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Assignment ICT
Money and Banking
Submitted by:
Samman Arooj
Abbiha Kazmi
Hajra Irshad
Zari Fatima
(13021598-033) Leader
(13021598-051)
(13021598-041)
(13021598-093)
Submitted to:
Sir Saleem Dilloun
Section:
Dept:
(A)
SE (1st Semester)
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Q#1:
Briefly describe how to computer represent data and how to
computer process data?
Answer:
Representation of data in computer:Computer works with a binary number system that consists of two digits zero and one.
And zero is also called ‘of’, ‘No’ and one is called ‘On’, ‘yes’.
Inside the computer binary number is represented by an electrical pulse. One means a
pulse of electricity and zero means no pulse. All the data entered into computers is first
converted into binary number system. One digit in binary number system is called bit and
combination of eight bits is called, byte. A byte is the basic unit that is used to represent
the alphabetic, numeric and alphanumeric data. Data is the combination of characters,
numbers and symbols. Numeric data consist of ten digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 two signs +
and – and decimal point. Alphabetic data is used to represent 26 alphabetic. It consist of
capital letters from A to Z, small letters from a to z and blank space. Alphabetic data is
also called, non-numerical data. Alphanumeric data is the combination of alphabetical
data
and
numerical
data.
E.g.
abc23,
34street.
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Storage of data is often categorized as: Kilo BYTE (KB), MEGA BYTE (MB), GIGA
BYTE (GB) and TERA BYTE (TB). The process of converting data into binary form is
known as encoding. Data can be converted into binary form by using different coding
scheme. Which are given as follows?
 BCD code:BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal. It is a 4-bit code. It means that each
decimal digit is represented by 4 binary digits.
 EBCDIC Code:EBCDIC code stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code. It is an 8-bit code. It can represent 256 characters.
 ASCII:ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It
was published in 1968 by ANSI.
 Unicode:Unicode is a 16-bit code. It can represent 65536 characters. It has started to
replace ASCII code. It can represent characters of all languages.
To convert a decimal number into binary number we will divide any decimal
number by 2, and note the remainder after division. And the remainders must be
in the form 0 and 1.
Processing of data in computer:Data is entered through input devices e.g. keyboard. After receiving instructions
from the main memory CU sent signal and commands to various parts of the
computer system to prepare and accept the data. After the processing of data it is
sent back to the main memory which stores it temporarily before the next
command is executed. The data is then send to secondary storage devices for the
information to be put into a hard copy i.e. paper, the information moves from the
secondary storage device to the main memory which waits for signals and
command from control unit. After receiving signal from the control unit that the
output devices are ready to receive, data, the main memory releases the data to the
output devices like printers, plotters for printing.
To process data CU gives the commands to ALU to perform some
arithmetic functions for example: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
etc.
ICT_1st semester_Assignment#1_dne by whole group_section:A.
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Q#2:
How are keys pressed on a keyboard interpreted by the computer?
(How does a keyboard communicates with the CPU?)
Answer:
The following steps are used to communicate with the CPU through keyboard:
When a key is pressed on the keyboard, a tiny computer chip, called the keyboard
controller, notes that the key has been pressed. The keyboard controller places a
code into a part of its memory called the keyboard buffer, indicating which key
was pressed. This code is called the key’s scan code.
 The keyboard controller then signals the computer system software (operating
system) that something has happened at the keyboard. It does not specify what has
occurred, just that something has. The signal that keyboard sends to the computer
is a special kind of message called an interrupt request.


The keyboard controller sends an interrupt request to the system software, when it
receives a complete keystroke. When the system software receives an interrupt
request, it evaluates the request to determine the appropriate response. When a
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key press has occurred, the system needs the memory location in the keyboard
buffer that contains the scan code of the key that was pressed. System software
then passes the key’s scan code to CPU. This is the way by which computer
accepts input from the keyboard or the way through which keyboard
communicates with the CPU.
ICT_1st semester_Assignment#1_Hajra Irshad_13021598-041_section A.
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Q3:
What are different operations that you can perform with a mouse in
GUI based operating system? Are mouse useful with text-based
operating system?
Graphical User Interface Operating System:
A type of user interface in which the user communicates with the operating
system by using a visual environment is called graphical user interface. It consists
of windows, menus, icons and pointers. The user can select commands from
menus and select icons by using a pointing device like mouse. Mouse in used
frequently in graphical user interface. ( book: ”computer science part I”)
Operations performed with mouse:
The first commercial attempt at
mouse based GUI.
http://www.theoligarch.com)
The most common way to communicate with computer is “mouse” which has a tiny ball
that rolls around a mouse pad. Sensors keep track of where the mouse moves and
translate that into movement on screen. Buttons on mouse tell the computer what the user
want to do.
 A mouse typically controls the motion of a pointer in two dimensions in
graphical user interface.
 Clicking or hovering (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds
of an area) can select program, files or actions from a list of name or through
small images called icons and other elements.
 User can also employ mice gestural; meaning that a stylized motion of the
mouse cursor itself, called a “gesture”, can issue a command or map to a
specific action. For example in a drawing program moving the mouse in rapid
‘X’ motion over a shape might delete the shape.
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
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
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User can use mouse in graphical user interface (GUI) to drag-and-drop a
picture repressing a file onto a picture of trash can, thus instructing the system
to delete the file.
User can launch a program in graphical user interface (GUI) by clicking icons
on the Quick Launch Bar, a special section at the left end of the taskbar where
you can add icons for the purpose of quickly starting program.
Using a mouse user can view the contents of a disc in window.
User can edit a document in a window.
User can view a web page in a window.
User can switch between two windows.
User can either click an open window to activate it or click an open program’s
taskbar button to activate its window.
To execute a menu command user clicks it.
Different ways of operating mouse cause specific things to happen in
graphical user interface (GUI):
 Click: pressing and releasing the button.
 Single click: to click an item with the mouse, you move the pointer to the item on
the screen. When pointer touches the object, quickly press and release the primary
mouse button once is called single click.
 Double click: double clicking an item means pointing to the item with mouse
pointer and then pressing and releasing the mouse button twice in rapid
succession.
 Triple click: clicking the button three times in quick succession.
 Quadruple click: clicking the button four times in quick succession.
 Right click: clicking the secondary button.
 Middle click: clicking the territory button.
 Drag: pressing and holding a button.
(Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org)
Are mouse useful in text based operating system?
yes, they have some importance in text based operating system. But in text based
operating system most of the commands are given by typing string of characters.
ICT-FALL2013-Assignment #1-Samman Arooj-13021598-033
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Q4:
How do trackballs/track pad/keyboard pointers differ from conventional mouse?
Ans:
A computer system requires different components to perform the functions of input,
processing, output and storage these components are as follows:
Input Devices:
The data that is given to the computer is called input. Input devices are used to input data
and instructions in to the computer. These devices send this data to the C.P.U. Most
commonly used input devices are keyboard and mouse. This is because they allow the
user to input data into the computer.
(Reference: Book of IT Series)
Pointing Devices:
An input device used to control a pointer on the screen is called pointing device. A
pointer is small symbol that appears on the screen in graphical user interface.
Some important pointing devices are as follows:
 Mouse
 Keyboard Pointer
 Track ball
 Track pad etc.
(Reference: Book of IT Series)
Mouse:
Mouse is the most widely used pointing device. It is small and light weight input devices.
Mouse is very easy to use. A mouse usually has two or three buttons. These buttons are
used to perform different tasks. It is attached to the computer by a cable or wireless
connection. It is moved on a flat surface to control the movement of the cursor on a
screen. It may also include a scroll wheel to scroll through long documents. The mouse
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contain small ball at the bottom, the movement of the cursor depends on the movement of
ball.
(Reference: Book of IT Series)
Difference of trackball/track pad and keyboard pointer from mouse:
Track ball:
A Track ball is alternative to a mouse. This device has buttons similar to those on mouse.
The body of the track ball is not moved. It has a large rotating ball on the top. To move
the pointer, the ball is rotated with the thumb, the fingers or the palm of the hands. There
are usually one to three buttons next to the ball just like mouse buttons.
Track ball is often included in the laptop computers. An advantage of the track ball is that
it takes less space to move than mouse. It can also be used as separate input devices with
standard desktop computers.
(Reference: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/trackball.html)
Track pad:
Track pad is also called touch pad. It is actually a small touch sensitive pad used as a
pointing device commonly used with notebook computers. A track pad is a small, flat
surface over which the user moves his finger, the movement of the finger moves the
cursor on the screen. A track pad also has one or more buttons near it. These buttons
work like mouse buttons.
(Reference: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/touchpad.html)
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Keyboard Pointer:
Keyboard pointer is a Pressure-sensitive device. It is similar to a pencil eraser and exists
between keys on the keyboard. The pointer on the screen moves when the user pushes the
keyboard pointer. It requires no additional space or cleaning like mouse. Keyboard
pointer is normally used with notebook computers.
(Reference: Book of IT Series)
ICT-FALL2013-Assignment #1-Zari Fatima-13021598-093
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Q5:
Describe which components affecting the speed of the computer?
Ans:
There are many factors that affect the speed of computer. CPU, RAM, Hard drive speeds
are the major contributors to a computer’s performance.
RAM: The amount of RAM in a PC has a direct affect on the system’s speed. RAM
stands for Random Access Memory. Increasing amount of RAM in a computer can help
it to run more quickly and faster. More RAM means the computer can use more powerful
and bigger programs. Size and rate of RAM also affect computer speed. RAM is used to
hold information in a location that can be accessed quickly, large data calculations to be
made efficiently and allowing programs to run fast.RAM is temporary storage and is
important when more than one application are running.
HARD DISK DRIVE:
Hard disk is a physical storage device. The biggest factor in computer’s performance is
the hard disk speed whereas the size of hard disk plays a very little role in computer’s
performance. Upgrading a faster hard drive can speed up computer’s ability to access
data. The size of the hard disk determines the amount of data that can be saved, as the
space
is
filled
up,
the
system
slows
down.
CPU: CPU is known as the ‘’brain of computer’’ .CPU carries main functions and
instructions of computer. The CPU speed is one of the major factors that affect the speed
of computer. The higher the speed, the more quickly computer can process.
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•CLOCK SPEED:
The clock speed is the rate at which the processer processes the information which is
normally measured in GHz or MHz’s A processor with high clock speed process data
faster than those with lower clock speeds.
•BUSES:
Buses are of two types-internal bus and external bus. A bus is a path between components
of computer. A bus is a group of wires that carry information from one hardware unit to
other hardware unit in a computer. By increasing the size of data bus processing speed
can be increased and by increasing the number of bits in the address bus processor speed
can
be
increased.
•REGISTERS:
A Register is a high speed memory area on the CPU which holds data and instructions.
On increasing the number of registers, processing speed increases. Computer processing
speed is greater for bigger size register.
•CACHE MEMORY: A memory element which acts as intermediate storage between
CPU and main memory is known as Cache memory. A CPU having cache memory works
faster than a CPU having no cache memory.
SPYWARE AND VIRUSERS: Spyware programs make computers slow down because
by using system resources they run silently in the background. Viruses cause the system
to slow down by corrupting essential data and programs.
MULTI CORES: CPU manufacturers adopted a multi –core technology, which means
putting multiple cores in a CPU chips. Computer’s speed increases and more work can be
done at the same time by putting multiple cores in a chip.
(REFERENCES: eHOW, wise GEEK, maketecheasier,
vtucomputerseminartopics.blogspot.com, computerviplab.blogspot.com)
ICT-FALL2013-Assignment #1-Abbiha Kazmi-13021598-051