REPASO DE CAPÍTULO 5
Cultura, Gramática y Vocabulario
CULTURA
Culture
GEOCULTURA DE
CHILE
CHILE
• Official Language: Spanish
• Currency: Chilean peso
• National Dance: La cueca- which represents the courtship between a
rooster and a hen.
• Typical Foods: Dishes containing seafood (due to long coastline)
and Pastel de Choclo (a dish made from meat & corn)
• Home to 6,000 kilometers of Pacific Coast and is only 180
kilometers wide.
• Architecture: due to the various climates and ethnic traditions in
Chile, housing various from region to region. For example, Southern
Chilean housing shows influence from British and/or German
immigrants and is built to withstand cold winters. Housing in areas
like Chiloé island and the Amazon Basin are built on stilts due to
rising waters and are brightly colored.
CHILE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Places to know:
Santiago
Isla de Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua)
Los Andes
Parque Nacional Laguna San
Rafael
Parque Nacional Torres del
Paine
Desierto del Atacama
Viña del Mar
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Reasons Why:
Capital of Chile
Home to nearly 600 stone
statues known as moais
Mountain Range that makes up
most of Chile
Home to sea green glaciers
Home to almost perfectly
vertical, dangerous peeks.
The driest desert in the world.
Famous Beach found on Chile’s
Pacific Coast.
CHILE
People to Know
• Los Mapuches
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pedro de Valdivia
Augusto Pinochet
Salvador Allende
Pedro Lira
Pablo Neruda
Gabriela Mistral
Reason W hy:
• Native people of Chile
known for their bravery
• Founded Santiago in 1541
• Former Chilean president
• Former Chilean dictator
• Famous Chilean artist
Both won
• Famous Chilean poet Nobel
• Famous Chilean poet Prize for
Literature
NOTAS CULTURALES:
PÁGINAS 160 Y 173
• Apellidos (Last names) in Latin American countries give
information about BOTH of someone’s parents & their family. A
person named Juan Perez Herrera is telling the last name of both of
his parents- Perez is the last name of Juan’s father and Herrera is the
last name of Juan’s mother. In Latin American countries, one carries
both last names- the father’s first and then the mother’s.
• La Familia in Spanish speaking countries often does not refer only
to one’s immediate family but also members of the extended family.
In Spanish speaking countries, extended family members get
together often and in some cases, elderly family members live with
younger members of the family.
GRAMÁTICA
Grammar
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES- PAGE 162
• Possessive Adjectives are used to show ownership or a
relationship between people and/or things.
• Possessive Adjectives is Spanish, while referring to the owner,
their form must match the number and gender (if applicable)
of the object that it is referring to.
• Possessive Adjectives (unlike descriptive adjectives) are placed
before the noun.
• Possessive Adjectives are used to shorten the phrase de +
person. For example: El libro de Juan (Juan’s book) becomes
su libro (his book)
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES- PAGE 162
Singular
My
Your (tú)
Your (usted)
His
Her
Our
Your (vosotros)
Your (ustedes)
Their
Plural
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES- PAGE 162
Singular
Plural
My
Mi
Mis
Your (tú)
Tu
Tus
Your (usted)
Su
Sus
His
Su
Sus
Her
Su
Sus
Our
Nuestro
Nuestra
Nuestros
Nuestras
Your (vosotros)
Vuestro
Vuestra
Vuestros
Vuestras
Your (ustedes)
Su
Sus
Their
Su
Sus
PRESENT TENSE
(REPASO)
Present tense is used to describe actions that occur in the Present
I run
I am running
I do run
Do I run?
Every verb in Spanish has a stem followed by an ending.
The stem is everything before the ending and tells the verb’s meaning. The
ending in Spanish can tell you who is the subject. The infinitive ending doesn’t
name a subject.
Cantar  to sing
Canto I sing
Cantamos  we sing
PRESENT TENSE
(REPASO)
To conjugate a verb means to change the verbs from the infinitive
form to match the subject.
To conjugate a verb in Spanish in Present Tense:
1. Drop the ending from the infinitive (the –ar, -er, or –ir)
2. Add the ending that matches the particular subject
The following slide will show all the present tense endings…
PRESENT TENSE
(REPASO)
-AR verbs
yo
tú
usted
él
ella
Nosotros (as)
Vosotros(as)
ustedes
Ellos(as)
-ER verbs
-IR verbs
PRESENT TENSE
(REPASO)
-AR verbs
-ER verbs
-IR verbs
yo
-o
-o
-o
tú
-as
-es
-es
usted
-a
-e
-e
él
-a
-e
-e
ella
-a
-e
-e
Nosotros (as)
-amos
-emos
-imos
Vosotros(as)
-áis
-éis
-ís
ustedes
-an
-en
-en
Ellos(as)
-an
-en
-en
PRESENT TENSE
(REPASO)
Since the ending of the verb can tell the subject, the subjects for yo, tú,
nosotros, & vosotros can be omitted because their verb endings ONLY match
their subjects.
-AR verbs
-ER verbs
-IR verbs
yo
-o
-o
-o
tú
-as
-es
-es
Nosotros (as)
-amos
-emos
-imos
Vosotros(as)
-áis
-éis
-ís
These subjects or their subject pronouns can be added to emphasize or clarify
who is being talked about.
Ana y yo cantamos. (Ana & I sing)
Cantamos. (We sing)
PRESENT TENSE
(REPASO)
The subjects usted, él, and ella share the same ending and the subjects ustedes and
ellos share the same endings.
-AR verbs
-ER verbs
-IR verbs
usted
-a
-e
-e
él
-a
-e
-e
ella
-a
-e
-e
ustedes
-an
-en
-en
ellos
-an
-en
-en
As a result, the subject MUST be used to clarify!
Cantan (They sing or you sing)
Ellos cantan. (They sing)
Ana y usted cantan. (Ana and you sing)
PRESENT TENSE
(REPASO)
TRABAJAR- TO WORK
English
Spanish
English
I work
We works
You work
You works
You (ud.) work
You (uds.) work
He works
They work
She works
Spanish
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT
TENSE
(REPASO)
TRABAJAR- TO WORK
English
Spanish
English
Spanish
I work
Trabajo
We works
Trabajamos
You work
Trabajas
You works
Trabajáis
You (ud.) work
Usted trabaja
You (uds.) work
Ustedes trabajan
He works
Él trabaja
They work
Ellos trabajan
She works
Ella trabaja
PRESENT TENSE
STEM-CHANGES
Some verbs are referred to as Stem-changing verbs.
In these cases, the stem of the verb (everything before the ending)
will change in all forms except nosotros & vosotros (This is known
as the BOOT shape)
There are 4 types of stem-changes in Spanish.
e  ie
ei
o  ue
u  ue (VERY RARE)
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT TENSE
O;UE STEM
CHANGE (PG 164)
(REPASO)
DORMIR
(O;UE)- TO PLAY
JUGAR (U;UE)- TO PLAY
English
Spanish
English
I sleep
We sleep
You sleep
You sleep
You (ud.) sleep
You (uds.) sleep
He sleeps
They sleep
She sleeps
Spanish
PRESENT TENSE
U;UE STEM CHANGE (PG 164)
DORMIR(O;UE)- TO PLAY
English
Spanish
English
Spanish
I sleep
Duermo
We sleep
Dormimos
You sleep
Duermes
You sleep
Dormís
You (ud.) sleep
Usted Duerme
You (uds.) sleep
Ustedes Duermen
He sleeps
Él Duerme
They sleep
Ellos Duermen
She sleeps
Ella Duerme
COMMON O;UE
STEM CHANGING VERBS
•
•
•
•
•
Jugar (u;ue)
Dormir
Almorzar
Volver
Llover
•
•
•
•
•
To play (games/sports)
To sleep
To have lunch
To return (to a place)
To rain
PRESENT TENSE
E;IE STEM CHANGE (PG. 164)
QUERER (E;IE)- TO WANT
English
Spanish
English
I want
We want
You want
You want
You (ud.) want
You (uds.) want
He wants
They want
She wants
Spanish
PRESENT TENSE
E;IE STEM
CHANGE
(PG. 164)
PRESENT
TENSE
QUERER (E;IE)- TO WANT
English
Spanish
English
Spanish
I want
Quiero
We want
Queremos
You want
Quieres
You want
Queréis
You (ud.) want
Usted quiere
You (uds.) want
Ustedes quieren
He wants
Él quiere
They want
Ellos quieren
She wants
Ella quiere
COMMON E;IE
STEM CHANGING VERBS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Empezar
Merendar
Entender
Querer
Tener
*Tengo
Venir
*Vengo
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
To begin
To have a snack
To understand
To want
To have
*I have
To come
*I come
PRESENT TENSE
THE VERB IR- TO GO
Some verbs are irregular and MUST be completely memorized!
Ir- to go is one such verb.
The following slide shows the conjugation of the verb ir- to go
PRESENT TENSE
IR- TO GO
English
Spanish
English
I go (am going)
We go (are going)
You go (are going)
You go (are going)
You (ud.) go (are
going)
You (uds.) go (are
going)
He goes (is going)
They go (are
going)
She goes (is going)
Spanish
PRESENT TENSE
IR- TO GO
English
I go (am going)
Spanish
voy
English
We go (are going)
Spanish
vamos
You go (are going) vas
You go (are going) vais
You (ud.) go (are
going)
Usted va
You (uds.) go (are
going)
Ustedes van
He goes (is going)
Él va
They go (are
going)
Ellos van
She goes (is going) Ella va
IR A + INFINITIVE
(REPASO-PAGE 136)
The preposition a is used after the verbs ir and jugar.
After the verb ir, a is used to mean to.
Voy a la iglesia.
I go to the church.
Similarly, after the verb jugar, a is used with a sport.
Jugamos al golf.
We play golf.
Remember that the preposition a combines with the definite article el to
make al.
**Also remember that the preposition de combines with the definite article el
to make del.
SER VS. ESTAR (NOTES)
• Both verbs mean to be
• The difference is that Ser refers to things that are permanent
and Estar refers to things that are temporary.
• To remember which verb to use: For Ser use D.O.T.T.I.P. and
for Estar use H.E.L.P.C.T.
SER VS. ESTAR (NOTES)
SER
D- Descriptions
O- Origin
T- Time
T- Traits (permanent)
I- Identification
P- Possession (or Profession)
ESTAR
H- Health
E- Emotions
L- Location
P- Progressive Tense
C- Conditions
T- Traits (changing)
SER VS. ESTAR (NOTES)
Because Estar deals with Location, it is impor tant
to know your prepositions! (see pa ge 174)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Al lado de
Cerca de
Debajo de
Delante de
Detrás de
Encima de
Lejos de
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Next to
Near, Close to
Underneath
In front of
Behind
On top of, Above
Far from
Ser
To be
I am
You (informal) are
You (formal) are
He is
She is
We are
You (informal) are
You (formal) are
They are
Estar
Ser
To be
Estar
(Yo) soy
I am
(Yo) estoy
(Tú) eres
You (informal) are
(Tú) estás
Usted es
You (formal) are
Usted está
Él es
He is
Él está
Ella es
She is
Ella está
(Nosotros/Nosotras)
somos
We are
(Nosotros/Nosotras)
estamos
(Vosotros/Vosotras) sois
You (informal) are
(Vosotros/Vosotras)
estáis
Ustedes son
You (formal) are
Ustedes están
Ellos/Ellas son
They are
Ellos/Ellas están
NEGATIVE WORDS (PG. 176)
Negative words in Spanish can take the place of the word no or can be
added toward the end of a sentence that already has no.
No voy a la clase.
Nunca voy a la clase.
No voy a la clase nunca.
The words nada and nadie can both be used as a subject in a sentence in
which case they are placed before the verb.
Nada es facíl
Nadie quiere sacar la basura.
When nada and nadie are used after the verb, no must be placed before
the verb.
No quiero hacer nada.
No hay nadie en clase hoy.
NEGATIVE & POSITIVE WORDS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
No
Nunca
Siempre
Tampoco
También
Nada
Algo
Nadie
Alguien
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Don’t/Do Not
Never (ever)
Always
Neither/Not Either
Also
Nothing (Not anything)
Something
Nobody/Not Anybody
Someone/Somebody
THE VERB TOCAR- PG. 178
• The verb Tocar is used to tell whose turn it is to do something
or what your duties are.
• Tocar is usually followed by an infinitive and may be
conjugated like the verb gustar.
A ti te toca limpiar el cuarto
It is your turn to clean the room.
Hoy le toca a Juan.
Today, It’s Juan’s turn.
THE VERB TOCAR
Singular (object)
Plural (object)
It is my turn
A mí Me toca
A mí Me tocan
It is your (tú) turn
A ti Te toca
A ti Te tocan
It is your (usted) turn
A usted Le toca
A usted Le tocan
It is his turn
A él Le toca
A él Le tocan
It is her turn
A ella Le toca
A ella Le tocan
It is our turn
A Nosotros Nos toca
A Nosotros Nos tocan
It is your (vosotros) turn
A Vosotros Os toca
A Vosotros Os tocan
It is your (ustedes) turn
A Ustedes Les toca
A Ustedes Les tocan
It is their turn
A Ellos Les toca
A Ellos Les tocan
THE VERB PARECER PG. 178
• The verb Parecer is used to tell how something may seem to
someone.
• It is very common to use this verb when asking for or giving
an opinion.
• Parecer is conjugated like the verb gustar.
A ti te parece injusto limpiar el cuarto
To you it seems unjust to clean the room.
A Juan le parece bien jugar al golf.
To Juan it seems good to play golf.
THE VERB PARECER
Singular (object)
Plural (object)
It seems to me
A mí Me parece
A mí Me parecen
It seems to you (tú)
A ti Te parece
A ti Te parecen
It seems to you (usted)
A usted Le parece
A usted Le parecen
It seems to hiim
A él Le parece
A él Le parecen
It seems to her
A ella Le parece
A ella Le parecen
It seems to us
A Nosotros Nos parece
A Nosotros Nos parecen
It seems to you (vosotros)
A Vosotros Os parece
A Vosotros Os parecen
It seems to you (ustedes)
A Ustedes Les parece
A Ustedes Les parecen
It seems to them
A Ellos Les parece
A Ellos Les parecen
VOCABULARIO
Vocabulary
VOCABULARIO
• Vocabulary for this Chapter can be found on page 187 in your
textbook and on your Chapter 5-Part I and Chapter 5-Part II
Vocabulary Lists (located on EaglePoint).
• Also- don’t forget to look at your ¡Exprésate! boxes