Commerce and Industry
Chapter Ten:
America’s Economic Revolution
• Commerce and Industry
– The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840
• ________________________
• ______________________ –
Individual stockholders risked
only losing value of own
investment if corporation should
fail – not liable for corporation’s
larger losses
The Industrial Northeast
• Industrial Revolution originally centered in
the __________________________
• By 1830’s ->
__________________________________
__________________________________
Labor
• Industrialization meant that large numbers
of people who had once earned their living
as farmers or artisans became dependant
on wages paid by factory owners
• Workers experienced common problems:
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
Chapter Ten:
America’s Economic Revolution
• Men and Women at Work
– The Immigrant Workforce
• Economic Advantages of Immigrant Labor
- ________________________________________
- ________________________________________
• Harsh Work Conditions
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
- _______________________________________!!!
Chapter Ten:
America’s Economic Revolution
• Men and Women at Work
– Recruiting a Native Work Force
• _________________________________________
- Young, unmarried women
• Decline of Lowell System – conditions decline
Lowell,
Massachusetts,
1832
Lowell Factory circa 1820
Unions
• Urban workers in different cities organized
unions and local political parties to protect their
interests
• ______________________________ (1842) ->
Supreme Court ruled that “peaceful unions” had
the right to negotiate labor contracts with
employers
• Improvement for workers continued to be limited
in the 1840’s & 1850’s by:
- ___________________________________
- ___________________________________
- ___________________________________
Chapter Ten:
America’s Economic Revolution
• Patterns of Industrial Society
– The Rich and the Poor
• Increasing Inequality in Wealth
• “_______________________”
• 1860 –>
________________________________________
• Urban poor – homeless “__________________”
• African American poverty – free but not equal in the
North
Chapter Ten:
America’s Economic Revolution
• Patterns of Industrial Society
– ______________________________________
• Significant opportunity to move up in the working class
• Workers could save money and move to the uncultivated
west -> ______________________________
• Helped limit the distress of the working class
– _____________________________
•
•
•
•
•
Rapidly Expanding Middle Class
Fastest growing group in America
Became the most influential cultural form of urban America
Wealthy middle-class tended to own homes
Workers and artisans increasingly becoming renters
Chapter Ten:
America’s Economic Revolution
- Women and the “Cult of Domesticity”
• Female education limited
• New roles for Women in middle class society ->
_________________________________________
- good mother and wife
- less a producer and more a consumer
• _______________________________________ ->
women began to develop a distinctive female culture
including associations, clubs, and literature
• ___________________________________ -> could
not afford to stay home; worked in poor conditions
Chapter Ten:
America’s Economic Revolution
• Patterns of Industrial Society
– Leisure Activities
• ____________________________ -> white actors
mimicked and ridiculed African-American culture
• Public sporting events
• ______________ -> opened the American Museum
(a large freak show) in New York in 1842
• ________________________________ -> going to
see Shakespeare at the theatre was the single most
popular performing art between the 1830’s -1850’s
America’s Economic
Revolution
The Agricultural North
The Old Northwest
• Experienced steady industrial growth but mainly
relied on agriculture
• ________________ -> staple crop of the region
• Most of the major industrial activities of the West
served agriculture or relied on agricultural
products
• ________________ became the great
metropolis of the section and was the national
center for the _______________________ and
_____________________
Agricultural Specialization
• Rising world farm prices encouraged western
farmers to engage in
___________________________________ ->
concentrate on growing one crop for market
(corn, wheat, cattle, sheep, hogs)
• Growth of factories and cities in the North
proved the greatest boost to agriculture
• ______________________________________
____________________________________ ->
Who’s left out???
New Agricultural Techniques
• _______________________ invented the
____________________________ (1834)
- enabled a crew of 6 or 7 men to harvest as
much wheat as fifteen men using a sickle
• ______________________ (1840) – a machine
that separated the grain from the wheat stalks
• _______________________ established a
factory to manufacture steel plows (1847)