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Motivators of B.Ed.
Trainees for Education
PATEL DHARMI BALDEVBHAI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,SHRI MAHAVIR VIDHYAMANDIR TRUST B.ED. COLLEGE PANDESARA,SURAT
KEYWORDS : MOTIVATION
SUBJECT : EDUCATION
ABSTRACTS
A motivator is a positive influence that makes a person to go on the path to achieve his goals. The
present study, concentrated finds the motivators of the B.Ed. trainees. For that, 712 trainees of 10
B.Ed. colleges affiliated with VNSGU, Surat were selected by random sampling technique as a
sample. Researcher used self made Rating Scale which include various medium of motivation. Top
motivators of B.Ed. trainees for education were father, then mother, teacher and also by ownself
for education. Also, they were motivated by sister, friend, brother, books, relatives, ‘satsang’, life
sketch of heroic persons, nature, movies, dramas, poems and neighbours. Trainees have another
motivators that husband, Narendra modi and their own child.
INTRODUCTION
Motivation is the thing that drives someone to do something. It is the prime reason for why people
do and what they do. Motivation is an internal state of mind that activates, guides and sustains
persons’ behaviour. It is the reason for acting or behaving in a particular ways. Motivators are the
source of motivation. A motivator is a positive influence that makes a person to go on the path to
achieve his goals.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The following objectives were formulated under the present study.
1.
To find the top motivators of the B.Ed. trainees for Education.
2.
To find other motivators of the B.Ed. trainees for Education.
POPULATION AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
All the B.Ed. trainees of academic year 2012-13 affilated with VNSGU, Surat were the population
for the present study, whereas 712 trainees of 10 B.Ed. colleges affiliated with VNSGU, Surat were
selected by random sampling technique as a sample for present study.
TOOL OF THE STUDY
Researcher used self made Rating Scale which include various medium of motivation. Among
various medium of motivation trainees were assigned to choose their motivation medium.
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The present research was delimited to 10 B.Ed. Colleges of VNSGU, Surat and 712 trainees of
academic year: 2012-13.
DATA COLLECTION
First of all, the researcher took permission from selected B.Ed. colleges principals through letter and
phone for data collection. Then, She went personaly to the colleges one by one on decided day and
gave oral instructions to the trainees of the selected colleges for filling up Rating Scale.
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DATA ANALYSIS
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First, second and third rank of motivators were analyzed with the help of percentage.
TABLE 1 MOTIVATORS OF B.ED. TRAINEES
No.
List of Motivators
First
Percentage
1
Mother
41.71
20.37
10.96
73.03
2
Father
38.06
27.95
11.66
77.67
3
Brother
1.40
4.78
5.34
11.52
4
Sister
1.83
5.34
5.34
12.50
5
Relative
0.70
1.40
2.39
4.49
6
Friend
0.98
4.35
6.74
12.08
7
Teacher
7.30
19.80
21.49
48.60
8
Self
4.63
9.97
16.29
30.90
9
Neighbour
0.14
0.28
1.54
1.97
10
Life sketch of heroic Persons
(Swami Vivekanand, Chanakya etc.)
0.42
0.84
1.69
2.95
11
Book
0.56
2.11
6.46
9.13
12
Movie, Drama, Poem etc.
0.00
0.14
1.54
1.69
13
Satsang (gaytri parivar, swadhyay parivae
etc.)
0.14
1.12
2.11
3.37
14
Nature(Animal, Bird, River)
0.28
0.70
1.26
2.25
15
Any
Other
then
_______________
1.83
0.84
5.20
7.87
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Specify
Total
here
Rank
Second
Percentage
Rank
Third
Percentage
Rank
Total
It is shown from the table that Trainees were highly motivated from father, then mother, teacher
and also by ownself. Also, they were motivated by sister, friend, brother, books, relatives, ‘satsang’,
life sketch of heroic persons, nature, movies, dramas, poems and neighbours, husband, Narendra
modi and their own child.
MAJOR FINDINGS
1.
Top motivators of B.Ed. trainees for education were father, then mother, teacher and also
by ownself for education.
2.
They were also motivated by sister, friend, brother, books, relatives, ‘satsang’, life sketch of
heroic persons, nature, movies, dramas, poems and neighbours, husband, Narendra modi and their
own child.
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
1.
Parents are always at the top for giving motivation to children. They should motivate them
for their all round development.
2.
Teachers should perform the role of friend, philosopher and guide of children for deciding
their goals, and to achieve them.
3.
Students can do their work better by motivating himself by inner strength.
REFERENCES
Best, J. and Kahn, J. (1998). Research in Education. New Delhi :Prentice Hall of India.
Mathur, S. S. (2007). Educational Psychology (Sixteenth Edition). Agra:
Vinod Pustak Mandir.
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Pahuja, N. P. (2004) Psychology of Learning and Development. New Delhi:
Anmol Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Seifert, T.L. (2004). Understanding student motivation. Educational Research, 46, 137-149.
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A STUDY ON CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT
IN THE PHARMA INDUSTRY
* DR.G.V.SUBBA RAO
** DR.R.KRISHNA REDDY
*PRINCIPAL,SRI MAHAVIR MEMORIAL JAIN DEGREE COLLEGE-GUNTUR,ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
** LECTURER IN COMMERCE,SADHANA JUNIOR COLLEGE-MARKAPURAM,PRAKASAM
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : COMMERCE
ABSTRACT
In pharmaceutical marketing, product decisions are driven by changing health requirements and
technological developments. The government's drug prices order and market forces influence
pricing. The promotion mix has, however, been giving place to a new concept called relationship
marketing. The traditional pharma marketing has shifted its focus from the doctor to the patient or
to the ultimate consumer. This article study is an attempt to understand the change in the marketing
strategy of pharm a companies towards Customer Relationship.
INTRODUCTION
The importance of marketing in the promotion of products and service need not be overemphasized. Nowadays, the entire business activity at any level is organized with the help of the
four Ps of marketing strategies which are Product, Price, Promotion and Place. These four strategies,
which are popularly called the components of marketing mix are very much essential for the
implementation of management activities. These strategies help the management to achieve
customer satisfaction, thereby leading to increase in market share, profits and long-term survival.
A SHIFT IN THE FOCUS OF PHARMA MARKETING
Since significant changes have been witnessed in pharma marketing, this article makes an attempt to
outline both the existing practices and also the changing trends.
In pharma marketing, product decisions are taken by companies on the basis of changes in health
and technological environments. In the case of pricing, the druz policy as announced bv the
government and the market forces influence the decisions. The promotion element of pharma
marketing, which is traditionally implemented through sales representatives, area managers, etc., is
now being strongly supplemented with CRM, involving the final customers or the patients.
The typical pattern of distribution of pharmaceutical products is indicated in Exhibit 1. The
distribution of pharmaceutical products traditionally takes place with the help of the following
divisions:
Exhibit 1: Typical Distribution Chain in Pharmaceutical: Marketing
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Company Distribution Manager
Super Stockiest (or) Carry & Forward Agent
Distributor
Wholesale Trader
Retail Trader (or) Medical Shop
Customer
1.
Ethical Pharmaceuticals Division
The products in this division are mainly promoted through medical representatives. These
employees meet with doctors and provide them information about the drug's indications, actions,
contra-indications and dosage details. Samples are given to the doctors for test use.
2.
OTC Division
Formulations under the OTC (Over-The-Counter) division are marketed directly to the medical shops
through the distribution chain. There is usually less emphasis on canvassing to doctors by medical
representatives. However, pharmaceutical marketing is now changing direction and is shifting its
focus from the doctor to the patient (or the ultimate consumer). The change in marketing strategy
from doctor to patient is being referred to as Customer Relationship Marketing.
OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The principal objectives of the article are:
1. To study the attitude of doctors to wards CRM.
2. To offer findings and suggestions based on the study.
THE FOLLOWING IS THE METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Information relating to marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry was collected from
secondary sources.
A sample of 100 doctors from different disciplines was surveyed with the help of a structured
questionnaire to capture their attitude towards CRM. Most of the doctors were specialists and a
substantial number were gynecologists. The, doctors were primarily in the age group of 40 to 50
years and a good majority of them had work experience of over 20 years. Majority of them were
government doctors, who were also doing private practice.
In addition, discussions were also held with the sales executives/medical representatives of some
pharmaceutical companies.
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BASIC FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
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Most of the respondent doctors were aware of CRM by the pharmaceutical companies. They have
come to know of this largely through television advertisements for pharmaceutical products. Six
pharmaceutical companies were commonly associated with taking to CRM in a serious way, of
which, Alembic's efforts were more appreciated. Majority of the doctors felt that this move on the
part of the companies was good and that it was beneficial to the customers and to them (to doctors)
as well. The doctors also felt that other companies too should adopt this practice.
SUGGESTIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY
Following are the suggestions, which are documented based on opinions expressed by theparticipating doctors and executives of pharmaceutical companies, integrated with theoretical
concepts drawn from textbooks and research papers.
Marketers can benefit from personal contacts and relationship with the customers only if they work
upon this in a systematic way and address all the issues raised by the customers, so that it leads to a
long-standing, value-laden relationship. This can be achieved through the following means:
1.
Realize the Fruits of Customer Relationship Marketing

Marketers should check first, whether the customer is willing to be a partner in the
relationship development process initiated by the company, and only then proceed (i.e., do not
force anyone into it or send unsolicited advice and communications).

There is a need to maintain a proper balance between giving to and getting from the
customers. Once relationships are developed, it is a must to take care of those in times of crisis;
otherwise, the bonds may break forever.

Relationships are required to be developed and nurtured over a period of time with a long
term perspective. Only then can the marketers get a share of customers' wallet as well as a place in
their hearts.
2.
Be Customer-Focused

Marketers should avoid being discriminatory or discourteous because that can lead to their
customers being unhappy and their subsequent shift to competitors.

It is necessary on the part of the marketers to develop trustworthiness among the customers
by providing emotional support, respecting privacy and building confidence.

Marketers should try not to exaggerate the objectives and advantages of relationship
practices and should be reasonable in their relationship goals and expectations from the customers.
Neither should the customers feel that a relationship was imposed on them.

Marketers should develop products and services for the evolving needs of current
customers, rather than passing them off to other companies and trying to find new customers for
the same old products, as this may require extra energy, time and effort in compare son to the
actual gain. They must try to provide products that engage customers in the long term. Therefore,
relationships must be nurtured by giving continuous attention to the needs of the customers and
constantly developing new products and services to address their evolving needs.

Companies should continuously search for value-building approaches through a system of
quality management review, spin selling, etc., because only by exceeding customer expectations can
marketers build value-laden relationships with customers.
3.
Develop Marketing Personnel

Customer representatives are the assets, who should be properly trained through
appropriate programs to sharpen their marketing communication and interpersonal skills.
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
The value of a firm is equal to the sum of its customer relationships. Therefore, in all the
active ties and efforts, marketing personnel should try to maximize total customer-delivered value
and the customer retention index.

Additional financial and no financial benefits must be provided for the sales persons working
with important clients.

Only, loyal employees can convey trust, which is the most important binding factor.
Therefore, the design of the jobs must be effective, taking into view job enrichment and career
advancement opportunities.

Marketers should establish a separate relationship marketing cell and gear up the cell to
prepare, implement and monitor all the relationship marketing programs in an integrated manner.
4.
Re-Engineer the Marketing System

Relationship marketing requires,marketers, who are willing to adjust their marketing
philosophy and firmly believe in getting closer to their customers.

Development of visible organizations where customers are informed of the happenings can
be encouraged in order to have a closer link between marketers and customers.

The concept of thinking organizations can be employed in managing relationships with the
customers, where 'thinking' stands for:
T
Total Quality Marketing
H
Humane (Relationship) Marketing
I
Innovative Marketing
N
Need Focused (Customer Centered) Marketing
K
Knowledge Based Marketing
I
Interactive Marketing
N
Natural/ Eco-friendly
G
Growth in Terms of Customer Share

Information technology has fostered the emergence of virtual organizations, where
customers can have global access at any time/any day and can communicate and interact with the
marketers easily. Such a facility should preferably form a part of the relationship marketing system.
5.
Seek Opportunity in Customer Complaints
An optimistic organization will aiways regard its compiaining customer as a well-wisher in disguise.
Customer complaints bring in opportunities. Companies should seek complaints so that they get a
chance to improve their product/service and become more competitive. Customer complaints can
be productive in many ways.

Complaining customers should not be regarded as those deriving undue advantage from the
firm's draw backs. Rather, they should be regarded as showing the organization new ways of
improving itself by being on track with the requirements of customers.

By lending its ears to customer complaints, the organization comes to know its weaknesses
and gets an opportunity to make amends. Without actively listening to complaints, the company
may never come to know of some of its failures and weaknesses.

Giving a patient hearing to customer complaints increases the chances of greater customer
loyalty. This gives the customer a feeling that the organization cares for him. Once the organization
is cordial to him, he will not mind overlooking one or two minor follies. In other words, he becomes
more loyal and willing to pardon some undesirable features.

Sometimes, analyzing various complaints enables the organization to come out with a new
product that is really unique and excels over that of the competitors.
6.
Tips for Efficient Customer Service
Customer service is not merely making available what the customer wants. It means much
more than that. Quality customer service appeals through providing customer attraction. The
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following description on ABC of Quality Customer Service reveals the wonderful steps to say with
pride, "We Care".
A-ATTITUDE
Positive attitude is a must in customer service because more than the product, the customer wants
an explanation. A full-fledged explanation can make the customer feel inclined to buy a product.
Attitude is an abstract reaction of a person in response to the appearance of a product or event.
Many a time, people change their attitude towards objects depending on the situation. Therefore, a
positive attitude of the employees towards the customers enables them to win over the latter
because this gives them an assurance about the product. A positive attitude shows reliability, which
is a major weapon with the organizations.
B-BEBAVIOR
Well-behaved employees attract customers through an effective demonstration of their courtesy
and mannerism and convey the firm's commitment to them firm's commitment to them. Body
language is lL major element of (\ person's behavior. Spoken words without appropriate body
movements amount to merely speaking. But when body movements are present, it becomes an
expression. Body language adds to the meaning of what a person has to say. Behavior also mirrors
the attitude. By seeing the behavior of the employees, the customer can judge as to what is going on
in their minds.
C-CHANGE
All sensible organizations understand the language of change. In a dynamic market, change is a
normal feature. Simply serving the customers is not all. The customers should be fully satisfied and
assured that what is offered is exactly what they want. Employees should be meticulous enough to
read the customers' minds so that the product is tailor-made even without the customers taking the
trouble to express what exactly they want. A finishing touch to the subject helps and is something
unforgettable. Lastly, it is essential to obtain feedback from the customer to know how the product
is satisfying him.
SOME TIPS ON RELATIONSHIP BUILDING
Organizations are involved in an unending transaction and interaction relationship with customers.
The companies that have a computerized system of dealing with customers should adopt the
following three tips in their dealings with the customers:

Firstly, it is essential to have a sound design interface to ensure flawless interaction with the
customers.

Secondly, there should be a system for precise documentation of customer feedback to get
the exact message.

Thirdly, the information provided by various customers has to be integrated and analyzed to
arrive at a meaningful whole.
CONCLUSION
The relationship marketing concept has assumed greater significance in the marketing of various
goods and services, including the pharmaceutical industry. This industry has also witnessed a drastic
change in the implementation of the marketing concept by shifting its focus of attention from the
doctor to the patient. Hence, the importance of CRM.
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YOUTH EDUCATION &
DEVELOPMENT ISSUES &
OPPORTUNITIES IN INDIA
ASHISH MAHIDA
M.SC., M.ED.
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : COMMERCE
Today's students are slaves of rote learning with little course flexibility. With very little time for
extra-curricular activities, the 16-year education cycle pushes the child to go with peer pressure and
obtain that coveted degree.
But both Athith and Akhila have managed to fight time and pursue their interests, including quizzing,
football and writing. There are too many students chasing too few seats in IIMs and IITs. The duo has
a word of advice for those who rigorously chase the IIT dream and then end up doing something
they didn't learn on campus. "Bollywood is growing by the day. There are so many related industries
and fields that can be pursued instead of something mundane, like engineering. The other option
would be to increase the number of seats,'' points out Akhila.
On the 25% quota reserved for the underprivileged at schools, Athith felt the RTE Act segregates
people and infuses an inferiority complex in poor students. "The government needs to look at
providing proper infrastructure in their institutions and train teachers before bringing in a law that
picks 25% children and puts them in an environment they are not comfortable in,'' said Akhila.
Added Athith: "Where is the need to invest so much in the defence sector? Why can't that money be
pumped into education and improve the lives of so many children?''
ON POLITICS
Like many from GenNext, the duo has nothing nice to say about Indian politicians. But says Athith:
"Indians can't blame their politicians for misgovernance as it is we who bring them to power.''
But Akhila is quick to add: "What about the illiterate who vote for something in return? How do you
blame them? Education is the answer for electing good politicians. If educated, we would make a
judicious decision in voting the right people."
While Athith doesn't mind taking a plunge into politics after completing his education, Akhila seems
disinterested in politics but strongly feels that Indians need to elect the right kind of people, and not
be swayed by empty promises. Both feel that youth political icon Rahul Gandhi is yet to prove
himself. "Though he's been campaigning for his party, he is yet to show his decision-making prowess
to the public."
ON CORRUPTION
Both have been exposed to some form of corruption or other. Athith strongly feels that standing up
against wrongdoers is the way out, while Akhila believes in educating the masses to wipe the evil out
of the system.
Corruption, they feel, cannot be dealt with in the Kejriwal fashion - that of jumping from one issue to
another. "He's just hogging the limelight and should stay outside politics to bring about a change. I
wouldn't vote for Kejriwal," says Athith.
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Akhila thinks public memory is too short and corruption too deep for one person to take on.
"Kejriwal should try to prove to people why he is not like the rest of them. He should show the way
on how things can be done differently. I wouldn't vote for Kejriwal because he's too inexperienced. I
don't think he'd create such an impact. As citizens of the country, we need to have faith in our
systems.''Both are of the view that Kejriwal has wasted his IIT degree by jumping into politics.
ON ENVIRONMENT
As other children in Bangalore schools, both have done their bit for the environment, from rain
water harvesting to plastic-free environs. TOI asked them for a solution to Bangalore's garbage woes
and what would they do if they were in the BBMP commissioner's seat.
An aggressive Athith said: "I would pass an order for citizens to compulsorily segregate waste, which
would include fines, should people choose to ignore the order. I will use technology to its fullest
potential to rid the city of the menace.''
A researcher in the making, Akhila thinks penalizing people would backfire. "People should be
encouraged to segregate waste at home and kids should be taught the same in school. If I were the
BBMP commissioner, I'd use the media to get my point across and show visuals which would scare
people and force them to segregate waste.''
YOUTH EDUCATION & DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN INDIA
The constitution of India, written over 50 years ago, guaranteed all Indian children up to the age of
14 the right to "free and compulsory" education. Universal education, however, has yet to fully
materialize, and it is estimated that it will not be realized until the year 2010. The goal is increasingly
hard to achieve because of the rapidly growing size of the population. Public funds are insufficient to
cover education costs, and schools throughout India experience shortages of teachers, books, and
basic facilities. Retention of both students and teachers is alarmingly low, particularly in rural areas.
Gender discrimination also keeps attendance rates for girls far below that of boys in the same age
group. In Rajasthan, only 45 percent of girls are enrolled in primary school as opposed to 55 percent
of boys. At the secondary level, this rate lowers to 36 percent for girls compared to 66 percent for
boys. For girls, the ultimate goal is often portrayed as marriage, and not the attainment of a solid
educational background. Often, families cannot afford to pay for the schooling of all their children so
parents frequently decide to prematurely end schooling for their daughters. For many impoverished
families, schooling is viewed as an impracticable financial burden, allowing them to reserve money
for more pressing needs.
Many NGOs throughout Rajasthan have developed learning centers to supplement government-run
school programs. FSD supports these local education centers and libraries by providing additional
educational assistance for underprivileged children and their families. Tutors regularly visit these
facilities to further the education of both boys and girls in need. Additionally, several NGOs in
Udaipur and Jodhpur work with schools to provide skills training for adults. In the past FSD interns
offered courses for the poor and unemployed on various topics from math, to English, to art. Schools
in this region are in dire need of dedicated teachers and tutors to combat the high levels of
absenteeism and illiteracy that prevail in this region.
YOUTH EDUCATION & DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN INDIA
Udaipur and Jodhpur suffer from a severe lack of resources for the education and personal
development of marginalized children who make up a large percentage of the rising generation.
In response, FSD supports programs that:

Assist Child Labor Rehabilitation Centers in an attempt to curb child labor by providing
children with nutritional support and ways to deter them from taking up hard labor activities again.
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
Provide a 24-hour "Child Line" to help children in emergency situations due to abuse,
abandonment, neglect, or other at-risk circumstances.

Teach classes to children of all ages in a variety of subjects (e.g. English, mathematics, Hindi,
environmental science, social science, fine arts, music, disaster management, clay-making,
carpentry, computers, and globalization) and improve literacy by privately tutoring struggling
students and children of families facing migration.

Raise awareness about the importance of education in rural communities by holding village
meetings, organizing village-level education committees, propagating enrollment in schools, holding
motivational meetings for parents, and arranging for the construction of basic infrastructure.

House around 50 orphans, providing them with an education, room, board, and emotional
support.

Offer home-based newborn and young infant care throughout local villages.
REFERENCES
http://www.fsdinternational.org/country/india/yeopps
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/The-key-to-change-in-India-educatedyouth/articleshow/17221999.cms
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LIFE INSURANCE
MARKETING MIX NOW
A DAYS
NARVANI TEJAS VASUDEVBHAI
M.COM, SLET (CLEAR)
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : COMMERCE
PRODUCT
A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need or want. The products, which
can be marketed, include physical goods, services, persons, places, organizations, and ideas.
In the deeper sense, the product is not a physical item but a perception of the consumer or the user.
LaLonde (1977) found product related criteria to be most important, followed by distribution, price,
and promotion. According to Woodruffe (1995), the product element of the marketing mix refers
to how the offering is put together–typically this will include aspects relating to quality, styling,
colour, design, brand name, packaging sizes, and other features. A service product is anything–
either in isolation or in combination–that an organization offers to potential customers to satisfy their
needs. The service product constitutes the foundation of insurance products with different features
to cater different needs of the customers. By means of buying a life insurance product, a customer
buys the promise offered because he believes in the promise being made by the insurance company.
Life insurance companies have several products such as term assurance, endowment assurance,
money back policies, pension plans. There are also group insurance schemes than can be taken by
employer for their employees. Nowadays, investment plans (ULIPs) are very popular in the market.
These insurance products are always readily marketable.
PRICE
Price is the mean of setting the exchange value between two parties. Price, in marketing mix terms,
covers all aspects of pricing such as discount pricing, extended credit, list price, and payment period
(Woodruffe, 1995). Kandampully (2002) describes ―Pricing in service organizations is less influenced by cost, but
more by customer‘s perceptions of quality, satisfaction, and value. The actual pricing of a service is thus
often determined by matching the customer‘s perception of value‖. With this pricing method, pricing is considered
as a marketing mix variable, thereby considered together with the other marketing mix variables
before a marketing program is put together (Nagle and Holden, 2002). Zeithaml and Bitner (2003)
defines three basic marketing price strategies which service companies can attend, the strategies
are competition–based, cost–based, and demand–based pricing strategies. Pricing in life insurance is
somewhat complex as compared to the pricing strategies of other financial products. The price
(premium) for a life insurance product is determined by expected claim costs, investment
income, administrative costs, and fair profit loading (Harrington and Niehaus, 2004). The claims cost
is based on the mortality rate realized on different age groups. The Actuary on considerations
that depend on the experience of the insurer in the past and his assessment of the trends in the future
decides the premium rates. Pricing in today‘s insurance business environment requires actuaries to be
knowledgeable in an ever-expanding group of issues because of the nature of diversified
products. In case of life insurance, there is limited scope to use price as a strategic weapon.
PLACE
Place is another important element of marketing mix. Place refers to the location where the product
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or service is available to the customer, including distribution channels. Place contributes an
important factor in the marketing of services (Bitner, 1990). Black (2002) found that customers
sometimes use the same products through different channel. In case of life insurance, it is a
combination of decisions regarding channels of distribution. The emerging new opportunity for life
insurance companies towards integration of the financial services industry is bancassurance
(Aggarwal, 2004). Bancassurance prospects in India are really bright because huge banking
infrastructure across urban, semi–urban and rural India (Neelamegam and Veni, 2008) and life
insurers are using this channel (Shukla, 2006). New distributors like stockbrokers, financial planners,
general agents, and financial institutions etc. involve lower distribution costs,variable as opposed to
fixed expenses, lower front–end commission costs, and the opportunity of selling the products in
conjunction with other investment–related products (Chandler, 1994).
Strategy of worksite marketing is more useful in case of marketing of pension and health plans.
The widespread diffusion of the Internet has created an explosion in the growth of electronic
channels, including direct channels (that is, individual company web sites), electronic markets, or
electronic intermediaries over which multiple buyers and sellers do business (Malone, Yates, and
Benjamin, 1987), and other cybermediaries (Sarkar, Butler, and Steinfield, 1995). However,
consumers have not shown a marked preference for purchasing insurance product via the Internet
(Trembly, 2001). The traditional system of ―agents‖ is the dominating one in India and this will continue to be a
major distribution channel for insurers, since this system has core roots in rural sector.
PROMOTION
can use to communicate effectively the benefits of its products or services to its customers.
Market communication performs three basic roles in marketing–to inform, to persuade, and to
remind. Traditional promotion employs a variety of methods–including advertising, sales promotion,
public relation, and personal selling–to attract the attention of existing and potential customers,
and to inform them of the products, services, and special offers made available by the firm (Peattie,
and Peattie, 1994). Each of the categories of promotion mix has now become familiar in many areas
of services marketing. In case of life insurance services, promotion is done through a mix of
advertising, personal selling, and sales promotion. Promotion communicates with the potential
market so as to persuade the prospective customers to try a new insurance product (Periasamy,
2005). Online advertising is one marketing tool that is worth the money. As the Internet takes on
more power and influence all of the time, having a web presence will put an insurance company
on the cyber map and get it noticed. Block line advertising in trade journals, industry
publications and periodicals is the way to go. Television ads and print ads are excellent forms of
insurance marketing. All life insurance companies have started using PR tools to make better image
about them in the minds of general public. Personal selling is extremely labour intensive but is the
best form as far as insurance is concerned, dealing with one customer at a time.
PEOPLE
People, process, and physical evidence are the three ―Ps‖, which are especially applicable to services
marketing mix (Booms and Bitner, 1981). These three elements are highly interrelated with each
other.
People are the main critical resource in any organisation, particularly service
organisation. Because of the simultaneity of production and consumption in services, the service staff
occupies the key position in influencing customer‘s perceptions of service quality. Woodruffe (1995) solely uses
service personnel in the ―People‖ part of the services marketing mix. Recruiting the right staff and
training them appropriately in the delivery of their service is essential, if the service provider
wants to obtain a form of competitive advantage. Life insurance companies have to give more
attention in training and development their employees and agents. Building strong relationship
with their agents as well as the customers will help in meeting customers‘ needs and serving them
efficiently. Satisfaction depends on the nature of interaction between customers and the people
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representing insurance companies. Training the employees and agents to introduce new products
and use of information technology for efficiency both at staff and agent level are the key areas to
look into.
PROCESS
A process is the method and sequence of actions in the service performance. Unlike goods, services
are processes. Services are the end results of deeds, acts, performances, and activities performed
by the firm‘s employees alone or in conjunction with various equipments, machinery, facilities, and so on. In
assessing process, customers evaluate whether the service follows a production–line approach or
whether the process is a customized one in which the customer is given personalized attention
(Bowen and Lawler, 1992). Shostack (1984) points out that since services are intangible and
therefore described in words by people, companies have to be really clear in defining the service
process. The risks of relying on words alone in describing services are the oversimplification of the
service, incompleteness of the description, subjectivity of different readers and the biased
interpretation of the words used to describe the service (Shostack, 1987). This process involved in
life insurance industry should be customer friendly. The speed and accuracy of payment is of
vital important. The process methodology of life insurers should be such that it provides total
ease and convenience to the customers. Badly designed and poor processes lead to slow and
inefficient delivery and make it difficult for insurance employees and agents to do their job well.
Consequently it will result in low productivity and service failures.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
The physical evidence is defined as the environment in which the service is delivered and where the
service provider and the customers interact, and any tangible commodities that facilitate
performance or communicate the service. According to Zeithaml and Bitner (2003), to evaluate
services before its purchase and to assess their satisfaction with the service after it is bought,
customers tend to rely on tangible cues, or physical evidence. The appearance of building,
landscaping, interior furnishing, equipments, printed materials, and other visible cues all provide
tangible evidence of a firm‘s service quality. This sort of physical evidence provides excellent
opportunities for a service firm to send clear and consistent marketing messages regarding the firm‘s
purpose the intended market segment, and the nature of the service (Bitner, 1992 and 1996). In case of
insurance business, apart from office environment, materials such as brochures, policy
documents, and periodic statements are the tangibles, which will influence the customers. Insurance
companies and intermediaries need to manage all these physical evidences carefully as they can
have a profound impact on the impression of the customers. Although all insurance companies
provide similar essential service, the differences that do exist are the physical evidence.
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ZFQ8=LI G{;lU"S
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H[8,L K[P VFD B[0L XSFI T[8,L HDLGG]\ 5|DF6 !&P5 SZM0 C[S8Z H[8,]
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BGLH SM,;F 5KLGM éHF"GM ALHF[ S]NZTL :+MT 5[8M=l,ID K[P
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VlGl`RTTF 5Z VFWFlZT K[P EFZTGF\ 36FAWF EFUMDF\ RMDF;FDF\ H
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HDLGGL HF/J6L DF8[ HDLG J5ZFX VFIMHG SZJ]\ 50[ VG[ V[ DF8[
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
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REFERENCES
s!f EFZTLI VY"T\+
ZFJ, 5|SFXGP
sZf lJSF;XL, ZFQ8=MG] VY"XF:+4
ZD[XPALPXFC
5|M P V[RPS[ l+J[NLP
5|MP
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THE PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS OF DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
WITH DIFFERENT
FRONT-ENDS
*BHAVESH K. LUKKA
** DR. DEEPAK KUMAR
* RESEARCH SCHOLAR SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
** RESEARCH SUPERVISOR,SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY
KEYWORDS : DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, BACK-END, FRONT-END
SUBJECT : COMPUTER SCIENCE
ABSTRACT
In this paper the performance variations of databases are exposed and proposed the need of such
frame work which can work with all the front-ends with no/very low performance variation.
Dramatically our front-end and back-end communicates with each other with lots of variations i.e.
one back-end is very good for a particular front-end but not that good with the other! This can be
easily found if we analyse different back-end/front-end combinations. With this motto in mind, I
have tried few such combinations to compare their performance and prepare a comparison table.
INTRODUCTION
have some performance problem regarding database management systems while working with
different front-ends, when bulk insertion of records was made on different back-ends using different
front-ends, it is found that one back-end is very good with a front-end and the same back-end is not
doing well with the other front-ends. As we analyse different back-ends with different front-ends we
realize that each back-end communicates with different front-ends having great performance
variation.
It simply means that one back-end e.g. MS SQL Server works very good with Aasp.NET but when we
put it with a Java application the same MS SQL SERVER performs slowly compared to its working
with Asp.NET.
I have analyzed different back-ends named MySQL, pgSQL, MS SQL Server, DB2 and Oracle with
different front-ends named JAVA, PHP, Asp.NET, Ruby and found the performance variations of each
back-end with different front-end. For this bulk insertion and fetching of records is done using
various front-end tools on different RDBMSs and noticed the time taken for completing the
operation. These back-end front-end combinations produced the result with lots of variations in
terms of time. So it is clear that back-end is the major role player because one front-end is very good
with a particular back-end and the same front-end’s performance is not good if we change the backend associated with it.
WHY SHOULD BACK-END PERFORMANCE BE CONSIDERED ?
Often we see the performance variations of different applications in same network speed, the tools
like Google Page Speed, YSlow etc. make it easy to see how the front-end performance can be
increased and ultimately we run behind increasing the speed of front-end tool, but to get optimum
performance we should optimize the back-end too. Because after optimizing the front-end, the
front-end is ready to show the data at that time if back-end is not giving well response to the front
end then no means to optimize the front-end only.
Now let’s have a look at bellow mentioned algorithm which is used for this performance analysis.
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Now let’s observe some facts related to back-end front-end performance through a table & diagram.
The mentioned facts were observed while bulk insertion and fetch operations on the different
RDBMSs.
My
pgSQ MS DB Oracl
SQL
L
SQL 2
e
Ser
ver
PHP
5.7
3.5
7.5 6.5 7.2
Java
7.2
8.6
12.5 7.9 7.3
Asp.Net
14.3 12.5
3.5 8.0 8.5
Ruby
5.9
5.2
10.5 9.5 10.2
# The digits in the above table show the time in number of minutes taken for fetching 100000
records by the specified front-end into the specified back-end.
16
14
12
10
MySQL
8
PGSql
6
4
MS SQLServer
2
DB2
0
Ruby
Asp.Net
Java
PHP
From the above mentioned diagram and details it can easily be seen that the performance of pgSQL
and PHP is the best of all, it is almost double if we compare it with other RDBMSs but when we talk
about the same pgSQL with Java in a same network speed the performance is found the lowest
among all these combinations, this is why the back-end works with every front-end with huge
performance variations.
We can see that asp.net works very accurately with MS SQL Server because they both are of
Microsoft products and they both know the internals of each other very well, while the same asp.net
is not that much good with Oracle and MySQL. So, it is also a matter that if any front end knows the
internals of any back-end it suits well with it and can work more efficiently with that particular backend tool as compare to others.
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CONCLUSION
Vol.1/Issue9/APRIL- 2014/ISSN 2321-7073
Front-end optimization is what we realize a prima-facie and normally the first requirement towards
increasing the performance. But back-end optimization is also the major role player as we have seen
above, back-end is also important for maintaining as well as increasing the performance. Because if
only the front-end is optimized in client-server application then it will ready to produce the out-put
but at that time if the back-end is not communicating well with front-end, the optimized front-end
can’t do anything. So there is a need for such a system which can communicate with all the front
ends with no/very less performance variation.
We shall address some other issues in future regarding some newer technique/techniques of
database load balancing and performance improvement so that the communication gap analyzed
above can be reduced as possible.
REFERENCES
SITES :[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
http://stevesouders.com/hpws/
http://perfwork.wordpress.com/tag/response-time/
http://perfwork.wordpress.com/tag/loadtesting/
http://www.agileload.com/agileload/blog/2012/12/17/frontend-and-backend-performancetesting-and-optimization
http://www.orafaq.com/wiki/Database_Concepts_and_Architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database
https://perfwork.wordpress.com/tag/scalability/
www.postgressonline.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_balancing_%28computing%29
BOOKS :[10] MySQL Replication extract from the MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual.
[11] Oracle Database Architecture Overview. By - Bjorn Engsig.
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ભ ૂલકાઓ માટે મનોરં જન અને જ્ઞાનનો
ભંડાર : બાળ સાહિત્ય
ભ ૂમમકા જીતેન્દ્રકુમાર પ્રજાપમત
આસીસ્ટંટ પ્રોફેસર,સરકારી આર્ટ્ સ એન્દ્ડ કોમસ્ કૉલેજ,રાપર, કચ્છ.
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT :
બાળ સાહિત્યએ ભ ૂલકાઓ માટે ન ુ ં - નાના બાળકો માટેન ુ ં સાહિત્ય છે . ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યમાં બે
તબક્કે સાહિત્ય રચાયેલ ું જોવા મળે છે . એક બાળકો માટે ન ુ ં બાળ સાહિત્ય અને હકશોરો માટે ન ુ ં
સાહિત્ય. ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યમાં અનેક સ્વરૂપોક્ષેત્રે સર્જન થયુ ં છે . તેમાં કમવતા, વાતા્ ,
નવલકથા, નવલલકા, નાટક, મનબંધ, ચહરત્ર, આત્મકથા વગેરે જેવા અનેક સ્વરૂપો પરત્વે
અનેક સર્જકોએ પોતાની કલ્પનાઓના સુર પ ૂયા્ છે . આ બધા સાહિત્ય સ્વરૂપોની વચ્ચે એક
સ્વરૂપ બાળસાહિત્યનુ ં ખેડાણપણ થયુ ં છે . બાળસાહિત્ય સ્વરૂપક્ષેત્રે અનેક સર્જકોએ પોતાની
કલમ ચલાવી છે .અવા્ચીનકાળથી જ બાળસાહિત્યની શરૂઆત થયેલી જોવા મળે છે .
અવા્ચીનકાળથી લઈને અત્યાર સુધીમાં અઢળક બાળસાહિત્ય રચાયેલ ું દીઠે છે .
બાળસાહિત્ય એટલે બાળકો માટે ન ુ ં સાહિત્ય - ભ ૂલકાઓ માટે ન ુ ં સાહિત્ય.
પ્રત્યેક ભાષાને પોતાનું બાળસાહિત્ય િોય છે . એને સર્જનાત્મક સાહિત્યની એક શાખા ગણવામાં
આવે છે . ઘણા એમ માનતા િોય છે કે બાળકોનુ ં સાહિત્ય એટલે સિેલ ું સાહિત્ય. બાળકો માટેન ુ ં
સાહિત્ય તો ગમે તે વ્યક્તત રચી શકે પણ એવુ ં નથી. ઘણીવાર નીવડેલો શ્રેષ્ઠ સર્જક પણ
બાળસાહિત્યમાં સફળ થઇ શકે નહિ એવુ ં પણ બની શકે. બાળસાહિત્ય હકશોરવયના સાહિત્યથી
અનેક રીતે જુદું તરી આવે છે .
અલબત્ત કેટલાક હકશોરવયના સાહિત્યનો સમાવેશ
બાળસાહિત્યમાં કરે છે . મિદં શે તે સાચુ ં પણ નીવડે છે . કેમકે મધ્યકાલીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યમાં
એવી કેટલીક રચનાઓ મળે છે જેને બાળસાહિત્યમાં સમાવી શકાય, પરં ત ુ સભાનપણે
બાળસાહિત્યનુ ં સર્જન અવા્ ચીન યુગમાં થયુ ં છે . દલપતરામથી માંડીને આજ સુધીમાં પ્રમાણ
અને વૈમવધ્યની રષ્ષ્ટએ બાળસાહિત્યનુ ં નોંધપાત્ર સર્જન થયુ ં છે .
ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યમાં કમવતા, વાતા્ , નવલકથા, નવલલકા, નાટક,
મનબંધ, ચહરત્ર, આત્મકથા વગેરે જેવા અનેક સ્વરૂપો ક્ષેત્રે સર્જન થયેલ ું જોવા માળે છે . તેવી જ
રીતે બાળસાહિત્યમાં પણ કમવતા, વાતા્ , નાટક વગેરે જેવા સ્વરૂપોમાં સર્જન થયેલ ું જોવા માળે
છે . પરં ત ુ બાળસાહિત્ય મુખ્યત્વે કમવતા અને વાતા્ સ્વરૂપમાં વધુ સજા્ય ુ ં છે . કમવતા અને વાતા્
સ્વરૂપમાં બાળસાહિત્ય વધારે સફળ નીવડેલ ું જોવા મળે છે અને બાળકો માટે પણ આ બે
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સ્વરૂપોમાં તેન ું ચયન કરવુ ં સરળ નીવડે છે . કારણ કે તેઓએ બાળપણથી જ ઘરના વડીલો
પાસેથી વાતા્ ઓ સાંભળી િોય છે અને ઘરના વડીલો જેવા કે દાદા-દાદી વગેરે પાસેથી ગીતો
સંભાળ્યા િોય છે માટે જ બાળસાહિત્ય મુખ્યત્વે કમવતા અને વાતા્ સ્વરૂપે સજા્ય ુ ં છે .
ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યમાં બાળસાહિત્યનુ ં સર્જન મુખ્યત્વે બાળકોના મનોરં જન
અને તેમની કેળવણીના આશયથી કરવામાં આવ્યુ ં છે . બાળકો સાહિત્ય તરફ આકષા્ય - તે
તરફ પ્રેરાય તે માટે તેઓ સમજી શકે તેવી સાદી, સીધી અને સરળ ભાષામાં - શૈલીમાં તેમના
માટે સાહિત્યનું સર્જન થયુ ં છે . બાળસાહિત્ય બાળકો માટે અનેક રીતે ઉપયોગી નીવડે છે .
બાળસાહિત્ય બાળકો માટે ખ ૂબ જ મિત્વનુ ં સાલબત થયુ ં છે . બાળકો બાળસાહિત્ય દ્વારા ઘણુબ
ં ધુ ં
જ્ઞાન પ્રાપ્ત કરી શકે છે , જેમકે પંચતંત્રની વાતા્ ઓ દ્વારા તે પશુ - પક્ષીઓની ઓળખ મેળવી
શકે છે . તે વાતા્ ઓ દ્વારા જે બોધ પ્રાપ્ત થાય છે તેને પોતાના જીવનમાં ઉતારી તેમના
વ્યક્તતત્વનો ઉત્તમ મવકાસ સાધી શકે છે .
ગુજરાતી બાળકમવતાની શરૂઆત બાળકેળવણીના સાધનરૂપે થઇ િતી.
દલપતરામે ઇ.સ. ૧૮૫૯માં 'િોપ વાચનમાળા'નુ ં સંપાદન કયુ.ું એમાંની રચનાઓ અવા્ચીન
ગુજરાતીની પિેલી બાળકમવતા િતી. એમાંના મોટાભાગના કાવ્યો દલપતરામના લખેલા િતાં.
તેમને બાળકોના રસ અને કુત ૂિલને સંતપે તેવા સંખ્યાબંધ બાળકાવ્યો લખ્યા છે .
'શરણાઈવાળો', ઉંટ કિે', વગેરે કાવ્યોમાં સરળ-રસપ્રદ કથાતત્વ, સાદો લય, શબ્દ અને પ્રાસની
રમત, મવનોદ સાથે બોધનું તત્વ વગેરે દૃષ્ટીગોચર થાય છે . નવલરામે પણ આવા ઉત્તમ
સર્જનો આપ્યા છે . નવલરામે 'જનાવરની જાન' રચના આપી. જેમાં ઉપરના બધા લક્ષણો જોવા
મળે છે . તેમણે થોડાક બાળકાવ્યો પણ લખેલા છે . ઇ.સ. ૧૯૧૫માં હિિંમતલાલ અંજાહરયા
'મધુલબિંદુ' નામક બાળકાવ્યોનો સંચય આવે છે .
મધ્યકાળની જેમ ગાંધીયુગ, અનુગાં
ં ધીયુગ, વગેરે યુગોમાં પણ ઉત્તમ
બાળસાહિત્ય સર્જન જોવા મળે છે . ગાંધીયુગમાં સુન્દ્દરમ, સ્નેિરક્મમ, મેઘાણી, શ્રીધરાણી,
મત્રભુવન વ્યાસ વગેરે કમવઓ પાસેથી પણ બાળકાવ્યો મળે છે . ઇ.સ. ૨૦૦૫માં સુદરમની
ં
બલાકમવતાનુ ં 'સમગ્ર બાળકમવતા'રૂપે પ્રકાશન થયુ ં છે . તેમાં અનેક ઉત્તમ બાળકાવ્યો
સંગ્રિાયેલા જોવા માળે છે . સ્નેિરક્મમપાસેથી ૧૯૮૦માં 'તરાપો' અને 'ઉજાણી' નામક
બાળકાવ્યોના બે સંગ્રિો સાંપડયા છે .એમની બાળકમવતામાં મવસ્મયસભર સર્જક અને િેતાળ
મશક્ષક બંને પ્રવ ૃત્ત થયેલે જોવા મળે છે . બાળકો ઝીલી શકે એવા લય-પ્રાસ, ગેય ઢાળો,
કલ્પનાશક્તત, પ્રેરક-મનોરં જક તત્વો જેવી ઘણી મવશેષતાઓ તેમના બાળકાવ્યોમાંથી પ્રાપ્ત
થાય છે . સરળતા, સોંસરાપણું અને પ્રભાવકતા મેઘાણીની બાળકમવતાની મુખ્ય લાક્ષલણકતાઓ
છે . 'મશવાજીનુ ં િાલરડુ'ં એ તેમનુ ં લોકમપ્રય બાળકાવ્યો છે . આ ઉપરાંત પણ અનેક સર્જકો જેવાકે,
ઉમાશંકર જોશી, દે શળજી પરમાર, વસંત નાયક, રમણલાલ સોની, સોમાભાઈ ભાવસાર વગેરે
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પાસેથી પણ ઉત્તમ બાળકાવ્યો મળ્યા છે . ગુજરાતમાં બાળસાહિત્ય મવશેની સાચી સમજ અને તે
અનુસાર મશક્ષણ તથા સંસ્કારમસિંચનના પાયા નાખવાનુ ં કામ ગીજુભાઈ બધેકા અને નાનાભાઈ
ભટ્ટ દ્વારા થાય છે . તેમણે સ્થાપેલી દલક્ષણામ ૂમતિ સંસ્થાએ બાળમશક્ષણ અને બાળસાહિત્ય સર્જનની
નવી પધ્ધમત પ્રયોજી. જે સમયગાળામાં ભારતીય ભાષાઓમાં બાળસાહિત્ય નિીવત ટ િત ુ ં ત્યારે
ગીજુભાઈનું બાળસાહિત્ય બેનમુન સાલબત થાય છે . તેથી કાકાસાહેબ કાલેલકરે તેમને
'બાળસાહહત્યના બ્રહ્મા'નું લબરુદ આપ્યુ ં છે . લગજુભાઈના બાળસાહિત્ય પાછળ તેમની બાલમશક્ષક
તરીકેની ચોક્કસ વૈજ્ઞામનક દૃષ્ષ્ટ કામ કરતી િતી. અત્યંત સમજપ ૂવ્ક બાળકના મનની ભ ૂમમકાને
ખ્યાલમાં રાખીને તેઓ લખતા િતાં. તેમના બાળસાહિત્યમાં મવષય વૈમવધ્ય અને સ્વરૂપોનુ ં
વૈમવધ્ય ભરપુર છે . બાળગીતો અને બાળવાતા્ઓમાં તેમને લોકસાહિત્યના ખજાનાને ખપમાં
લીધા છે . કથંગત અથ્સભરતા કે તક્ બદ્ધતા કરતા તેમને કથનરીમત, લયાત્મતતા અને
લચત્રાત્મકતા પર મવશેષ ધ્યાન આપ્યુ ં છે . લગજુભાઈએ સ્થાપેલી પરં પરાને નાનાભાઈ અને
િરભાઈએ પોતાની પ્રમતભાથી પુષ્ટ કરી છે , જે પછીથી તારાબિેન, મોંઘીબિેન વગેરે દ્વારા ચાલુ
રિી છે . નાનાભાઈએ લખેલા રામાયણ અને મિાભારતના પાત્રો સાહિત્ત્યક રષ્ટીએ ઉલ્લેખનીય
છે .
અનુગાંધીયુગમાં રાજેન્દ્્શાિ, બાલમુકુન્દ્દ દવે, સુરેશ દલાલ, મકરં દ દવે વગેરેન ુ ં
પ્રદાન ઉલ્લેખનીય છે . રાજેન્દ્્શાિે 'મોરપીંછ', 'આંબે આવ્યો મોર' અને 'રૂમઝુમ' જેવા
બાળકાવ્યો માળે છે તો બાલમુકુન્દ્દ દવે પાસેથી 'અલ્લક દલ્લક' અને 'સોન ચંપો' જેવા ઉત્તમ
બાળકાવ્યો મળે છે . તો સુરેશ દલાલ 'ઈટ્ટા હકટ્ટા', 'ટીંગા ટોળા' - ૧૯૭૬માં વગેરે જેવા
બાળકાવ્યો માળે છે . તો મકરં દ દવેએ 'ઝબુક વીજળી ઝબુક' જેવા ઉત્તમ બાળકાવ્યો માળે છે .
આમ, આ ઉપરાંત પણ સુરેશ દલાલ, િહરકૃષ્ણ પાઠક વગેરે જેવા અનેક સર્જકોએ
અનુગાં
ં ધીયુગમાં
ં
બાળસાહિત્યનુ ં આલેખન કયુું છે .
આધુમનક કમવઓમાં રમેશ પારે ખ બાળસાહિત્યના સવ્ શ્રેષ્ઠ કમવ છે . લય પરનુ ં
અસાધારણ પ્રભુત્વ, તાજગી ને નવીનતાથી સભર મવસ્મયવ ૃમત્ત , ટીખળભરી ને અટકચાળી
લેખનશૈલી ને સિજ કલ્પના શક્તત એમની બાળકમવતાની લાક્ષલણકતાઓ છે . આ જ રીતે આ
લાક્ષલણકતાઓને ધ્યાનમાં રાખી અનેક સર્જકોએ આધુમનકયુગમાં બાળસાહિત્યક્ષેત્રે સર્જન કયુું છે ,
જેમકે, ચંરકાંત શેઠે 'ચંદલીયાની ગાડી'(૧૯૮૦), હકરીટ પુરોહિત 'હકલહકત', 'ચાંદલીયો', અમ ૃત
પારે ખ 'ઝગમલગયા', 'ચલ રે િોડી', યોશેફ મેકવાને 'ડીંગડોંગ ડીંગડોંગ', રમેશ મત્રવેદીએ 'બસ
િવામાં ઉડી', બિેચરભાઈ પટે લ 'બાળલીલા' વગેરે જેવા અનેક શ્રેષ્ઠ સર્જકોએ આધુમનકયુગમાં
ઉત્તમ બાળકાવ્યોનું સર્જન કયુું છે .
બાળકો માટે કાવ્યો ઉપરાંત વાતા્ઓ પરત્વે પણ સારુ એવુ ં ખેડાણ થયેલ ું જોવા
મળે છે . તેમાં ગીતવાતા્ઓનો પણ સમાવેશ થયેલો છે . બાળકો માટે ગીતવાતા્ ઓ લખવામાં
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રક્ષાબિેન દવેનો ફાળો નોંધપત્ર છે . રક્ષાબિેન દવેએ 'તીતીડા', 'જાનીવાલીપીનારા', 'પાંચીકડા'
વગેરે જેવા બાલગીતવાતા્ સંગ્રિો આપ્યા છે . તેમની બાળવાતા્ઓમાં પોપટ, લખસકોલી, મરઘો,
સુરજ વગેર પાત્રો મિત્વની ભ ૂમમકા ભજવે છે . આ ઉપરાંત પણ અનેક ગીતવાતા્ ઓ ગુજરાતી
સાહિત્યમાં આપણને સાંપડે છે . ગીતવાતા્ઓ ઉપરાંત બાળવાતા્ ઓ પણ બાળકો માટે મનોરં જન
અને જ્ઞાનનુ ં ઉપદાન બની રિે છે .
બાળકો માટે બાળવાતા્ એ સૌથી વધુ બાળમપ્રય સ્વરૂપ રહ્ું છે . અવા્ચીન
ગુજરાતીનું પ્રથમ બાળવાતા્ પુસ્તક તે ઇ.સ.૧૮૩૧માં પ્રકામશત 'બાળમમત્ર' છે . આ પુસ્તક ફ્રેંચ
લેખક બતલીનના પુસ્તકના અંગ્રેજી અનુવાદના મરાઠી અનુવાદનો પાંડુરંગ ગણોબા અને
ઉમેદરામ ઇચ્છારામે કરે લો ગુજરાતી અનુવાદ િતો. પ્રારં ભકાળમાં ઈચ્છારામ દે સાઈ, નારાયણ
િેમચન્દ્ર, શારદા મિેતા વગેરે બાળવાતા્ ઓના લેખકો િતાં. દલપતરામે પણ કેટલીક રમુજ
ભરે લી કથાઓ આપી છે . વીસમી સદીના ત્રીજા દાયકામાં લગજુભાઈએ બાળવાતા્ ક્ષેત્રે
સીમાસ્તંભરૂપ કામ કયુું છે . બાળકના સંસ્કાર તેમજ તેના મવસ્મયરસને પોષનારી અનેકમવધ
વાતા્ ઓનું સર્જન કરી તેમણે ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યક્ષેત્રે મિત્વનુ ં પ્રદાન કયુું છે . તેમણે ગુજરાતી
વાતા્ અને નાટકનો મશક્ષણના માધ્યમ તરીકે ઉપયોગ કરે લો. તેમણે 'વાતા્ન ુ ં શાસ્ત્ર' નામક
પુસ્તક પણ પ્રગટ કયુું િતુ.ં તેઓ માનતા િતાં કે 'વાતા્કથાન દ્વારા બાળકનુ ં ધ્યાન આકષીને
તેણે ઇષ્ટ પ્રવ ૃમતમાં અલભમુખ કરી શકાય.' 'હદવાસ્વપ્ન' લગજુભાઈનું મશક્ષણ અને સાહિત્યના ક્ષેત્રે
શ્રેષ્ઠ પ્રદાન છે . આ પુસ્તકમાં બાળમશક્ષણના આષ્રષ્ટાનુ ં ભમવષ્ય ભામવદશ્નરૂપે પ્રગટ્ું છે .
તેમને બાળમવશ્વમવદ્યાલય અને બાળ મવશ્વકોશની મવભાવના રજુ કરી છે .
લગજુભાઈ પછી પણ ગુજરાતને બાળસાહિત્યમવપુલ પ્રમાણમાં પ્રાપ્ત થયુ ં છે .
જેમાં બાળવાતા્ન ું બ ૃિદ પ્રમાણ જોવા માળે છે . જેમાં અનેક શ્રેષ્ઠ સર્જકોનો ફાળો નોંધપાત્ર છે .
બાળવાતા્ક્ષેત્રે િરગોમવિંદદાસ કાંટાવાળાએ 'ટચુકડી સો વાતો', ઈચ્છારામ દે સાઈએ 'અરે લબયન
નાઈટ્સ' તથા 'બાળકોનો આનંદ', શારદાબિેન મિેતાએ 'પુરાણોની બાલબોધક વાતા્ ઓ',
જયસુખલાલ જોષીપુરાએ 'અલકાનો અદભુત પ્રવાસ', કલ્યાણરાય નથ્થુરાય જોશીએ 'દે શદે શની
રસમય વાતો', વગેરે પાસેથી જેવા અનેક બાળવાતા્ ના પુસ્તકો આપણે મળી આવે છે . આમાંની
કેટલી વાતા્ ઓ અનુવાહદત કે રૂપાંતહરત છે . તો કેટલાકે મૌલલક વાતા્ ઓનુ ં સર્જન પણ કયુું છે .
જેમાં જીવરામ જોશી, રમણલાલ સોની અને રમેશ પારે ખ વગેરે જેવા થોડાક જ લેખકોનો
સમાવેશ થાય છે .
મોટાભાગનું બાળસાહિત્ય રામાયણ, મિાભારત, પુરાણકથાઓ, ઐમતિામસક
વ ૃતાંતો', લોકકથાઓ અને પરીકથાઓ તથા મવદે શી બાળસાહિત્યમાંથી વસ્ત ુ મેળવીને બાળકો
સમજી શકે તે રીતે સાદી-સરળ ભાષાશૈલીમાં ઢાળીને આવમયકતા અનુસાર તૈયાર થયેલ ું છે .
આ ઉપરથી જોઈ શકાય કે બાળસાહિત્ય માત્ર બાળકોના આનંદ-મનોરં જન માટે જ નહિ પણ
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બાળકોમાં સંસ્કારનું મસિંચન થાય, પુરાણોનું જ્ઞાન વગેરે પ્રાપ્ત થાય, ઐમતિામસક જાણકારી
પ્રાપ્ત કરે , વગેરે જેવા ઉદ્દે શે પણ બાળસાહિત્યનુ ં સર્જન કરવામાં આવ્યુ ં છે . માટે જ બાળસાહિત્ય
એ માત્ર મનોરં જન માટે નહિ પણ જ્ઞાનનો પણ ભંડાર છે .
બાળસાહિત્યને સમાજમાં પ્રચલલત કરવામાં ભાવનગરની દલક્ષણામ ૂમતિ અને
સુરતના
ગાંડીવ
સાહિત્યમંહદરનો
ફાળો
નોંધપાત્ર
છે .
દલક્ષણામ ૂમતિ
દ્વારા
લગજુભાઈની
બાળવાતા્ઓ અને ઈતરકથાઓની શ્રેણી ઉપરાંત 'રાષ્રીય બાળસાહિત્યમાળા' વગેરે શ્રેણીઓ રૂપે
નવું બાળસાહિત્ય પ્રગટ થયેલ ું તેમાં અનેક શ્રેણીઓ અને વતા્ સગ્ર
ં િોમાં બાળવાતા્ ન ુ ં મવપુલ
સાહિત્ય ઉપલબ્ધ કરાવ્યુ ં છે . આ ક્ષેત્રે નાગરદાસ ઈશ્વરભાઈ પટે લે, ચંરશંકર મ. ભટ્ટ,
ચીમનલાલ ભટ્ટ, રમણલાલ સોની, િરીશ નાયક વગેરે જેવા અનેક સર્જકોએ બાળવાતા્ શ્રેણી
પરત્વે સર્જન કરે લ ું છે .
બાળસાહિત્યમાં કમવતા, બાળવાતા્ ઉપરાંત નાટકક્ષેત્રે પણ સર્જન થયુ ં છે .
ગુજરાતીમાં પ્રૌઢસાહિત્યની જેમ બાળસાહિત્યમાં પણ નાટકની ક્સ્થમત સંતોષકારક નથી.
બાળનાટકો પ્રમાણમાં ખ ૂબ ઓછાં લખાયા છે . લગજુભાઈએ 'બાળનાટકો'ના બે ભાગ પ્રગટ કયા્
ૂ ોનો મશકારી' વગેરે બાળનાટકો લખેલા ને બાળકો
િતાં. જુગતરામ દવેએ 'આંધળાનું ગાડુ'ં , ખેડત
પાસે ભજવાયેલા. આ ઉપરાંત પણ અનેક નાટકો બાળસાહિત્યક્ષેત્રે લખાયેલા છે . તરલા
મિેતાના 'નાટક નાટક રમતા'(૧૯૯૮)માં, નટવરપટે લનુ ં 'બાળનાટક લઝિંદાબાદ'(૧૯૯૧),
પ્રકાશ લાલાનુ ં 'ના મારે પંખી નથી થવુ'ં (૧૯૯૬) તથા ચંરકાન્દ્ત ઠક્કરનુ ં 'નાના નટના
નાટકો'(૧૯૯૮) વગેરે જેવા અનેક નાટકો ઉત્તમ સર્જકો દ્વારા રચાયા છે અને તે જુદી-જુદી
સંસ્થાઓ દ્વારા ભજવવામાં પણ આવ્યા છે .
બાળસાહિત્યના મવકાસમાં સંસ્થાઓ અને સામમયકોની ભ ૂમમકા મિત્વપ ૂણ્ િોય છે .
બાળસાહિત્ય અને બાળમશક્ષણને પોષવામાં દલક્ષણામ ૂમતિ સંસ્થાનુ ં પ્રદાન મ ૂલ્યવાન છે . આ
ઉપરાંત પણ અનેક સંસ્થાઓએ બાળસાહિત્યના મવકાસમાં મિત્વનો ફાળો આપેલો જોવા મળે
છે . ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યમાં પ્રૌઢ સાહિત્યની સાથે સાથે બાળસાહિત્યનુ ં સર્જન પ્રકાશન થત ુ ં રહ્ું છે .
ગુજરાતી મવશ્વકોશ રસ્ટે ૨૦૧૦માં બાળમવશ્વકોશનું પ્રકાશન કરી મિત્વનુ ં કામ કયુું છે . મોટા
ગજાના સાહિત્યકારોએ પણ બાળસાહિત્યક્ષેત્રે પોતાની કલમ ચલાવી તેણે સાહિત્ત્યક પ્રમતષ્ઠા
અપાવી છે એ નોંધવુ ં જોઈએ. કેટલાક લેખકોએ બાળસાહિત્યને જ પોતાની મુખ્ય લેખન પ્રવ ૃમત્ત
બનાવી છે . બજારની માંગને અનુસરીને પ્રગટ થતા થોકબંધ બાળસાહિત્યમાં સત્યવંત ુ શ્રેષ્ઠ
સાહિત્ય તો અલ્પ પ્રમાણમાં જ પ્રાપ્ત થાય છે .
આમ, બાળસાહિત્ય એ બાળકો માટે ન ુ ં ભ ૂલકાઓ માટે મનોરં જન, જ્ઞાનનું સિીત્ય
છે . તેના દ્વારા બાળકો સાહિત્ય પ્રત્યે રસ કેળવે છે , મનોરં જન પ્રાપ્ત કરે છે અને મશક્ષણની
સમજ તથા જ્ઞાન પણ પ્રાપ્ત કરે છે . બાળસાહિત્ય મોટે ભાગે બાળકેળવણીનુ ં સાધન બન્દ્ય ુ ં છે .
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બાળકોને રસપ્રદ નીવડે તેવ ુ ં બાળસાહિત્ય રચાય તેવા ઉદ્દે શથી જ સર્જકોએ બાળસાહિત્ય
રચવાના અનેક પ્રયાસ િાથ ધયા્ છે .
REFERENCES
૧. ગુજરાતી બાલકથાસાહિત્ય - ખંડ-૧-૨ : શ્રદ્ધા મત્રવેદી.
૨. છે લ્લા પાંચદાયકાનું બાળસાહિત્ય : રમણલાલ સોની.
૩. અવા્ચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઇમતિાસ : પ્રસાદ બ્રહ્મભટ્ટ.
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CONCEPT OF CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
CHARMI VINODBHAI PATEL
M.COM, M.B.A.,NET,SLET,
KEYWORDS : CORPORATE, GOVERNANCE, STAKEHOLDERS, ETHICS, TRANSPARENCY, REPORT, CODE OF CONDUCT
SUBJECT : COMMERCE
INTRODUCTION
Corporate governance cannot be just considered as a part of corporate management; it is something
much wider than it. It includes a fair, efficient and transparent administration to meet pre-defined
objectives of the company. It is a system of structuring, operating and controlling a company to
achieve long term strategic goals to give satisfaction to shareholders, creditors, employees,
customers and suppliers and complying with the legal and regulatory requirements, apart from
meeting environment and local community needs. In simple meaning, corporate governance is a
code of conduct, the management of a company observes while exercising its powers.
NEED FOR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Corporate failures and scandals rocked the corporate sector all over the world recently, shook the
investor confidence in stock markets, and caused regulators and others to question the assumption
that most companies do the right thing most of the time. Such incidences diminished reputation and
goodwill of even those corporate who enjoy the trust and confidence of public at large. On the other
hand, corporate governance is important because corporate decisions impinge on its shareholders,
customer, creditors, the state and employees. Generally, the objective of corporate governance is to
maximize long term shareholder value.
For healthy corporate governance, managers have to act as trustee of shareholders, prevent
asymmetry of benefits between sections of shareholders, especially between owner-managers and
the rest of shareholders. They also need to be a part of societal concerns about labour and
environment. Now-a-days, stock market analysts see these days greater correlation between
governance and returns. Investments analysts recommend a company best on strength or weakness
of a company’s governance infrastructure. Confidence of investors, both domestic and foreign, is the
most essential matter. Thus, intellectual honesty, integrity and transparency, are needed which form
good & sound corporate governance.
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PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The Cadbury and OECD reports present general principles expected to operate to assure proper
governance. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is an attempt to legislate several of the principles
recommended in the Cadbury and OECD reports.

Rights and equitable treatment of shareholders: Company should respect the rights of
shareholders, encourage shareholders to participate in general meetings and help shareholders to
exercise those rights.

Interests of other stakeholders: Company should recognize obligations towards employees,
investors, creditors, suppliers, local communities, customers, and policy makers i.e. non-shareholder
stakeholders.

Role and responsibilities of the board: The board needs sufficient relevant skills,
understanding to review and challenge management performance, adequate size and appropriate
levels of independence and commitment.

Integrity and ethical behavior: Company should develop a code of conduct for their
directors and executives to make ethical and responsible decisions. Ethics & Integrity should be a
primary requirement while selecting corporate officers and board members.

Disclosure and transparency: Material matters should be disclosed timely and balanced
concerning the company to ensure that all investors can access clear and factual information.
Company should clarify roles and responsibilities of board and management and also implement
procedures to verify and safeguard the integrity of the company's financial matters.
While drafting the code of conduct for corporate governance, the following aspects can be kept in
view:

Ensures transparency in functioning

Prescribing of ethical values which are universally acceptable

Care and diligence has to be ensured in functioning

Encourage discipline

Avoidance of conflict of interests

Ensuring confidentiality

Incentives for efficient and effective functioning

Respect for everyone

Loyalty towards organization

Providing motivation

Financial review and monitoring

Powers
PROVISIONS CONCERNING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Important changes to improve corporate governance have been inserted in the Companies Act, 1956
through Companies (Amendment) Act, 2000:

Providing for Director’s Responsibility Statement [Section 217 (2AA)]

Board to report in cases where buyback was not completed within the time specified in sub
section 4 of section

Small shareholders to get responsibility through a Director (Sector 252)

Limitations in Directorships in companies (section 274 and 275)

Constitution of Audit Committees (section 292A)

Providing for higher penalties (tenfold increase) for offence provided in various sections of
the Companies Act etc
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN INDIAN CONTEXT
Due to liberalization, Indian economy had mixed response. Corporate governance has been much
talked about in India particularly after 1993. Liberalization brought in a spate of corporate scandals.
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Some companies made public issues with large premium and then disappeared. Then investors had
no option but to lose money. After month of these failures market literally collapsed. Similarly,
corporate banks also came under strain due to scams. The story of UTI is also well known due to
inadequate management practices and weak supervision where millions of small investors lost their
capital.
In India companies like TATA group, Infosys, Wipro have involved sound principles of governance,
intertwining corporate governance with social responsibility. Moreover, it is easy to find common
norms of accounting and disclosure being followed in these corporate houses. Due to rights of
employees, stop options, independent directors, meeting quality norms, price warranty and
guarantee, managers have indeed become trustees of shareholders.In the beginning of 1998 with
the desirable code of governance, a voluntary code published by CII. The first formal regulatory
framework for listed companies, established by the SEBI in February 2000, following the guidelines
enunciated by Kumara Mangalam Birla Committee Report. Many companies have disappeared &
vanished due to fraud or poor quality of board resulting in lack of independent oversight. The
Kumara Mangalam Birla Committee focused on the role of independent and statutory auditors and
also the role of the board of directors.
The Department of Company Affairs under the Ministry of Finance appointed Naresh Chandra
committee to examine issue pertains to governance on 21st August, 2002. The committee looked
into financial and non financial disclosure and independent auditing and board oversight of
management. Under the chairmanship of Shri N. R. Narayana Murthy, SEBI constituted a committee
for corporate governance. The committee debated on key issues related to corporate governance.
This committee included representatives from the stock exchange, chamber of commerce and
industry, investor associations and professional bodies.
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Revised Clause 49 of SEBI prescribes that there should be a code of conduct for BOD. Part E of this
clause reads as under:

It shall be obligatory for the Board of a company to down the code of conduct for all Board
Members and Senior Management of a company. This code of conduct shall be posted on the
website of the company.

All board members and senior management personnel shall affirm compliance with the code
on an annual basis. The annual report of the company shall contain a declaration to this effect
signed by the CEO and COO.
CONCLUSION
Thus, we can say that corporate governance is a system by which companies are run. It relates to the
set of incentives, safeguards and dispute resolution process to control and coordinate the action of
the agents on behalf of the shareholders by the board of directors. We find that the corporate India
is going through a great churning phase. New aggressive companies are doing business with the
global ambitions, placing a lot of emphasis on governance and transparency. FIIs are very serious
about good governance and disclosures.
REFERENCES

Gopalasamy. N. (1998), “Corporate Governance: The New Paradigm”, Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad

IGNOU MBA study material MS-91 (Advanced Strategic Management), Block no-2 (Corporate Governance)

Web search regarding Corporate Governance

Narayana Murthy, N.R., “Corporate Governanc: The Key Issues”, Vikalpa, vol.24, No. 4

O.E.C.D. Report on Corporate Governance Report of Sir Adrian Cadbury Committee on Financial Aspect of
Corporate Governance (1992)
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SERVICE QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
(SQMS) IN DEPARTMENT OF
POST
CHARMI VINODBHAI PATEL
M.COM, M.B.A.,NET,SLET,
KEYWORDS : SERVICE QUALITY POLICY, SQMS, SEVOTTAM, SERVICE QUALITY MANUAL, GRIEVANCE HANDLING SYSTEM.
SUBJECT : COMMERCE
INTRODUCTION
India has the largest Postal Network in the world with over 1, 55,015 Post Offices (as on 31.03.2009)
of which 1, 39,144 (89.76%) are in the rural areas. At the time of independence, there were 23,344
Post Offices, which were primarily in urban areas. Thus, the network has registered a seven-fold
growth since Independence, with the focus of this expansion primarily in rural areas. On an average,
a Post Office serves an area of 21.21 Sq. Km and a population of 7175 people.
The Department Of Posts (DOP) currently dispenses a number of services which can be arranged into
three categories: Communication/Mails Services (Letters, Post Cards, Parcel, Logistics Post etc),
Financial Services (Savings Bank, Money Order, International Money Transfer Service, Public-Private
Partnerships for extending financial service outreach through the post office network, Postal Life
insurance) and Premium Value Added Services (Like Speed Post, Business Post, Retail Post). Besides
providing access to affordable means of communication in the country, India post (i.e. DOP) also
meets the emerging needs of specific segments of society like commerce, industry, government and
institutional bodies, who demand quicker, value added services. This has led to in customization of a
number of products and services. It has also caused prioritization of the processing of different
categories of mail according to time sensitivity to meet customer expectations. Post Office is the
only institution in the country, which touches every person’s life and is literally the civil bulwark of
the sovereignty of India.
ADOPTION OF STANDARD
DOP has decided to adopt IS 15700:2005 (Quality Management Systems- Requirements for Service
Quality by Public Service Organizations). The generic standard is also known as Sevottam. It is a
model of service delivery standards based on experiments in e-governance. Sevottam is developed
by The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as a benchmark for quality service delivery (IS 15700:2005)
based on the assessment-improvement model developed by Department of Administrative Reforms
& Public Grievances (DARPG).
SERVICE QUALITY POLICY
India Post commits to provide high quality mail, parcel and other services in India and throughout
the world and to be recognized as an efficient and excellent organization exceeding the expectations
of the customers, employees and society.
OBLIGATIONS TOWARDS SERVICE QUALITY POLICY
India Post expects to achieve this by installing Service Quality Management System through total
dedication to understanding and fulfilling customer’s needs by providing efficient and reliable
service according to well defined service quality norms, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction,
continual improvement in quality and productivity (including the effectiveness of SQMS), provision
of regular training and skill development of employees, compliance of requirements and fostering a
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mutually beneficial DOP-customer relationship. The department of post has developed
COMPUTERIZED CUSTOMER CARE SYSTEM committed to bring post offices progressively to the IS
15700: 2005 certification level to realize the objective of quality excellence.
OBJECTIVES OF SERVICE QUALITY POLICY

To ensure that customers get value for money

To act up on the recommendations evolved in management review meetings so as to ensure
continued suitability and relevance of the Service Quality Policy in accordance with the changing
requirements of the customers

To utilize extensive and well knit framework of post offices for establishment and review of
service quality norms

To make available the Service Quality Policy to employees through wide display at work
places, in-house newsletters, in training programmes and through internet, for ensuring their
awareness and commitment to attain service objectives

To create and monitor a Sevottam complaint Public Grievances Redress Mechanism (GRM)
in the DOP

To implement, monitor and review a Sevottam complaint Citizen’s Charter in the DOP

To serve the customers of the Department of Posts as per the declared quality norms
SERVICE QUALITY PROCEDURE
A citizen can provide feedback and obtain information through different channels. This may include
all or a few of the following channels:

Information and Facilitation Centre (IFC) set up at the Post Office

Complaints and Suggestions Book available in the Post Office

Telephone or E-mail helpline

Test Letters

Through Post Forum interaction

Feedback can also be given using the CPGRAM system of the DAR & PG

Website of the Department of Posts can be visited by customers for updated information
OBJECTIVES OF COMPLAINTS HANDLING POLICY

All Complaints are accorded priority under the Sevottam complaint Public Grievances
Redress Mechanism (GRM) in the DOP

All complaints are settled within 60 days of receipt or within 90 days when an investigation
is required

These standards are to be met at least for 80% of the complaints handled through GRM
operating in the Computerized Customer Care Centres of the DOP

The Modification of Public Grievance Redress Software has taken into account all the three
aspects of grievance handling: how they are received, how they are resolved, and how they are
prevented

An elaborate system of recording, acknowledging and monitoring of grievance settlement
has been set up and specific rules and procedures for redressal and compensation, wherever needed
have been formulated
PURPOSE OF SERVICE QUALITY MANUAL

The Service Quality Manual (SQM) sets in to place the documents and procedures in relation
to services offered to customers in the Citizen’s Charter of the Post Offices adopting Sevottam
methodology for quality assurance
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
Guidelines provided to follow a process approach to ensure that service delivery to all
customers is carried out as per IS 15700:2005 in a uniform, customer friendly, and transparent
manner

The requirements for complaints handling process covered in manual do not apply for
staff grievances and the grievances, pending with judicial/quasi-judicial bodies lying beyond the
control of the Department of Posts
CONCLUSION
Thus, DOP is trying to fulfill its vision i.e. India Post’s products and services will be the customer’s
first choice through service quality management systems. SQMS helps to achieve missions of DOP
viz. to sustain its position as the largest postal network in the world touching the lives of every
citizen in the country, to provide the mail, parcel, money transfer, banking, insurance and retail
services with speed and reliability, to provide services to customers on value-for money basis, to
ensure that the employees are proud to be its main strength and serve its customers with a human
touch and to continue to deliver social security services and to enable last mile connectivity as a
Government of India platform.
REFERENCES




Web search regarding IS 15700:2005
Web search regarding Sevottam & SQMS
www.indiapost.gov.in
www.pgportal.gov.in
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MROLE OF DATA
WARESHOUSING & DATA
MINNING IN E-GOVERNANCE
DALSANIYA DHARA
SHREE PATEL KELAVANI MANDAL & TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE,JUNAGADH.
KEYWORDS : E-GOVERNANCE, OLAP ,DATA WAREHOUSING, DATA MINING
SUBJECT : COMPUTER SCIENCE
ABSTRACT
This Paper deals with scope and use of data warehousing & Data mining in all the dimensions of egovernance like Government to Citizen (G2C) Citizen to Government (C2G) Government to
government (G2G) Government to Business ,Government to NGO (G2N).Their are many
methodology used to increase the efficiency of E-governance .Three complimentary trends are Data
warehousing, OLAP ,Data mining. By using these technique we find that data warehousing is very
helpful in analyzing Current & Historical data finding useful pattern & support decision strategies
.OLAP is useful in solving complex queries & views , interactive online analysis of data .Using Data
mining technique & algorithm, automatic discovery of pattern & other interesting trends are find out
1 . INTRODUCTION
E-governance involves the application of Information and Communication Technologies by
government agencies for information and service delivery to citizens, business and government
employees. It is an emerging field, faced with various implementation problems related to
technology, employees, flexibility and change related issues, to mention a few. Global shifts towards
increased deployment of IT infrastructure by governments emerged with the advent of the World
Wide Web. With the increase in Internet and mobile connections, the citizens are learning to exploit
their new mode of access in wide ranging ways. They have started expecting more and more
information and services online from governments and corporate organizations to enhance their
civic, professional and personal lives .The concept of e-governance come into existence in India
during the seventies with a focus on development of government applications in the areas of
defense, economic monitoring, planning and the inclusion of Information Technology to manage
data intensive functions related to elections, census, tax administration etc. The role & efforts made
by National Informatics Center (NIC) to connect all the district headquarters during the eighties was
a very new innovative approach .
E-governance is the process of service delivery and information dissemination to citizens using
electronic means providing the following benefits over the conventional system
• Increased efficiency in various Governmental processes
• Transparency and anticorruption in all transactions
• Empowerment of citizens and encouragement of their participation in governance.
The main objective of E-Governance is to change organization into e-organization. An e-organization
needs to focus on the following things:


develop customer orientation
manage customer relationships
streamline business processes
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




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communicate better
organize information
work more flexibly
make better decisions.
coordinate activities better
2. NEED FOR E-GOVERNANCE
2.1 Pre conditions of E-Governance
Some of the pre conditions for an effective e-governance that could be listed as

Formulation of new set of cyber laws to replace traditional set of rule & regulations for
effective replacement of e-governance

Simplification of procedure, rationalization of various administrative processes restructuring
of government and mindset of bureaucrats to adopt according to e-governance.

De-layering or re-layering of decision-making of levels

Security and privacy are the two major concerns
2.2 Factor necessary for successful e-governance

Political commitment

Effective administrative leadership

Effective handling of HR issues

Involvement of staff at design stage

Innovative funding strategy and revenue model

Appropriate administrative structure

Common infrastructure and database creation

Training & Motivation
3. IMPLEMENTATION ISSUE IN E-GOVERNANCE
The government of India, like all over the world, has began investing large amounts in Information
and Communication Technology(ICT).The object behind these investment is to improve the
efficiency of government function by, especially enabling citizen centric services. There are some
technical issue which need to be discussed apart from above mentioned issue. The Above
mentioned issue can be resolved by the government but as far as technical issue are concerned they
need more focus to resolve the issue.
Some of technical issue related to e-governance are

Technical Infrastructure support by the government

Collection of Large amount of data

Analysis of the data So that accurate Decision can be made

Online Support to all department of Government organization

Retrieval of meaningful Data

Presentation of meaningful data so fast decision can be made
E-governance ,meaning the electronic-governance ,has evolved as an information age model of
governance that seeks to realize process and structure for harshening the potentialities of
information & communication technologies at various level of government and public sector .Egovernance is the commitment to utilize appropriate technologies to enhance governmental
relationships in order to encourage the fair & efficient delivery of services .The ICT model uses the
new technologies to maintain the data in government organization .Some of these are discussed in
this paper which is very popular technologies now a days .
Increasingly, government organization, are analyzing current and historic data to identify useful
patterns from the large database so that they can support their business strategy Their main
emphasis is on complex, interactive, exploratory analysis of very large dataset created by the
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integration of data from across all the part of the organization and that data is fairly static Three
complementary trends are their
1)
Data warehouse
2)
OLAP
3)
Data Mining
4. ROLE OF DATA WARE HOUSE IN E-GOVERNANCE
4.1 Need for data warehouse
Governments deal with enormous amount of data. In order that such data is put to an effective use
in facilitating decision-making, a data warehouse is constructed over the historical data. It permits
several types of queries requiring complex analysis on data to be addressed by decision-makers.
4.2 Benefit of a data warehouse for e-governance
Citizen facilitation is the core objective of any Government body. For facilitating the citizens of a
state or a country, it is important to have the right information about the people and the places of
the concerned territory. Hence a data warehouse built for eGovernance can typically have data
related to person and land. Such a data warehouse can be beneficial to both the Government
decision makers and citizens as well in the following manner:
4.2.1
Benefit for the decision makers

They do not have to deal with the heterogeneous and sporadic information
generated by various state-level computerization projects as they can access current data with a
high granularity from the information warehouse.

They can take micro-level decisions in a timely manner without the need to depend
on their IT staff.

They can obtain easily decipherable and comprehensive information without the
need to use sophisticated tools.

They can perform extensive analysis of stored data to provide answers to the
exhaustive queries to the administrative cadre. This helps them to formulate more effective
strategies and policies for citizen facilitation
4.2.2
Benefit for the citizens

They are the ultimate beneficiaries of the new policies formulated by the decision
makers and policy planner's extensive analysis on person and land-related data.

They can view frequently asked queries whose results will already be there in the
database and will be immediately shown to the user saving the time required for processing.

They can have easy access to the Government policies of the state.

The web access to Information Warehouse enables them to access the public
domain data from anywhere.
The data warehouse has enough potential to access the impact of various welfare schemes across
the population of the state. The planners can design schemes focused on specific target groups and
achieve high impact. The decision-makers can carry out analysis of population profile across the
state in areas of economy, education, family units, shelter, etc. The warehouse can also be used for
rural and urban development planning, agricultural yield and cropping pattern analysis and much
more. These analyses will help in making decisions that are focused and the benefit of the
government policies can reach the intended group. The various types and number of queries that
can be handled by the data warehouse are limited only by the intelligence of the person using the
data warehouse and the data fed to it.
5. ROLE OF DATA MINING IN E-GOVERNANCE
It is well known that in Information Technology (IT) driven society, knowledge is one of the most
significant assets of any organization. The role of IT in E-governance is well established. Knowledge
Pragmatic use of Database systems, Data Warehousing and Knowledge Management technologies
can contribute a lot to decision support systems in E-governance. Knowledge discovery in databases
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is well-defined process consisting of several distinct steps. Data mining is the core step, which results
in the discovery of hidden but useful knowledge from massive databases. A formal definition of
Knowledge discovery in databases is given as :“Data mining is the non trivial extraction of implicit
previously unknown and potentially useful information about data”.
5.2 Knowledge Discovery in E-governance
Data mining is an essential step of knowledge discovery. In recent years it has attracted great deal of
interest in Information industry. Knowledge discovery process consists of an iterative sequence of
data cleaning, data integration, data selection, data mining pattern recognition and knowledge
presentation. In particulars, data mining may accomplish class description, association, classification,
clustering, prediction and time series analysis. Data mining in contrast to traditional data analysis is
discovery driven. Data mining is a young interdisciplinary field closely connected to data
warehousing, statistics, machine learning, neural networks and inductive logic programming.
Identify the
Problem in the
government
Measure
effectiveness of
discovered
knowledge
Employ of Data
Mining technique to
extract Knowledge
Analyze the
discovered
Knowledge
Data Mining Cycle
For Goverment organization to succeed they must have the ability to capture, store and analyze data
Online analytical processing (OLAP) provides one way for data to be analyzed in a multi-dimensional
capacity. With the adoption of data warehousing and data analysis/OLAP tools, an organization can
make strides in leveraging data for better decision making. Many organizations struggle with the
utilization of data collected through an organization online transaction processing (OLTP) system
that is not integrated for decision making and pattern analysis. For successful E-governance
organization it is important to empower the management and staff with data warehousing based on
critical thinking and knowledge management tools for strategic decision making. Data warehousing
can be supported by decision support tools such as data mart, OLAP and data mining tools. A data
mart is a subset of data warehouse. It focuses on selected subjects. Online analytical processing
(OLAP) solution provides a multi-dimensional view of the data found in relational databases. With
stored data in two dimensional format OLAP makes it possible to analyze potentially large amount of
data with very fast response times and provides the ability for users to go through the data and drill
down or roll up through various dimensions as defined by the data structure.
5.3 Data Mining technique in E-governance
There are various data mining techniques available with their suitability dependent on the domain
application. Statistics provide a strong fundamental background for quantification and evaluation of
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results. However, algorithms based on statistics need to be modified and measured before they are
applied to data mining
5.4 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA MINING TECHNIQUE
Some of the data mining technique we discuss as they are very useful in e- governance organization
5.4.1 Rule Induction
Rule induction: is the process of extracting useful ‘if then’ rules from data based on statistical
significance. A Rule based system constructs a set of if-then-rules. Knowledge represents has the
form IF conditions THEN conclusion This kind of rule consists of two parts. The rule antecedent (the
IF part) contains one or more conditions about value of predictor attributes where as the rule
consequent (THEN part) contains a prediction about the value of a goal attribute. An accurate
prediction of the value of a goal attribute will improve decision-making process. IF-THEN prediction
rules are very popular in data mining; they represent discovered knowledge at a high level of
abstraction.Rule Induction Method has the potential to use retrieved cases for predictions.
5.4.2 Decision tree
It is a knowledge representation structure consisting of nodes and branches organized in
the form of a tree such that, every internal non-leaf node is labeled with values of the attributes. The
branches coming out from an internal node are labeled with values of the attributes in that node.
Every node is labeled with a class (a value of the goal attribute). Tree based models which include
classification and regression trees, are the common implementation of induction modeling. Decision
tree models are best suited for data mining. They are in expensive to construct, easy to interpret,
easy to integrate with database system and they have comparable or better accuracy in many
applications. There are many Decision tree algorithms such as HUNTS algorithm
(this is one of the earliest algorithm), CART, ID3, C4.5
CONCLUSION
A large number of e-Governance applications are already in operation in most of the states and at
the centre. The necessary DWM infrastructure has been created at the head-quarter and sufficient
number of officials have been trained on DWM. This is the right time for introducing DWM in the eGovernance arena and to further strengthen the e-Governance system .Once the desired results are
achieved, the same can be replicated in other sectors of the government.
REFERENCES
1.
Ester M., Wittmann R.: "Incremental Generalization for Mining in a Data Warehousing
Environment", Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Extending Database Technology, Valencia, Spain, 1998, in:
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1377, Springer, 1998, pp. 135-152.
2.
Fayyad U., Piatetsky-Shapiro G., and Smyth P.: "Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining:
Towards a Unifying Framework", Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining,
Portland, OR, 1996, pp. 82-88.
3.
Gueting R. H.: "An Introduction to Spatial Database Systems", The VLDB Journal, Vol. 3, No.
4, October 1994, pp. 357-399.
4.
Han J., Cai Y., Cercone N.: "Data-driven Discovery of Quantitative Rules in Relational
Databases", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol.5, No. 1, 1993, pp. 29-40.
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AN EVALUATION OF CBCS
SYSTEM: A CASE OF VNSGU
SURAT (2011-13)
*MR.DIPAK M .SANKI & **DR KRISHNA R. RAJPUT
KBS COMMERCE & NATARAJ PROF. SCIENCESCOLLEGE
KEYWORDS : VNSGU ,STUDENTS
SUBJECT :EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
As Per 11th Indian Plan the recommendation made by UGC to introduce of choice based credit
system (CBCS) in university and colleges. The academic reformed changes in examination system it
switch yearly to semester system , change in admission produces, include continuous internal
assessment , grading and credit system. In VNSGU Surat has been started in its UG and PG level
courses across the discipline since 2011-2012. As this system is very new in education system and due
to less materialized ,student and lectures has different perception and attitude regarding to this
system. The present study is an attempt to know the level of attitudes of undergraduate student
towards CBCS .The study is conducted with 100 sample .
INTRODUCTION
To evolve a higher education system in 11th plan , Choice Based Credit System CBCS has
recommendated by the Indian government to all our university of Indian .The ultimate goal is to bring
reforms in higher education system so that students develop their analytical and thinking ability skill
and also making the curriculum suitable for an employment. Indian higher education is second
largest in the whole world . As per the MSU VC Prof Ramesh said :”CBCS will bring in a major reform
in higher education, as it will enables student to strengthen their resume and learn additional
subjects, which may prove helpful in their professional growth .
Choice based credit system has various dynamic features such as enhanced learning opportunities,
ability to match student’s scholastic needs and aspiration , inter institution transferability of students
,improvement in quality of education ,flexibility for working students to complete programme over
an extended time and standardization and comparability of educational programme across the
country.
The 11th five year plan of Indian proposed various measures for academic reforms in higher
education. The national knowledge commission in its report to the nation in 2008-2009 on higher
education and Yashpal committee report in 2009 recommended revamping of higher education
through academic and administered reforms. Keeping in view the challenges of the changed times
and makes the higher education in Indian universities compatibles with the universities in developed
nations, the UGC and later on the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) stressed on the following
recommendations
1)Semester System.
2)Choice Based Credit System
3)Curriculum Development
4)Examination Reforms
5)Administrative Reforms.
BENEFITS


Students can choose subjects of their choice within certain restriction.
Papers are divided into core and elective group.
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
Different courses are assigned weightages called credits.

CBCS is very essential for higher education system.

It upgrades educational and occupational aspiration of the upcoming generation.

It is followed in top world university.

It provides high quality of education.

In this system students need not to repeat the full semester if there is fail in one paper.
Challenges / Limitation

Shortage of regular lectures ,principals, clerks,

Shortage of infrastructure.

Increased in paper and clerical works.

Without fulltime lecturer evaluation is not possible.

Implementation of CBCS has some practical limitations

There is no betterment system of evaluation in this system.

Less numbers of teaching periods.

Less numbers of attending in second ,third and sixth semester.
In VNSGU University the CBCS has been started in its UG and PG level courses across the discipline
since 2011-12. The university had yearly and semester system from the very beginning. As this is the
new structure of education system, so still this system is not properly known to the students as well
as the teachers. Students are facing enormous problem,. sometime their quires are remain unsolved
,So keeping all these in mind we designed to study the following title : AN EVALUATION OF CBCS
SYSTEM: A CASE OF VNSGU ,SURAT (2011-13).
OBJECTIVE
1)
To study the attitudes of students towards CBCS in higher education .
2)
To study whether the present system is effective.
Research methology
For this research paper total 50 sample are taken (25 from boys and 25 from girls).Analysis and
interpretation.
Table no 1 Showing satisfactory level of boys and girls in the CBCS system.
YES
NO
TOTAL
BOYS
14
11
25
GIRLS
19
06
25
TOTAL
33
17
50
From the above table it is found that 66% of respondents are satisfied from the CBCS system.
Ho: The proportion of satisfactory among the boys and girls are same.H1: Not same.Sample X N
Sample p
1
14 25 0.560000
2
19 25 0.760000
Difference = p (1) - p (2)
Estimate for difference: -0.2
Z = 1.53
Decisions : As per sampling we can say that the proportion of satisfactory among the boys and girls
are same
Table no 2 Showing choices of the subject is given by college as per the CBCS System.
YES
NO
TOTAL
BOYS
12
13
25
GIRLS
13
22
25
TOTAL
15
35
50
From the above table it is found that 70 % of respondents are not getting choices of the subject in
their college as per the CBCS System.
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Ho: 65 %students are not getting choice in subjects in their colleges.(p = 65)
H1: H1: (p ≠ 50)
Table no 3 Showing the Statistical Analysis
X
Difference
S.E
Zcal
Ztab (95%)
Ztab(5%)
35
0.05
0.067
0.74
1.96
2.58
Decision :As per sampling we can say that the proportion 65 %students are not getting choice in
subjects in their colleges
Table no 4 Showing awareness of the facilities provided by CBCS System.
YES
NO
TOTAL
BOYS
03
22
25
GIRLS
01
24
25
TOTAL
04
46
50
From the above table it is found that 92% of respondents are not aware of the facilities provided by
CBCS System.
Ho: 90 %students are not aware of the facilities provided by CBCS System..(p = 90)
H1: (p ≠ 50)
Table no 5 Showing the Statistical Analysis
N
X
Difference
S.E
Zcal
Ztab (95%)
Ztab(5%)
50
46
0.02
0.04
0.05
1.96
2.58
Decision :As per sampling we can say that the proportion 90 %students are not aware of the facilities
provided by CBCS System.
Table no 6 Showing do sincerity has increase among teachers and students in the CBCS system.
YES
NO
TOTAL
BOYS
10
15
25
GIRLS
11
14
25
TOTAL
21
29
50
From the above table it is found that 58% of respondents respond that sincerity has increase among
teachers and students in the CBCS system.
Ho: 50 % sincerity has increase among teachers and students (p = 50)
H1: (p ≠ 50)
Table no 7 Showing the Statistical Analysis
N
X
Difference
S.E
Zcal
Ztab (95%)
Ztab(5%)
50
29
0.08
0.071
1.14
1.96
2.58
Decision :As per sampling we can say that the proportion 50 % sincerity has increase among teachers
and students .
Table no 8 Showing present system should continue in the CBCS system.
YES
NO
TOTAL
BOYS
16
09
25
GIRLS
19
06
25
TOTAL
35
15
50
From the above table it is found that 70% of respondents want CBCS system should continue .
Ho: 65 %students are not getting choice in subjects in their colleges.(p = 65)
H1: H1: (p ≠ 50)
Table no 8 Showing the Statistical Analysis
N
X
Difference
S.E
Zcal
Ztab (95%)
Ztab(5%)
50
35
0.05
0.067
0.74
1.96
2.58
Decision : As per sampling we can say that the proportion 65 %students are not getting choice in
subjects in their colleges Major findings.
1)
As per sampling we can say that the proportion of satisfactory among the boys and girls are
same .
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2)
As per sampling we can say that the proportion 65 %students are not getting choice in
subjects in their colleges.
3)
As per sampling we can say that the proportion 90 %students are not awareness of the
facilities provided by CBCS System.
4)
As per sampling we can say that the proportion 50 % sincerity has increase among teachers
and students.
5)
As per sampling we can say that the proportion 65 %students are not getting choice in
subjects in their colleges
6)
34 % students are not satisfied by the division of syllabus as per CBCS system.
7)
86% students don’t know about the grading system of CBCS system.
8)
66% students said that syllabus is not completed in time.
9)
96%students said that teaching is decreased in CBCS.
10)
86%students are said that inter institution transferability is not given properly.
11)
70%students said that present education should continuous.
SUGGESTION
1)
Each and every detail information should be explained clearly to the students and lecturers.
2)
CBCS system time is very short so proper design of syllabus should be prepare accordingly.
3)
Introduction of Choice Based Credit System to facilitate the students‟ mobility from one
University to another .
4)
Workshops should be conducted properly for student and lecturer regarding grading,
semester, credit system, credit transfer etc.
5)
First ,third, fifth semester exam should be conduct before diwali ,so that next semester
studies can be run smoothly.
CONCLUSION
Education is integral part in the development of the nation and for this CBCS system is very essential
.In this system level of education will increase. This system increases the sincerity among the teacher
as well as the students. Proper semester duration should be maintain in each semester.
REFERENCES
IMPLEMENTATION OF CBCS:GOVT OF GUJARAT EDUCATION
KH,Sachivalaya,Gandhinagar,Date 11th April 2011.
DEPARTMENT,No
CBC-262011-918-
ATTITUDE TOWARDS CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM OF PG LEVEL STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A STUDY
ON ASSAM UNIVERSITY Nil Ratan Roy, Umme Khadiza Khanam & & Tribeni Devi
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EVALUATION OF CUSTOMER
SATISFACTION ON DENA BANK
SERVICES OF PARDI TOWN:AN
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
MR.DIPAK M .SANKI
KBS COMMERCE & NATARAJ PROF. SCIENCESCOLLEGE
KEYWORDS : SERVICES , PARDI TOWN
SUBJECT :COMMERCE
ABSTRACT
The major objective of this study is to analyze customer satisfaction on Dena bank services. . In order
to achieve the aims, primary data are used. The primary data were collected through questionnaire.
Convenient sampling procedure was used to obtain 100 responses from customer of banking
services in Pardi town. The findings of the study suggest that there are a number of problems
hindering the smooth delivery of the banking servicess such as lacking internal infrastructure , delays
of the loan approval. In the electronic banking services, customers responded that the benefits they
obtained are limited. Therefore, the bank should handle its customers so well to achieve its
organizational aims.
INTRODUCTION
Banking and financial services play very crucial role in the growth and development of an economy.
It is more essential in case of economy like as India, which is rural based economy. The objective of
this study is to investigate customers satisfaction of Dena Bank in Pardi town .
Financial ratios are employed to measure the profitability, liquidity and credit quality performance of
Dena bank. Financial analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weaknesses of
the firm and establishing relationship between the items of the balance sheet and profit & loss
account. Whereas Customer satisfaction is an evaluation by the customer about the services
provided by the Dena Bank. Many industries are paying greater attention to customer service quality
and customer satisfaction for reasons such as increased competition and deregulation Customer
satisfaction represents a modern approach for quality in enterprises and organizations and serves
the development of a truly customer-focused management and culture. Measuring customer
satisfaction offers an immediate, meaningful and objective feedback about clients preferences and
expectations.
Customer satisfaction level is becomes more essential because India is a developing country, growth
in the banking and financial services can put India into a fast globalize growing path of success and
development.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the present study for finding customer satisfactory level of Dena bank primary data is being
collected . In this survey total 100 Dena Bank accountholder respondents responses had been taken .
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the customer satisfaction survey are focused on
- Which are the satisfaction parameters
- How many customers are satisfied or dissatisfied?
- Which is the satisfaction level according to the characteristics of provided service?
- Which is the average global satisfaction level according to customers. preference and
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expectations?
- Which are the weak and the strong points of the bank?
- Which are the satisfaction dimensions that should be improved and how this improvement
can be achieved?
HYPOTHESIS
(1) All the scale of all the internal services are equally preferred.
(2) All the scale of all the external services are equally preferred.
SAMPLING : CONVIENCE SAMPLING E RANDOM SAMPLE (
DATA QUIRES : Micro soft access is used .
DATA ANALYSIS : MINITAB17 (STATISTICAL PACKAGE )
ANAYSIS OF CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION:
TABLE NO 1. SHOWING THE RATING SCALE OF EXTERNAL SERVICES
Sr
no
At what level you are satisfied in these Highly
services
satisfied
Satisfied Unsatisfied Highly
unsatisfied
N.A
1
ATM services
8
37
27
7
21
2
3
Online banking
Mobile banking
04
03
16
14
17
17
04
07
59
59
4
Telebanking
03
20
12
06
59
TABLE NO 2.SHOWING THE RATING SCALE OF INTERNAL SERVICES
Rating
Sr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sr
no
1
At what level you are satisfied in these services
Appearance of frontage of Branch premises and visibility
of sign board
General layout and arrangement for counters
Cleanliness and tidiness
Behaviours of staff with customer
Punctuality and presence of the staff on the counter
during the working hours
Response received toward your quarries
Guidance to customer on the various deposit schemes of
the bank there advantage and tax benefit etc.
Excellent
Very
good
good
Average
poor
19
15
26
40
0
4
19
36
52
34
33
29
23
46
45
25
18
16
13
10
7
0
0
0
0
47
8
25
59
17
18
10
14
1
1
Table no 3. Showing Statistical Analysis of Variables of customer satisfaction on dena bank service.
Variable under study
Chi-square
Chi-square
Significance and
statistic
table
result
@5% @1%
Ho: All the scale in ATM service are equally
preferred
H1 : All the scale in ATM service are not equally
preferred
Chi-Sq=32.6,
DF = 4
9.46
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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Ho: All the scale in Online service are equally
preferred
H1 : All the scale in online service are not equally
preferred
Significant
9.46
11.67
Chi-Sq=63.6
DF = 4
Ho is rejected
Ho: All the scale in mobile service are equally
preferred
H1 : All the scale in mobile service are not
equally preferred
Ho: All the scale in Tele banking service are
equally preferred
H1 : All the scale in Tele banking service are not
equally preferred
Ho: All the scale in branch premises are equally
preferred
H1 : All the scale in branch premises service are
not equal
Ho: All the scale of Cleanliness are equally
preferred
H1 : All the scale in cleanliness service are not
equally preferred
Chi-Sq =101.2
DF = 4
9.46
Ho: All the scale of general layout are equally
preferred
H1 : All the scale in general layout service are not
equally preferred
Ho: All the scale of staff behaviors are equally
preferred
H1 : All the scale in staff behaviors service are
not equally preferred
Ho: All the scale of punctuality are equally
preferred
H1 : All the scale in punctuality service are not
equally preferred
Ho: All the scale of response received toward
quarries are equally preferred
H1 : All the scale in response received toward
quarries are not equally preferred
Chi-Sq
93.14,
DF = 4
Ho: All the scale of guidance to customer are
equally preferred
H1 : All the scale in guidance to customer
service are not equally preferred
Ho: All the scale of over all service are equally
preferred
H1 : All the scale in over all service are not
equally preferred
Chi-Sq
=103.3,
DF = 4
9.46
Chi-Sq
=103.3,
DF = 4
9.46
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
Chi-Sq
103.5
DF = ,
=
9.46
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
Chi-Sq =43.1,
DF = 4
9.46
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
Chi-Sq = 77.2
DF = 4
9.46
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
=
Chi-Sq =43.1,
DF = 4,
9.46
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
9.46
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
Chi-Sq = 80.3,
DF = 4,
9.46
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
Chi-Sq =61.2,
DF = 4,
9.46
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
11.67
Significant
Ho is rejected
FINDING BASED OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.
1. From sampling we can conclude that all the scale in all external services which Dena bank
provides are not equally preferred .It means that respondents responds are not equal .
2.From sampling we can conclude that all the scale in all internal services which Dena bank provides
are not equally preferred. It means that respondents responds are not equal .
3.Dena banks Pardi branch’s premises is not as per the satisfactory level , so they should expand the
area as per the requirements.
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4. Sign board is too old and small ,so new and big sign board should be placed .
5.Counters arrangement is not proper . so proper space should be their between them .
6.Peoples are not aware about external services , so proper awareness should program and proper
advertisement should be done.
7.ATM machines is not proper. so time to time maintenances should be done by the Dena bank
8. 24 x 7 ATMS services should provided to customers.
CONCLUSION
Measuring customer satisfaction offers an immediate, meaningful and objective feedback about
clients preferences and expectations .Studies of customer satisfaction level is becomes more
essential because India is a developing country, growth in the banking and financial services can put
India into a fast globalize growing path of success and development In the present study I have
analyzed the customer’s satisfactory level of Pardi town. Dena bank has to pay more attention in
their internal services like branch premises ,sign board ,cleanliness and tidiness .Peoples are not
aware about external services , so proper awareness should program and proper advertisement
should be done.ATM machines is not proper. So time to time maintenance should be done by the
Dena bank . 24 x 7 ATMS services should provided to customers .
REFERENCES
(1) Customer Satisfaction In Indian Banking Services-Vivek Sanson
(2)A Study Of Financial Performance: A Compartive Analysis Of Sbi And Icici Bank
-Dr Anurag Singh
(3) Bank Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in Ethiopian Banking Sector
-Mesay Sata Shanka
(4) Analytical Study of Customer Satisfaction at ICICI Bank with special reference to ATMs
-Dr. Manvinder Singh Pahwa, Prof. (Dr.) Karunesh Saxena
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IMPORTANCE OF SOFT
SKILLS AT WORKING
PLACE
MR.DIPAK M .SANKI
KBS COMMERCE & NATARAJ PROF. SCIENCESCOLLEGE
KEYWORDS : SOFT SKILLS
SUBJECT :EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
In today’s competitive market it is very important to have a soft skill with hard skill , now a day
Companies selects those candidates who is not only effective in his domain / technical knowledge
but also have the skills to deal with the external world . Soft skills are becoming integral part in
success. A person who are flexible, dedicative towards work, ability to learn new things, they only
grow faster in their carrier .In this present study is an attempt to know that how soft skills matters in
their carrier and discusses how soft skills complement hard skills. The need to provide training in soft
skill at schools and colleges is becoming essential . This paper explores concept of soft skills ,
importance of soft skills , need of soft skills.
INTRODUCTION
Soft skills are personal attributes that enhance an individual's interactions, job performance and
career prospects. Soft skills are very essential to any individual, which are needful for development
in various kinds of institutions. Soft skills are communicative skills, fluencing in language,
management qualities, ability to work in a team, positive attitude in critical situations, problem
solving ability, decision making, stress techniques etc .Hard skill are academic skills experience and
level of expertise and technical while soft skills is combination of people skills, interpersonal skills
,communication skills, self-developed, interactive, communicative, human and transferable skills etc.
Literature suggests that hard skills contribute to only 15% of one's skills success while remaining 85%
is made by soft skills. Most employers these days want to hire, retain and promote persons who are
dependable, resourceful, ethical, self-directed having effective communication, willing to work and
learn and having positive attitude.
Table no 1.Showing the Examples of Soft Skills
Communication skills
Negotiating skills
Courtesy
Integrity / Honesty
Critical and structured
thinking
Problem solving skills
Self-management
Self-esteem
Empathy
Time management
Creativity
Conflict management
Etiquette and
manners
Responsibility
Teamwork capability
Cultural awareness
Common knowledge
good
Work ethic
Project management
Business management
PROBLEMS IN EDUCATION SYSTEM
Schools and colleges are the best places where one can develop these skills with their education but
the question arise here how many students are really able to develop it .In fact all school and college
organize different- different activities for the development of the student but out of 100 % students
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10% to12 % students use to participate and only these students later on develop and remaining
students they only able to develop hard technical skill and from here problems starts in his carriers.
IMPORTANCE OF SOFT SKILL
It play an vital role in the development of the students’ in overall personality development, thereby
enhancing their career prospects. Training in soft skills not help them in building and improving their
skills but also only increase practical knowledge, The effective use of soft skill enhance in his/her
personality ,in presentations, in team-building, in leadership, in time management ,in group
discussions, in interviews and in interpersonal skills. It also helps students in career visioning and
planning, and dealing with peoples.
NEED SOFT SKILLS
A person's soft skill is an important part of their individual contribution to the success of an
organization . Skills relate to a person's ability to interact effectively with coworkers and customers
and are broadly applicable both in and outside the workplace. The legal profession is one example
where the ability to deal with people effectively and politely.
For development of any institutions , companies , firms , industries skilled employees are very
essentials , because without them they will not successes , And this is the reasons soft skills have
became the intergral part in the interviews .
RECENT TRENDS
In today’s days, companies selects those candidates who is not only effective in his domain /
technical knowledge but also have the skills to deal with the external world .Study made by
Standford Research Institution and Carnegie Mellon foundation among fortune 400 Ceo’s found
that 75% of long term job success depended on people skills and only 25% on technical skills. The
problem is, the importance of these soft skills is often undervalued, and there is far less training
provided for them than hard skills.
Sixty-one percent of Indian employers have struggled to find suitable employees, according to a
survey by Manpower Group. Employers have told Manpower that recent graduates of India's
business and engineering schools often lack necessary hard and soft skills.Thirty-nine percent of U.S.
employers reported difficulties in filling positions, 10 percentage points less than last year, and 35
percent of German employers, 7 percentage points less.
According to the Nasscom HR 2013 Survey, apart from IT skills, domain skills and soft skills are also
being increasingly sought by recruiters. The Nascom HR survey shows that recruiters are looking for
skill base trained in mobility, social media, cloud and big data. The top 5 tech skills in demand are:
data scientists, cloud/virtualization, mobile apps, platform engineering and user experience demand.
Apart from these, companies are also seeking domain skills in areas like banking, law, mathematics,
health and economics. The top 5 soft skills in demand include leadership, customer interaction,
communication, problem solving, and presentation skills.
According to the data provided by Nasscom, recruitment based on pure technical skills has gown
down drastically from 85% in the period 2000-2006. In 2006-2011, about 65% of people were
employed based on technical skills and 22% for domain skills and the balance for soft skills.
However, from 2011 onwards, hiring based on technical skills was down to 40%, with domain skills
getting equal importance with 40% and soft skills forming the rest at 20%.
American Express (AXP) found that over 60 percent of managers agree that soft skills are the most
important when evaluating an employee’s performance, followed by 32 percent citing hard skills and
only 7 percent social media skills. When breaking down which soft skills were most important,
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managers chose the ability to prioritize work, having a positive attitude, and teamwork skills as their
top three requirements for management role bloombergbusinessweek.by Dan Schawbel Sep 04
2013.
CONCLUSION
The present study highlighting the importance of soft skills. For development of any institutions ,
companies , firms , industries skilled employees are very essentials . Our present education systems
should introduces some compulsory courses at school or college level and for this proper syllabus
should be designed as per the soft skills so that after completing the studies ,students can get the
jobs according to their abilities.
REFERENCES
(1) India ‘s business ,engineering graduates lack skills survey : Agencies Updated On:
June 11, 2013 10:10.
(2) NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF SOFT SKILL : Dr.A.Muthumanickam,
(3) The Importance of Soft Skills: Education beyond academic knowledge
:Bernd Schulz
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S[ ;DgJI lAGF WFlD"S ;FWGF ;dEJ GCL\ C{ / VF:YFlCG lS|IF
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‘V5ZFCG A[,F D[\ DFÅvA[8L l+J[6L S[ lSGFZ[ 5}HG S[ l,ˆ U." /
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HLJG UHA SF WD"4 V\WzâF TYF ~u6 5Z\5ZFVM\ ;[ lR5SF C{
/
REFERENCES
s!f H\U, S[ O}, v ZFH[gN| VJ:YL v 5'P !)
s@f DMZhF, v 0F"P xIFD 5ZDFZ
s#f lCgNL p5gIF;M\ D[\ 5FlZJFZLS lR+6 v DC[gN|S]DFZ H{G
v !$)
s$f EFZTLI 5|FRLG ;\:S'lT SMQF v ;\P 5\l0T DCFN[JXFÜL
HMXL v 5'P _(
s%f DCZ 9FS]ZM\ SF UFÅJ v A8ZMCL v 5'P %_
s&f X{,}QF v lXJ5|;FN l;\C v 5'P #)
s*f 5|[DR\N SL SCFlGIM\ D[\ U|FdI HLJG v 0F"P 7FGR\N|
U]ÃT4 5'P #*
s(f :JFT\œIM¿Z lCgNL p5gIF; VF{Z U|FDR[TGF v 0F"P
7FGR\N| U]ÃT4 5'P !)_
s)f X{,}QF v lXJ5|;FN l;\C v 5'P !#_
s!_f EFZTLI 5|FRLG ;\:S'lT SMQF v ;\P 5\l0T DCFN[JXFÜL
HMXL v 5'P !&)
s!!f VF\UG SM9F v GZ[gN| SMC,L v 5'P !!)
s!@f VluGALH v DFSÅ0[I v 5'P @_
s!#f l5\HZ[ D[\ 5gGF v DMl6 DW}SZ v 5'P %@
s!$f lJS<5 v ZFDN[J X]É, v 5'P #(
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VFlNJF;L lJ:TFZDF\
lJSF; IMHGFVM
5|FPRF{WZL ULTFA[G KM8]EF.
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KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT :SOCIAL SCIENCE
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jIF5 VG[ :YF/F\TZGF\ p5l:YT YTF\ HTF\ VlGJFI" ;\HMUMV[ N]lGIFG[ 36L
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K[P H[JF S[ ZFGL5ZH4 SF/L5ZH4 JgIHFTL S[ JGJF;L JU[Z[PPP
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EFZTGL J:TLGF\ S[8,FS H]YM VFlY"S4 ;FDFlHS4 X{1Fl6S VG[ ZFHSLI
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SFSF;FC[A SF,[,SZ clUlZHGc VYJF cE}lDHGc H[JF XaN5|IMUM T[VMGF
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K[<,F 5F\R JQF"DF\ S]\JZAF.G]\ DFD[~ IMHGF C[9/ VG[ ;FTO[ZF
;D]C,uG IMHGF C[9/ :+LVMG[ JW] ;gDFGE[Z HLJJFGL TSM 5]ZL 5F0JLP
sZf
VFJF; IMHGFVM C[9/ DSFG AF\WSFD DF8[ ;CFIP
 VFlY"S ptSQF"GL IMHGFVM ov
s!f
VFlNHFlT ,MSMG[ N]WF/F 5X] 5]ZF 5F0JFGL IMHGFP
sZf l;lR\T B[TLDF\ B[TLGL VFW]lGS 5wWlTVM4 XMWFI[,F lAIFZ6M
VG[ B[TL lJQFIS VFW]lGS VMHFZMP
s#f VFlNJF;LVMG[ VFW]lGS VG[ jIFJ;FlIS TF,LDP
s$f lJlJW ,W]pWMU DF8[ ;CFIP
 VFZMuI VG[ VgI IMHGFVM ov
s!f
S[g;Z4 ZSTl5T4 8LPALP H[JL U\ALZ lADFZLDF\ DOT TALAL
;CFIP
sZf S]8]\A lGIMHG SZFJGFZG[ 5|Mt;FlCT ~5[ ZMS0 ZSDP
s#f DlC,FVM DF8[ DFT'tJ 5MQF61FD VFCFZ T[DH 5]ZT] EMHG D/[
V[JF ;ZSFZL 5|IF;MP
 TFZ6M ov
s!f
:+Lv5]Z]QFMDF\ ;F1FZTF NZDF\ JWFZMP
sZf ;ZSFZL VG[ lAG;ZSFZL 1F[+DF\ ,FEM D[/JTF YIF\P
s#f ZFHlSI1F[+DF\ HFU'lTP
s$f ;ZSFZL VFZMuI IMHGFDF\ ,FE ,[TF YIF\P
s5f DlC,FVMG[ lDXGD\U,D VG[ ;BL D\0/GL IMHGFYL VFlY"S ,FEP
s&f XMQF64 VtIFRFZ4 NDG ;FD[ ;\Ul9T Y.G[ ;\3QF" SZTF YIF\P
REFERENCES
s!f
0MPlG,[X AFZM8 v ;LNL VFlNJF;L V[S v ;DFHXF:+LI VeIF;
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sZf 0MP3GxIFD XFC v VFlNJF;LVM v U.SF,[ VG[ VFH[ v RF{WZL
SMDGM VeIF;
s#f 0MP R\N=SF\T p5FwIFI v VFlNJF;L 5Z\5ZF VG[ 5lZJT"G
s$f 0MP 9FSMZEF. GFIS4 0MPR\N=SF\T p5FwIFI VG[ zL lN,L5 5ZDFZ
v VFlNJF;LVMGM ;FDFlHS VG[ VFlY"S VeIF; VG[ T[DGF DF8[G]\
VFIMHG
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ુ ી લઘન
ુ વલ
માય હિયર જયન
મરણટીપ માાં વવષય વૈવવધ્ય
ગોસ્વામી હિતેશગીરી વી.
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT :LANGUAGE
માય હડયર જયુએ મુખ્યત્વે લઘુનવલ અને મવવેચનમાં કામ કયુું છે . ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યમાં સ્વ. ઈશ્વર પેટલીકરની
‘ જનમટીપ ‘ નવલકથા જાણીતી છે . પણ શ્રી જયંતી ગોિેલ ૧૯૭૯માં તદ્દન મવરોધી નામવાળી ‘મરણટીપ’
નવલકથા લઈ આવ્યા. આ પ્રયોગાત્મક લઘુનવલે વાચકો અને મવવેચકોનુ ં ધ્યાન ખેંચ્યુ.ં આ કૃમતમાં ૨૭
પહરચ્છે દમાં અંતગ્ત ભાવને તેમને બાંધવાનો પ્રયત્ન કયો છે . આખી કથા કથાનાયક ‘ હુ ં ‘ ના મુખે કિેવાય છે .
આમ તો કથામાં કશી દે ખીતી ગમત દે ખાતી નથી પણ જુ દા જુ દા ભાવ સંચલનો દ્વારા એકસ ૂત્રતા સાધવાનો સારો
પ્રયત્ન કયો છે . કથામાં ગણી શકાય એટલા માત્ર ત્રણ પાત્રો છે . કથાનાયક ‘ હુ ં ‘ એની પત્ની રલળયાત અને
ભ ૂતકાલીન પ્રેયસી નેિા. નેિા ‘ હુ ં ‘ ના જીવનમાં ગતકાલીન પ્રેમનુ ં નામ છે . આમ આ પ્રણય મત્રકોણની કથા છે .
રલળયાત અને બાળકો સાથે ‘ હુ ં ‘ જીવે છે પણ સંબધ
ં ભ ૂમમકાએ કૃમતમાં કશુ ં બનતુ ં નથી. એટલે કે વાતા્ માં કથા
સ્થ ૂળ બાહ્ય પ્રસંગો નથી, કે જેને આધારે વાતા્ કિેવાતી કિેવાતી બળ પકડે ને કશાક મનવેડણને પામે , એટલે કે
‘મરણટીપ’ ઘટના મનરૂપણના ચીલાચાલુ વ્યાકરણને આધારે મવસ્તનારી કૃમત નથી એમાં નાયકના અગમતક
જીવનનુ ં એની જુ દી જુ દી મનોદશાઓનુ ં અને અવસ્થાઓનુ ં કથા-વણ્ન છે .
સરૂના વ ૃક્ષની ટોચે બેઠેલી દે વચકલી પર નાયકની નજર ક્સ્થર થાય છે એ વણ્નથી કથાની શરૂઆત
થાય છે . નાયક પોચ્માં પડેલી આમ્ચેરમાં ક્સ્થર બેઠા છે અને બિારના વાતાવરણનો અનુભવ કરી રહ્યા છે . સર્જકે
વરસાદી વાતાવરણનુ ં
તેમાં વણ્ન કયુું છે . પરં ત ુ આ વાતાવરણની કથાનાયક પર કશી અસર થતી નથી.
નાયકના ચેતોમવસ્તારમાં અંધકાર પ્રસરવા લાગે છે અને તેની ક્સ્થર આંખો પર પાણીનુ ં પડળ બંધાય છે અને તેમાં
આકાશ, વાદળાં, સરૂનુ ં વ ૃક્ષ દે વચકલી બધા ઓગળતા જતાં િોય એમ લાગે છે . વાતાવરણમાં સ્તબ્ધતા નીરવતા
છે . એ જ સમયે નાયકની પત્ની રલળયાત આવીને વાતાવરણની નીરવતાને તોડે છે . તે કિે છે – “ “તમારી
આંખોમાં દે ખાતી પેલીની સ્મ ૃમત આખી ત્જિંદગી મારાથી સિન નિી થાય. તમારી સાથે રિેવા કરતાં િવે અમે
બાપુજી પાસે રિીશુ ં વતન” “.
રલળયાતના આવા શબ્દો મવસ્ફોટ કરે છે તે નાયક સાથે નિી રિેવાની વાતનો ઘટસ્ફોટ છે અને નાયકને
એક પ્રકારનો આઘાત લાગે છે . રલળયાતના શબ્દોમાં નાયકના ભ ૂતકાલીન પ્રેમનુ ં રમય ખડુ થાય છે . રલળયાત
વતનમાં જવાનુ ં કિે છે ત્યારે નાયકને પોતાના વતનની યાદ આવે છે . રલળયાત નાયકને ધજાળા ડેમનના મેળામાં
લઈ જાય છે અને એ સમયે નાયકને તેમની ભ ૂતકાલીન પ્રેયસીનો મેળાપ થાય છે અને એ સાથે જ તેમના
રલળયાત સાથેના સંબધ
ં ોમાં મવચ્છે દ સજા્ય છે . રલળયાતના વત્નમાં થયેલા ફેરફારની સાથે નાયકને વાતાવરણમાં
પણ ફેરફાર થયેલો અનુભવાય છે . ઝરમર ઝરમર વરસાદના સ્પશ્થી નાયકના બગીચાના વ ૃક્ષો , છોડ
નવપલ્લમવત બન્દ્યા છે . આવુ ં વાતાવરણ પ્રેમીઓના હૃદયમાં રોમાંચ જગાવે છે . જયારે કથાનાયક તો રાત ને
હદવસ પોતાના મનષ્ફળ પ્રેમમાં રાચ્યા કરે છે . રાત્રે આકાશમાં જયારે અનેક તારાઓ ચમકે છે એમાં શુક્રનો તારો
વધારે તેજસ્વી િોય છે એ શુક્રતારીકામાં નાયકને તેની પ્રેયસી નેિાનો ચિેરો દે ખાય છે . નેિાના મવચારોમાં તેની
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યાદોમાં ક્સ્થર થયેલી નાયકની આંખોમાં રલળયાત કંઇક શોધતી િોય તેવો ભાવ નાયકને થાય છે . ‘ મારો બગીચો’
થી પ્રતીકાત્મક ભાવે રજુ થતો વાતા્ નાયકનો વત્માન પહરવેશ
ડેમ, ઉતાવળી વગેરે ગતીકાલીન સ્થળોમાં
મવસ્તરે છે . ‘ અલભસાર , િેમન્દ્ત – િેમન્દ્ત તથા નાટકમાં એના લચહ્નો મળી રિે છે . ‘અક્ષતરૂપ’ કે ‘અધવચ’ માં
રચનાબંધની મશમથલતાની પ્રતીમત થાય છે . જયારે ‘સતત ગમત કીડીઓ’ , ‘મવરોિ’, ‘એક જ ગમત’, ‘મરણ લગણ’
જેવા પ્રકરણમાં કથા સભર અને સમ ૃદ્ધ થઇ આવે છે .
‘િેમન્દ્ત – િેમન્દ્ત’માં વષા્ ઋતુ પ ૂરી થઇ છે અને િેમન્દ્તઋતુ શરૂ થઇ છે તેન ુ ં મનરૂપણ કયુું છે . જેમ
મવયોગ પછી મમલનનો આનંદ અનેરો િોય છે તેમ પાનખર ઋતુમાં પાન ખરી પડયા પછી વસંત ઋતુમાં નવા
પાન આવે છે . ત્યારે તે સમયે વ ૃક્ષોમાં પણ એક પ્રકારનો આનંદ િોય છે તે વણ્ન સર્જકે કયુું છે . નાયકની પત્ની
રલળયાત નાયકના નીરસ બનેલા જીવનથી કંટાળી સ્થળફેર કરવાનો આગ્રિ કરે છે . ત્યારે નાયક જે સ્થળે જવાનુ ં
મવચારે છે તે સ્થળે નેિાની યાદ આવતી િોય તેવ ુ ં અનુભવે છે .
‘નાયક’ પહરચ્છે દમાં રાજા ઉદયન અને રાણી વાસવદત્તાના મવશુદ્ધ પ્રેમનો ઉલ્લેખ કરી સર્જકે નાયક
અને તેની પ્રેયસી નેિાના પ્રેમને તાદશ્ કયો છે . નાટકમાં ભડ ભડ બળતી વાસવદત્તાની સ્મ ૃમત મારાથી સિન થતી
નથી. એ સમયે નાયકને રલળયાતના શબ્દો યાદ આવે છે અને પદ્માવતી રાજાનો જીવ બચાવવા બદલ રાજાએ
આપેલા વચનમાં રાજાની આંખોની માંગણી કરે છે અને રાજા પોતાની આંખો કાઢી આપે છે એ સમયે નાયકને
પોતાની આંખો નીકળી ગયા જેવો અનુભવ થાય છે . ‘સતત ગમત કીડીઓ’ પહરચ્છે દમાં વૈશાખી બપોરની
ક્સ્થરતાની વાત છે . સાથે સાથે આવા ધોમધખતા બપોરના સમયે ચોતરફ નરી નીરવતા િોય છે એ સમયે આવા
ક્સ્થર વાતાવરણમાં પણ કીડીઓ પોતાનુ ં કામ સતત ચાલુ રાખતી િોય છે અને કીડીઓને નાયક ઉનાળાની
જીવંતતાનુ ં પ્રમતક ગણે છે . આ કીડીઓનુ ં ઝુમખુ ં જયારે એક મોટા જીવડાના શબને ઉપાડીને ચાલતુ ં િોય છે ત્યારે
નાયકને પોતાના મરણનો જ ભાસ થાય છે . અને ‘આ કથા’ પહરચ્છે દમાં પણ ટીનુ ં પોતાની કાલીઘેલી ભાષામાં
નાયકના મરણનો ભાસ કરાવે છે . આમ, નાયક ગતકાલીન પ્રેમના સ્મરણો વાગોળતો નથી, પણ એનુ ં સ્મ ૃમત
સંવેદન સંકુલપણે આલેખાય એ રીતે વાત કરે છે . નાયકની આ સંવેદનસંકુલ સ ૃષ્ષ્ટ તે કૃ મતનો મવશેષ છે . એ જ
એના રસાસ્વાદની સામગ્રી છે .
આમ લઘુનવલના સ્વરૂપના ઘટકતત્વોમાં સ્વપ્નનો ઉલ્લેખ પણ આ નવલમાં થયો છે . મનુષ્ય સ્વપ્નરષ્ટા
પ્રાણી છે . ઊંઘતાં કે જાગતાં સ્વપ્નો જોયા કરે છે . ભાગ્યે જ કોઈ માણસ િશે કે જેને ભ ૂતકાળની કે વત્માનકાળની
ૃ અવસ્થામાં સ્વપ્નરૂપે જોઈ િોય. માનવ મનની દમમત
કોઈ ઈચ્છા, એષણા, કામનાઓનો ઊંઘમાં કે જાગત
વણસંતષ્ુ ટ અને અત ૃપ્ત ઈચ્છાઓનુ ં સ્વપ્નરૂપે પ્રગટીકરણ થાય છે . એ જ રીતે આ નવલના નાયક હુ ં ને પણ
હદવાસ્વપ્ન તેમજ રામત્રસ્વપ્ન આવે છે . અને તેને સ્વપ્નમાં પણ નેિાના મવચારો આવે છે . પત્ની રલળયાત અને
પ્રેયસી નેિા આ બંને વચ્ચે ઝોલા ખાતુ ં નાયકનુ ં મન સ્વપ્નમાં પોતાના મરણનો અનુભવ કરે છે . આમ, માનવ
મનના તલળયે પડેલી વ્યગ્રતાઓ અને અરજાતતાઓ તેને સ્વપ્નરૂપે દે ખા દે છે .
આ લઘુનવલમાં સર્જકે પોતાની વાણીમાં કાવ્યત્વનો આશરો લીધો છે . અને તે કલ્પના વગેરે ઉપકરણો વડે
મવસ્તરે છે . આ ક્સ્થર બપોર, ક્ષુલભત વ ૃક્ષો, મનરાધાર વ ૃક્ષો, આ મૌન રામત્ર, મનશ્ચેષ્ટ પવન, મરણાસન્ન સમય,
લાંબો સમય ચાલતી ધ ૂસર સંખ્યામાં કોક વાદળીના લચિંથરા તયા્ કરે છે . ધીમે ધીમે દશે હદશામાં પથરાયેલા
આકાશમાં રૂપાનો રાસ ઉભરાવા માંડે છે . આમ પુરુષ એકવચનમાં નાયકની ચેતનાનાં સ્પંદનોરૂપે કથાનુ ં આયોજન
થયુ ં છે .
REFERENCES
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
‘મરણટીપ’ – માય ડીયર જયુ , લર્ૂર પ્રકાશન ૧૯૯૨, ૨૦૧૦ સંમાત્ર્જત બીજી આવ ૃત્ત

કથા મવમશ્ – નરે શ વેદ , પ્રથમ આવ ૃમત , ૧૯૮૩

ગુજરાતી કથામવશ્વ (લઘુનવલ), સંપાદક બાબુ દાવલપુરા
Technological Trends of
Distance Learning: From
Web
JAYPRAKASH VYAS
M.SC.IT –STUDENT, PKM COLLEGE OF TECH. JUNAGADH
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT :COMPUTER SCIENCE
ABSTRACT
Web-Based learning is learning, which is delivered, in whole or part, using the WWW (World Wide
Web) as the delivery medium. The WWW is a visual interface for using the Internet - a vast,
worldwide network of computer networks, which share information. Web-based learning is often
referred to as those delivery modalities that seek to reduce the barriers of time and space to
learning, thus the frequently used phrase "anytime, anywhere learning". On the other hand besides
Web technology, new technologies such as WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and GPRS (General
Packet Radio Service) technologies offer education institutions additional tools that allow students
and instructors access to the Internet, anywhere and anytime, via the micro browser equipped
mobile phone. The use of computing technology for education has been observed in various ways,
but since the recent years quick advance of mobile technologies a new term has appeared – WAPbased learning or sometimes called mobile learning. WAP-Based learning has been considered as
the future of learning or as an integral part of any other form of educational process in the future.
As WAP-based learning is quite a new domain there is a lot of work and research that is being going
on. This paper we will introduce what is the WAP technology. Later will explore the WAP-based
learning review. Then this paper will point out challenges and limitations in this field and finally will
cover discussion and future work in this field.
1.INTRODUCTION
Nowadays the Web-Based Learning has become a common medium of education. Today many
Virtual Universities and others are offering education using Web-Based tools and techniques. It is
why because traditional learning in classroom is not enough, because in classroom instruction, it is
teacher rather than student centered, dominated by information derived from textbooks & notes,
confined in space, time and conceptual structure, involves little joint work in small groups and is not
concerned with solving problems identified by students Web-Based learning (or in other words “eLearning") is learning, which is delivered, in whole or part, using the WWW (World Wide Web) as the
delivery medium. The WWW is a visual interface for using the Internet - a vast, worldwide network
of computer networks, which share information. The WWW allows not only the transmission of
information in text but other types such as graphics, video, audio, animation, etc. via the Internet
from one computer to another. This ability allows for the delivery of educational content using
multiple (computer-based, video, text, audio) within one system. Web-based learning is often
referred to as those delivery modalities that seek to reduce the barriers of time and space to
learning, thus the frequently used phrase "anytime, anywhere learning"
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On the other hand besides Web technology, new technologies such as WAP (Wireless Application
Protocol) and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technologies offer education institutions
additional tools that allow students and instructors access to the Internet, anywhere and anytime,
via the micro browser equipped mobile phone.
The use of computing technology for education has been observed in various ways, but since the
recent years quick advance of mobile technologies a new term has appeared – WAP-based learning
or sometimes called mobile learning. WAP-Based learning has been considered as the future of
learning or as an integral part of any other form of educational process in the future. As WAP-based
learning is quite a new domain there is a lot of work and research that is being going on. People are
trying to understand how the mobile devices will help them in reaching better education.
In this paper we will discuss what is the WAP technology. Later we will explore the WAP-based
learning review. Then we will point out challenges and limitations in this field and finally discussion
and future work will be discussed.
2. WAP TECHNOLOGY
WAP is similar to HTML in that it lets a variety of devices and networks share information. The WAP
is an open, global specification that empowers users from all over the world and provides the facility
to use digital mobile phones, pagers, personal digital assistants (PDA) and other wireless devices to
securely access and interact with Internet / intranet / extranet content, applications and services.
WAP offer an easy-to-use highly portable communications and information tool. Devices using WAPBased micro-browsers can access an array of innovative, value-added services including Education,
Enterprise Solutions, Entertainment, Financial Services, Location-Smart Services, M-Care, MCommerce, Messaging, Personal Information Management, Travel Services and many more
WAP creates new business opportunities for corporation by providing a new channel for existing
services and the possibility for totally new services that can reach customers in 24 hrs a day 7 days a
week wherever they are. Since WAP is an open protocol for wireless messaging, it provides the same
technology to all vendors regardless of the network system. This means that there will be WAP
complaint terminals from several manufacturers. Also the server technology is open, so operators
and companies can select from a wide range of products. The common standard offers economies
of scale, encouraging manufacturers, application developers and content providers to invest in
developing compatible products.
3. WAP-BASED LEARNING REVIEW
The first and most obvious use of WAP-enabled devices for educational purposes is a direct
application of the Web-Based learning techniques using smaller devices instead of using desktop PC
or laptop. Availability of course materials on Web site is normal and today many efforts have been
already made to provide course materials on WAP enabled devices. Along-with availability of course
material, further efforts have been taken by UniWap project. This project team tries to explore the
process of creating a complete operating environment for studying and teaching through smartphones and WAP enabled phones . An Ultralab M-Learning is an example of another project in
which, the team is producing m-learning materials for people with literacy and numeracy problem
The following figure shows the WAP learning project carried out at Ajman University of Science &
Technology, Al-Ain, UAE.
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The most important project in providing course materials for range of mobile devices is “From Elearning to M-learning”, which is a long time project that aims to create a learning environment for
wireless technologies Also at Stanford Learning lab an exploration oTf mobile learning has been
done by developing prototype that integrate practicing new words, taking quizzes, accessing word
and phrase translations etc Other projects are being in progress for creating special learning
content for PDA’s and WAP and also for developing special program like organizers, timetables etc.
to assist learning with WAP-enabled devices.
Another most prominent application of the usage of mobile devices is messaging. Onebox.com
(www.onebox.com) and uReach.com (www.ureach.com) offer universal messaging systems that let
people access e-mail, voice mail, faxes, and calendar and contact info on WAP-enabled devices. At
present, Unimobile (www.unimobile.com) is beta-testing Unimobile for WAP, which includes the
ability to send messages to any mobile device, and will provide calendar and alert services [7]. At
Kingston University UK, an experiment was undertaken to research the effectiveness of two-way
SMS service in the University environment Also at the University of Helsinki the LIVE (Learning In
Virtual Environment) project carried out with SMS system and with WAP enabled phones. Another
porject on evaluation of a Short Messaging Systems (SMS) to support undergarduates students was
done at Sheffield Hallam University .
Important example using this new technique is the “LSTN” project, which uses blended mobile
technologies and explores how such projects necessitate new evaluation techniques. In this project
the evaluation of student responses was taken using SMS and WAP enabled devices .
“Ultralab M-Learning” is the project that has a special section dedicated on creating of WAP portals
for education purposes Few other examples WAP portals are HyWeb at Griffith University Gold
Coast, mid-2000 at Minnesota State University, in Canada the NAIT m-learning project etc. .
Tourism is an important application in WAP-Based learning domain. LAND (Location Activated
Nomadic Discovery) is the sub-project of Ultralab project. It uses the newest technologies as
location-discovery via GPRS, radio frequency etc. The Electronic Guidebook is another example, in
which mobile web content was specifically created for the Exploratorium museum (an interactive
science museum) in San Francisco. Also a little different experiment was made for a museum in
Japan, where an interactive guide system was created to familiarize the kids with exhibition and to
attract users interest .
WAP-BASED E-DISCUSSION FORUM IS ALSO PROMINENT AREA OF USING WAP ENABLED DEVICES
ANOTHER APPLICATION IN DEVELOPMENT IS THE ABILITY TO OFFER ROUTING APPLICATIONS OVER
THE MOBILE PHONE, KNOWN AS WAP GIS
These projects open two very important issues to be considered in doing further research in the
WAP-Based learning domain. The first one is that the current technology gives enough powerful
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instruments to support some new forms of auxiliary learning tools. Second they also show the
enthusiasm of the students to accept such new technologies.
4. CHALLENGES & LIMITATIONS
WAP-Based learning is becoming a new standard in distance learning and still it’s required some
improvements. Consider the limited size of the screen and capacity of mobile phone a WAP-Based
learning should not be more complex. Secondly a mobile phone is not a computer, so making the
operations too complex will upset all the users if they have to press the buttons 10 to 15 times to get
a particular result or an instruction. All the operation should be limited in a few steps, ideally, no
more then 3 to 5 steps, with an easy way of escape at every step. Thirdly typing something is not
convenient in mobile phones, so INPUT tag should be avoided in the WML pages, instead the SELECT
tag can be used as an alternative .
Another important challenge is color images. A BitVisions has now started the first phase of its
journey to becoming the leading color wireless images. They had introduced the latest WAP imaging
format in the form of Portable Network Graphics (PNG). PNG (pronounced “ping”) is a new bitmap
format provides a portable, legally unencumbered, well-compressed, well-specified standard for
loss-less bitmapped image files. The PNG specification is now frozen, and has been approved as a
W3C recommendation by the World Wide Web Consortium .
As compared to Internet, wireless data networks tend to have less bandwidth, more latency, less
connection stability and less predictable availability. WAP enabled devices are different. Due to
strong limitations of battery life and form factor, wireless devices tend to have less powerful CPU’s,
less memory, restricted power consumption, smaller display and different input devices (e.g. a
phone keypad etc.)
Security is also one of current challenge in this field. Currently the WAP standard provides Wireless
Transport Layer Security (WTLS), which is intended to provide some security, but according to
experts WTLS is easily evaded. That is, if it is available. There are phones on the market that do not
have WTLS available at all, so users have no option but to transmit in the clear.Despite the
advantages of WAP, some industry leaders think that the technology is too limited for full-scale
wireless Internet access. Once people get used to the Internet experience, they want it without the
limits of screen size, access speed, or place of access. Imagine laptops, PDAs, handhelds, organizers,
and Web pads, with their much richer user interfaces, always connected at high speeds to the
Internet .
Even so, WAP technology is improving. Today's wireless phone networks support data rates of
between 9.6Kbps and 14Kbps, which is fine for transmitting a few lines of text, but little else. The
WAP protocols are being upgraded for the next-generation wireless phone networks, called third
generation or 3G, which will boast faster throughput rates and open standards. Wireless phone
networks will operate at speeds from 384Kbps up to 2Mbps in a few years. With such high speeds,
users will be able to download large files from the Internet, use a phone as an MP3 player, and
conduct live videoconferences right from their wireless phones. At that point, WAP phones may
replace landline phones entirely.
5. DISCUSSION & FUTURE WORK
WAP technology may be an ideal instructional approach for building a learning community within
technological enhanced educational settings in the near future. But the technical nature of this
technology must be refined, modified and enhanced first. Additional qualitative and quantitative
studies are also needed to substantiate the usefulness of WAP technology and to establish
guidelines for integrating such tool into our learning.With the successful development of Bluetooth,
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WAP, GPRS and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), the technological structures
for wireless telephony and wireless computing are now firmly in place. Future of WAP-Based
learning is not gloomy, new efforts in this field are in progress. In the future the resolution of WAP
enabled devices should improve as well as the display size.
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VtIFRFZ4 H]<DF[4 C]<,0F[4 VgIFI K[ T[ lJX[G]\ lR\TG 56 SYFDF\
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VF\TZ7FlT ,uG SZTL EFJGF4 Ë[g0vU,"Ë[g0GL N]lGIF TF[ IF[U[XG[
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REFERENCES
!P—lSdA, Z[Jg;J}0˜ o DW] ZFI 5|YD VFJ'l¿4 !)(!4 5'P !(5P
ZP—SYF lJDX"˜ o 0F¶P GZ[X J[N4 5|SFXS o 5MT[ lJÊ[TF U}H"Z4
VDNFJFN4 5|YD VFJ'l¿4 !)(Z4 5'P !)$P
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
AGGRESSION AND ANXIETY IN
SPORTSWOMENOF KABADDI
AND KHO-KHO GAMES
MAHESH M. PATEL
P.T.I.G.V.VAGHELA ARTS & COM. COLLEGE, DIODAR
KEYWORDS : PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS, ANXIETY, AGGRESSION, KABADDI AND KHO-KHO
SUBJECT :PHYSICAL EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
In order to excel in Indian games, such as Kabaddi and Kho-Kho, the athletes need to be disciplined
and need a continuous source of inspiration for long times. The games demand that the athletes
have certain type of psychological traits that will help them achieve greater success. In view of this,
the present study was carried out to determine the anxiety and aggression levels amongst women
sportspersons participating in University and State Level tournaments. For the purpose of the study
60 women players of Kabaddi and Kho-Kho were selected. The, data collection for assessing anxiety
and aggression levels was done using standard tests. The results of the test for women athletes of
different games showed avariation in scores from 10 to 24. The comparative assessment shows that
the anxiety levels are relatively higher in the women participating in Kabaddi tournaments.
Furthermore, the comparison of test scores indicated significant (P<0.05) difference in aggression
test scores, confirming that the .Kabaddi players were the more aggressive players than that women
participating in Kho-Kho. Based on the results, the study concludes that there exists a significant
difference in the anxiety and aggression levels of women participants of different games, with
Kabaddi players exhibiting the highest anxiety and aggression levels.
INTRODUCTION
Mental toughness is what we call that `it'. we can't put our fingers on but we know some athletes
have itand some don't. It's success within athletes regardless of the score or .circumstances. It is
what is inside sportspersons that we need to measure. As an athlete it can drive the person
passionate at times.Often we judge sportspersons and measure that they are as a person by how
they perform in sport, good games or bad games. Being an athlete is only a part, and although
forever with us; we do not and should not be measuring our whole self by thepart of us we are in
our sport. Sport exemplifies and allows us to test many parts of ourselves. Sport gives insight; it
allows us to reflect on who we are to develop into better people.Mental toughness is a big factor in
whether or not we end up with a Lose (L) or a Win (W) in that final column. More importantly
mental toughness just becomes abos.i who we are as people through the athlete part of us and how
we contribute to our team. It is hanging in with our team and persisting regardless of what kind of
game we have personally. It's making those changes to go for the in and act giving up on each
other. And it's not quitting on the field of play, not quitting on our coaches, teammates and
ourselves.The fat of the matter is that having that L in the final column stinks. be it anexcruciatingly
close game or an embarrassing blowout. Whether we are the athlete or the coach, whether the L or
even the W is in the final column, we are still held to a higher accountability level if we are honest
with ourselves.
Therefore, we must dig deep and self-evaluate to get better at the positives and to change the
negatives. If the way we were battling wasn't working, then it must change. Complaining, blaming,
and arguing will not make us better and it cannot change that final column, however, mental
toughness can.Today, psychology as a behavioural science has made its contribution for improving
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sports performance. It has helped coaches to coach more effectively and athletes to perform more
proficiently. This psychological aspect of sports is gaining much attention among sports
Administrators.Sports competitions have assumed an extremely important place in the human
society these days.
With the beginning of the Modern Olympic Games in 1986, tremendous changes have been taken
place in the methods and methodologies of training for athletic competitions at the National as well
as International levels. The insatiable quest for pursuit of excellence has given rise to
interdisciplinary approach to the understanding applied to the preparation of athletes for intense
competition as it is being done today. Hence, in order to understand the importance of women's
participation and performance in various sports, it is appropriate to first look at the brief history of
sports and the participation of women in it.
KABADDI AND KHO-KHO
Kabaddi is one of the most popular sports in India played mainly among people in villages. It is a
rather simple and inexpensive game, and neither requires a massive playing area, nor any expensive
equipment. Kho-K.ho ranks as one of the most popular traditional sports in India. Like all Indian
games, it is simple, inexpensive and enjoyable. It does, however, demand physical fitness, strength,
speed and stamina, and a certain amount of Ability.The game develops qualities such as obedience,
discipline, sportsmanship, and loyalty between team members. In order to excel in this game, the
athletes need to be disciplined and need a continuous source of inspiration for long times. The game
itself demands that the athletes have certain type of psychological traits that will help them achieve
greater success. Hence, it is necessary to study their anxiety and aggression levels. This information
will definitely help the coaches and players for sustainable improvement in their performance at
different levels.
ANXIETY AND AGGRESSION
Anxiety is a state of mind in which the individual responds with discomfort to some event that
Hasoccurred or is going to occur. The person's worries about events their occurrences and
consequences, in general are the sources of anxiety. Anxiety may be motivating force or it may
interfere with successful at performances. As as positive motivating force, it can be instrumental in
motivating the athlete to work harder to find new and better ways to improve performances, and to
help to set goals. As a negative motivator anxiety may interfere with productive as well as
constructive thinking. Most aggression in sport results from frustration. This frustration is the result
of various motives being thwarted or blocked. Those motives, which are predominant is sport and
when usually generate aggression when thwarted, revolve around achievement dominance, powers,
recognition andprestige and excellence. If a boy places high incentive value on one or a combination
of these motive - incentive systems and is blocked from attaining or satisfying them, he becomes
frustrated.In the backdrop of above information, the present study was carried out to study the
predominant levels of anxiety and aggression among the sportswomen participating in Kabaddi and
Kho-Kho games."
METHODOLOGY
Sample Size
For the purpose of the study 60 women players of Kabaddi and Kho-Kho were selected. The study
wasdelimited to 30 women (age 18 and 25 years) University/State level players each from Kabaddi
and KhoKho games. who represented Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, or State
Championships. Research Instrument The assessment of anxiety levels was carried out by using
sports competition Anxiety Questionnaire (SCAT) test by the assessment of aggressiveness by using
Aggression Questionnaire of Statistical Technique Employed To compare the Anxiety and Aggression
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of Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players,' paired `t' test wasprocedure was employed. The significance level
was chosen to be 0.05 (or equivalently, 5%) by keeping in view the consequences of such an error.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained in the present study are discussed in view of the context of study and the
variables selected.
Anxiety of the Women Players Participating in Various Sports
Table 1: Comparative assessment of the anxiety scores of women participating in different
games
Mean ± SD Std. Err.95% CI for Mean
Min
Max `t'
P
LB
UB
Kabaddi
19
± 2.1 0.5
17
20
14 23 2.54
0.05
Kho-Kho
16
± 3.3 0.6
14
18
10 22
2.25
0.05
Key:
SD: Standard Deviation; Std. Err.: Standard Error; CI: Confidence Interval; LB: Lower Bound;
UB: Upper Bound; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; P: Probability
In the present study, a comprehensive anxiety test was used to determine the anxiety levels of
women athletes of RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur and participating in different sports, such as
Kabaddi and Kho-.Kho. The results of the test for women athletes of different games showed a
variation in scores from 10 to 24. The mean score for anxiety test for the Kabaddi players was
highest 19±2.1, followed with the scores of Kho-Kho players. The comparative assessment shows
that the difference in mean scores was significant at P<0.05 (Table 1). This score shows that in
general the anxiety levels are relatively higher in the women participating 1n Kabaddi
tournamcnts..In general, the knowledge of anxiety levels provides a great insight of an individual.
This informationis particularly useful in devising strategies for improving performance in various
sports.Anxiety is a subjective feeling of apprehension and heightened physiological tension. Anxiety
in sport may be affected by the objective competitive situation and the subjective competitive
situation. Although the phenomenon of anxiety is a temporary one, its timing is very important and
often the high anxiety levels are observed with individuals when they are not supposed to surface.
AGGRESSION OF THE WOMEN PLAYERS PARTICIPATING IN VARIOUS SPORTS
Table 2: Comparative assessment of the aggression scores of women participating in different games
Mean SD
Std. Err.95% CI for Mean
Min
Max `t'
P.
LB
UB
Kabaddi
11
± 3.4
0.6
10
12
3 17
2.95 <0.05
Kho-Kho
8
± 3.6
0.7
6
9
2 16
2.74 <0.05
key
SD: Standard Deviation; Std. Err.: Standard Error; CI: Confidence Interval; LB: Lower Bound;
UB: Upper Bound; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; P: Probability
In the present study, aggression scores were obtained by using the standard test. Highest mean
score (11+3.4) was obtained from the group of Kabaddi players. However, the lowest (8±3,6) was
recorded for the group comprising Kho-Kho players. The total variation in the aggression scores was
beetween 2 and 17. In general, the Kabaddi players indicated a relatively higher aggression level,
while the women participating in Kho-Kho showed lower aggression levels (Table 2). The comparison
of test scores indicated a significant (P<0.05) difference inaggression test scores, thus confirming
that the Kabaddi players were the more aggressive players than that women participating in KhoKho. Aggression is a form of behavior characterized by physical or verbal attack. Aggression may be
directed outward, against others, or inward, against the self, leading to self-destructive or suicidal
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actions. It may be driven by emotional arousal, often some form of frustration, or it may be
instrumental, when it is used tsecure a reward.
The relationship between sport and aggression has been studied extensively for decades, yet
investigators still have only an incomplete understanding of the link between the two. That there is a
link seems certain, and researchers in various disciplines continue trying to refine their
understanding of it in ways that will illuminate both sport and society. However, more recent
research shows the opposite-participation in sports is likely to increase an individual's aggression.
Sport psychologists distinguish between hostile and instrumental aggression. The primary purpose of
hostile aggression is to inflict physical or psychological injury on another; the main aim of
instrumental aggression is to attain an approved goal, such as winning a game. Some sports are
more likely to be associated with violence and inappropriate aggression. Research also shows that
aggression may give players an edge when useci early in a contest, or they may show aggression if
they fail in the sport. The higher level of aggression in kabaddi.
players observed in 'this study could be attributed the contact sport nature of the game. In view of
the above. theresults of the present study provide valuable understanding of the aggression levels
displayed by the women sports participants playing Kabaddi and Kho-Kho games.
CONCLUSIONS
Women centric study has been at the heart of gender discussions and remains a persistent driving
force inequitable policy formulation. Barring few exceptions, often the comprehensive studies and
necessary data for strategy formulation in sports field is available for male athletes only. In view of
this, present study successfully assessed the select psychological characteristics, such as Anxiety and
Aggression amongst the women athletes participating in Kabaddi and Kho-Kho games. Based on the
results, the study concludes that there exists a significant difference in the anxiety and aggression
levels of women participants of different games, with Kabaddiplayers exhibiting the highest anxiety
and aggression levels.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank Data Sol Consultancy, Patan for performing the statistical data analysis for
thecollected data.
REFERENCES
Alderman R. B., Psychological' Behavior, (Philadelphia: W. B. Sounders Company 1974),p.143.
Alderman R. B., Psychological Behaviour in Sport (Philadelphia: W. B. Sounders Company 1974),p.7.
Allport G. W., Pattern and Growth in Personality, p. 21.
Bell Kieth F., Championship Thinking ,- The Athlete's Guide to Winning Performance in All Sports
(London: Prentice Hall Inc., 1983), p.152.
Boutin Kenneth James, "Relationships at Anxiety Level and Performance in NAIA Inter-Collegiate
Basketball Games", Dissertation Abstracts Inter-national 44: (November 1983): 1375-A.
Butt D. S., Psychology of Sports (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company), p.15
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A Comparative Study of
Traditional Teaching Method
and Computerized Self Learning
Material
*MANISHABEN R. NAI
**DR. D.M. BAKRANIA
*RESEARCH SCHOLAR
**GUIDE-ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,K.S.K.V. KACHCHH UNIVERSITY- BHUJ
KEYWORDS : TRADITIONAL TEACHING METHOD, COMPUTERIZED SELF LEARNING MATERIAL, PROGRAMMED LEARNING
SUBJECT :EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
Present study has been done to know the effect of Computerized Self Learning Material. For this
Programmed Learning Material was prepared and experimented on 220 students in 2 different
Gujarati Medium schools of Palanpur. On the basis of the post data score mean and ‘F’ was
calculated for data analysis.
1. INTRODUCTION
In 21st century we show changes in each factor everyday. Due to changes in education a vast
changes in method of teaching also. Today classroom teaching is limited source of education,
although we use old tradition of teaching, old methods and text book oriented education instead of
student oriented education. So, we have to think for self learning methods for student. We have to
teach them in that way so students will try out to solve the problems themselves. As per Albert
Einstein“I never teach my pupils, I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they learn”
So, the teaching method will be that with which student will read, think, learn, find out the solution
and go ahead with self attempt. So, researcher thinks that Programmed Learning is one of the best
method for self learning. In 21st century computer is very useful in each factor. So, here researcher
constructed computerized Programmed for Standard11th (commerce) in O.C.M. subject for unit
“Information Channel.”
2. DEFINITION OF KEY WORDS
2.1 Traditional Teaching Method
The teaching method in which teacher teaches most of points by giving lecture to students by chalk
and talk is known as Traditional Teaching Method. It is teacher oriented method.
2.2 Computerized Self Learning Material
The material helpful to a student for learning himself without the help of teacher is known as Self
Learning Material. It is created with the help of Computer is known as Computerized Self Learning
Material.
2.3 Programmed Learning (PL)
According to Encarta dictionary:
“Learning method based on self-instructional materials that are designed to allow students to
progress at their own space, step by step, through structured sequences.”
In concern of the present study researcher will prepare Programmed Learning material in computer
on “Information Channel” for the students of Std.-11 as per following the steps given to prepare
such material.
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of present study are as follows.
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The objectives of present study are as follows.
1. To construct Computerized Programmed Learning material for the students of standard 11th on
the topic of “Information Channel” in O.C.M. subject.
2. To try out Computerized Programmed Learning material on the students of standard 11th .
3. To compare the Learning by Computerized Programmed Learning and Traditional method.
4. HYPOTHESES
1. There is no significant difference between the mean score of students learning through
Computerized Programmed Learning and Traditional Method in School 1.
2. There is no significant difference between the mean score of students learning through
Computerized Programmed Learning and Traditional Method in School 2.
5. VARIABLES
The variables of present study are as follows.
Table 1 Variables
Sr. No. Types of Variables
Level of Variables
1
Dependent Variable
1. Score of Post Test
2
Independent Variable 1. Traditional Method
2.Computerized Programmed Learning Material
3
Controlled Variable
1. Standard of student
2. Topic
3. Time
6. RESEARCH METHOD
In the present study, researcher wants to investigate the student’s achievement in self-learning
through computerized self-study material. Thus the present study is quantitative research.
Researcher had selected experimental method for the present study.
7. POPULATION
In the present study, the population was the students of standard 11th studying in Gujarati Medium
schools in Palanpur In the present study, the researcher had prepared the list of Gujarati Medium
schools for commerce located in Palanpur Out which list two schools were selected through draw
system by Random Sampling Method.
Table 2 The Sample Selected for Experiment
School Name
Experimental Group
Controlled Group
Total
Boys
Girls
Total
Boys Girls
Total
M.B. Karanavat high school 28
24
52
26
27
53
105
Palanpur
K.K. Gothi high school 30
29
59
26
30
56
115
Palanpur
Total
58
53
111
52
57
109
220
As shown in above table the lowest sample is 24 in Experimental Group for girls. So, the calculation
and other analysis were done as per 24 students in each group.
9. TOOL OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study was to study the effectiveness of computerized programmed
learning for the students of standard1commerce on “Information Channel” unit of O.C.M. subject.
For that researcher had decided to prepare Computerized Programmed Learning material and post
test based on same topic to check the effectiveness. After preparation it is given to computer
experts, expert teachers of O.C.M. subject and commerce Method masters of B.Ed. colleges for
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review. After receiving feedback from all experts make necessary changes in Computerized
Programmed Learning.
10. DESIGN OF THE STUDY
The researcher had taken the std.10th Gujarat board examination marks for creation of equivalent
group. The researcher prepare pairs of equal marks students in both schools and put one student in
experimental group and put another in traditional group. In this way researcher prepare equal group
with mean.
11. RESEARCH PROCEDURE AND DATA ANALYSIS
The study was conducted on both schools total 220 students. The researcher applied both method
of teaching i.e. computerized programmed Learning and Traditional Method. After Completion of
unit post test was given to students and get the data. The data analysis was made by find out the
mean. The Significant difference between the achievements on the post-test was investigated
through ANOVA which is mentioned in table 3.
Table 3 Analysis of Achievement Test
Sources of Sum of df Mean
F
Interpretation
Variation
Square
School-1
School-2
Exp.
Trad. Exp.
Trad.
Learning
9.63
1
15.35 15.16 15.67 15.20 0.90 There is no significance at
Method
0.05 and 0.01 level
12. FINDINGS
The findings are as under after checking the objectives and hypotheses.
1. The mean of the students learning through Computerized Programmed Learning is higher than the
students learning through Traditional Method in School 1. It shows the achievement of the students
learning through Computerized Programmed Learning is higher than the Traditional teaching
method.
2. The mean of the students learning through Computerized Programmed Learning is higher than the
students learning through Traditional Method in School 2 also. It shows the achievement of the
students learning through Computerized Programmed Learning is higher than the Traditional
teaching method.
3. The computerized Programmed Learning material is very useful in self-study.
13. SUGGESTIONS
The suggestions are as follows.
1. This Programmed material is teacher can use in his absence for learning to student as self study so
teacher have to develop more Programmed material for students.
2. It is helpful aid to teacher’s classroom teaching.
3. Teacher can utilize this type of self-learning modules for exercise, for drill work.
REFERENCES
1. Brog R.W. Gall, D.M. (1983). Educational Research as Introduction, New York: Longman Green & Co.
2. Desai, H.G. and Desai, K.G., (1997). Research Methods and Techinques, Ahmedabad: University Granth
Nirman Board.
3. James, D.F. (1964). Teaching Machine, New York: John P.Dececo Educational Technology Hold Rinehart and
winstone.
4. Lysaught, J.P. William, C.M. A guide to Programmed Instruction, John Wiley & Sons.
5. Moully, G.J., (1964). The Science of Educational Research, New Delhi: Ureshia Publishing House
6. Shah, G.B. (2000), Programmed Learning, Ahmedabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
7. Trivedi, M.D. and Parekh, B.U. (1996). Statistics in Education, Ahmedabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
8. www.encarta.com
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A Study of Psychological
Empowerment and Job Involvement
of Employees with Special reference
to Insurance Sector of India
A Conceptual Study
1
MANDEEP SINGH
2
MILIND VORA
RESEARCH SCHOLAR-PAHER UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR. RAJASTHAN
KEYWORDS : EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT, STRESS, JOB INVOLVEMENT, ATTRITION, ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS
SUBJECT :
ABSTRACT
Employees are the true strength of any Organization. There use to prevail a theory of “Customer First”
but simultaneously we cannot ignore the theory of “Employees First”. Today, one of the fastest
growing and unexplored sectors called Indian Insurance Sector engages large pool of employees, every
player in this Industry has to strike balances amongst employees empowerment, involvement and
finally attrition. As such, the future of the Indian insurance sector looks bright. The growth is driven by
India’s favourable regulatory environment which guarantees stability and fair play. This environment
has given rise to an insurance market which encourages foreign investors to tap into the sector’s
massive potential. The researchers have tried to focus on the conceptual aspects of psychological
empowerment and job involvement in Insurance Sector of India.
INTRODUCTION
Psychological empowerment is defined as a set of motivational cognitions shaped by a work
environment and reflecting an individual’s active orientation to his or her work role (Spreitzer, 1995).
Building on the work of Conger and Kanungo (1988), Thomas and Velthouse (1990) argued that four
cognitive assessments represent a comprehensive task-specific evaluation and interpretation that
determines intrinsic task motivation, hence, psychological empowerment. These four assessments are
meaning, competence, choice, and impact.
Job involvement has been defined as an individual’s psychological identification or commitment to his /
her job (Kanungo, 1982a). It is the degree to ‘which one is cognitively preoccupied with, engaged in, and
concerned with one’s present job (Paullay et al., 1994, p. 224).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Literature on Psychological Empowerment
Organizations today are striving to establish themselves as employers of choice or excellent place to
work for. In recent years, the concept of empowerment has become a buzzword in management
circles and also gained prominence as an individual level initiative. Organizations that are committed
to employees’ empowerment are in a position to motivate & retain their employees as employees
empowerment is concerned with trust, motivation, decision making and breaking the inner
boundaries between management & employees (Ongori, 2009). In recent years, there has been
considerable interest in the topic of employees empowerment, which has become a buzzword and
recent management trends in both public and private sector (Pitts, 2005). Employees empowerment
has received a wide recognition as an important subject in management circles, mainly, because it is
seen as one of the fundamental elements of organizational effectiveness that increases when power
and control are shared in organization (Ergeneli et al., 2007).
The growing interest in employee empowerment is the result of studies conducted in leadership and
management skills (Bennis and Nanus, 1985), power and control (Kanter, 1979), and team building
(Beckhard, 1969). These studies suggest that employee empowerment is a principal component of
managerial effectiveness and plays an important role in team development and maintenance
(Conger and Kanungo, 1988).
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Empowerment has been defined by Conger and Kanungo (1988) as “a process of enhancing feelings
of self-efficacy among members of organizations through the identification of conditions that foster
powerlessness and their removal both by formal organizational practices and informal techniques of
providing efficacy information”. Empowerment is classified in terms of five stages. The first stage
entails the diagnosis of conditions within the organization that are responsible for the feelings of
powerlessness among employees. This leads to the use of empowerment strategies by managers in
stage two, directed at removing the external conditions responsible for powerlessness. In stage
three, employees are provided with self-efficacy information. As a result of receiving such
information, employees feel empowered in stage four. In stage five the behavioral effects of
empowerment are noticed.
Spreitzer in 1995 researched Thomas and Velthouse’s multidimensional model of empowerment and
built a scale measuring Psychological Empowerment. Spreitzer (1995) modified the Thomas and
Velthouse’s model and she designates meaningfulness as “meaning” and defines it as “the value of a
work goal or purpose, judged in relation to an individual’s own ideals or standards”. She explains
competence as “an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to perform activities with skill”. She
renames the choice component as “self-determination” and defines it as “autonomy in the initiation
and continuation of work behavior or processes” and redefines the “impact” component as “the
degree to which an individual can influence strategic, administrative or operating outcomes at
work”. These four dimensions are argued to reflect an active rather than passive orientation to a
work role. Active orientation according to Spreitzer is one in which an individual wishes and feels
able to shape his or her work role and context. These four dimensions combine additively to create
an overall construct of Psychological Empowerment. The lack of single dimension will deflate but not
completely eliminate the overall effect of overall empowerment. The four dimensions of
Psychological Empowerment (cited in Spreitzer, 1995) are Meaning, Competence, Self-determination
and Impact.
Literature on Job Involvement
Different psychologists have defined the concept of Job Involvement (JI) in various ways. Rabinowitz
and Hall (1977) concluded that Job Involvement definitions should be concluded in two categories
each representing a distinct way of conceptualizing the construct. First category of definitions views
Job Involvement as ‘Performance - Self-esteem Contingency’. According to these definitions, Job
Involvement is the extent to which the level of their performance at work affects self-esteem of the
individuals. Thus, higher or lower Job Involvement means higher or lower self-esteem derived from
work behavior. The second category of definitions views Job Involvement as ‘Component of Selfimage’, where Job Involvement refers to the degree to which individuals identify psychologically
with their jobs (Kanungo 1982b).
(1) Job Involvement as Performance - Self-esteem Contingency
Viewing Job Involvement as “performance - self-esteem contingency” can be traced back to work of
Allport (1947) on psychology of participation and ego-involvement, where author suggested that any
situation (including the work situation) that “engages the status-seeking motive” of an individual, is
ego-involving. Thus, a person’s involvement at work can be viewed as the degree of perceived
opportunity at work for status or self-esteem need satisfaction.
(2) Job Involvement as a Component of Self-Image
The second definition which views Job Involvement as a psychological identification with one’s job
was first proposed by Lodahl and Kejner (1965) and later adapted by Lawler and Hall (1970).
According to Lawler and Hall (1970), Job Involvement refers to ‘psychological identification with
one’s work’ or ‘the degree to which the job situation is central to the person’s identity’. The two
distinct conceptual ways of defining job involvement were incorporated into a single questionnaire
measure of Job Involvement by Lodahl and Kejner (1965), according to whom Job Involvement can
be defined in two ways. First, it refers to “the degree to which a person’s work performance affects
self-esteem”. Second, it also refers to “the degree to which a person is identified psychologically with
his work or the importance of work in his total self-image”. These are two distinct definitions, and
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yet Lodahl and Kejner (1965) combined the two into their questionnaire instrument and made no
attempt in their study to show how the two are related. The questionnaire scale developed by
Lodahl and Kejner (1965) to measure job involvement has been widely used by the psychologists in
Job Involvement studies, suggesting that most researchers have uncritically accepted the notion of
Job Involvement reflecting both ‘performance-self-esteem contingency’ and ‘component of selfimage’, without seeing any need to integrate the two components in any meaningful way. In view of
the above construct-validity problems (associated with the past researchers), Kanungo (1979) argued
for re-formulation of the construct of involvement that eliminates the problems of ‘excess meaning’.
An individual’s psychological identification with a particular job (or work in general) in turn depends on
(a) the saliency of his or her needs (both extrinsic and intrinsic) and (b) the perception he/she has
about the need-satisfying potentialities of the job (or work). Viewed in this way, Job Involvement (and
work involvement) cannot be measured with existing instruments (Lodahl and Kejner 1965; Saleh and
Hosek 1976). Kanungo (1982a) necessitated and developed valid and reliable new measures of Job
Involvement and Work Involvement for use in future research with more cross-cultural validity.
DISCUSSIONS

The job involvement can directly be measured with the level of participation of employees in
the job. It is observed that most core or non-core employees in Insurance Companies are found
more participative.

Job involvement is also measured in the form of performance rewards which is the main
motivational factor in this sector.

Psychological involvement in the job is a crucial input for employees performance as
employee cannot be isolated from society and family even when he/she is on the job.

Organizations should focus on Goal Management of employees through which they can
achieve their Organizational Goals.

Participative behavior with team for a common task is a key indicator of Job involvement but
in Insurance Sector Group task is not much undertaken.

Performance-self-esteem contingency is a buzz word in today’s service sector especially
Insurance Sector.
REFERENCES

Allport, G.W. (1947). “Psychology of participation”. Psychological Review, 52, 117-132.

Bandura, A. (1989). “Human agency in social cognitive theory”. American Psychologist, 44, 1175-1184.

Conger, J.A. and Kanungo, R.N. (1988). “The Empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice”.
Academy of Management Review, 13, 471-482.

Dubin, R.J. (1956). “Industrial worker’s world: A study of the central life interest of industrial
workers”. Social Problems, 3, 131-142.

Elloy, D.F., Everett, J.E. and Flynn, W.R. (1995). “Multidimensional Mapping of the Correlates of Job
Involvement”. Group and Organization Studies, 16, 160-177.

Ergeneli, A., Saglam, G. and Metin, S. (2007). “Psychological Empowerment and its relationship to
trust immediate managers”. Journal of Business Research, 60, 4-49

French, R.P. and Kahn, R. (1962). “A Programmatic approach to studying the industrial environment
and mental health”. Journal of Social Issues, 18, 1-47.

Kanter, R.M. (1979). “Power Failures in Management Circuits”. Harvard Business Review, 57(4), 65-75.

Kanungo, R.N. (1979). “Concept of alienation and involvement revisited”. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 86, 119-138.

Kanungo, R.N. (1982a). “Measurement of Job Involvement and Work Involvement”. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 67, 341-349.

Kanungo, R.N. (1982b). “Work Alienation: An integrative approach”. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Lawler, E.E. and Hall, D.T. (1970). “Relationship of job characteristic to job involvement, satisfaction
and intrinsic motivation”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 305-312.
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
Lodahl, T. and Kejner, M. (1965). “The definition and measurement of Job Involvement”. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 49, 24-33.

Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2005). Second language research: Methodology and design. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Maurer, J. (1969). “Work Role involvement of Industrial supervisors”. East Lansing: Michigan State
University, Business Studies.

Patchen, M. (1970). “Participation, Achievement and Involvement on the job”. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.:Prentice-Hall.

Rabinowitz, S. and Hall, D.T. (1977). “Organizational Research on Job Involvement”. Psychological
Bulletin, 84(2), 265-288.

Saleh, S. and Hosek, J. (1976). “Job Involvement: Concepts and Measurements”. Academy of
Management Journal, 19, 213-224.

Sengupta, D. and Basu, S.D., “Life Insurance companies struggling to retain employees, pursue
change”, The Economic Times dated March 31, 2010.

SleeSmith, P.I. (1973). “Job Involvement and Communication”. London: Business Books.

Vroom, V.H. (1962). “Ego-involvement, Job satisfaction and Job performance”. Personnel Psychology,
15, 159-177.

Wickert, F.R. (1951). “Turnover and Employee Feeling of ego-involvement in the day-to-day
operations of the company”. Personnel Psychology, 4, 185-197.
NEWS PAPERS

The Financial Express dated January 03, 2009.

The Economic Times dated March 31, 2010
RESEARCH PAPERS/ARTICLES

Thomas, K.W. and Velthouse, B.A. (1990). “Cognitive elements of Empowerment”. Academy of
Management Review, 15, 666-681.

Spreitzer, G.M., Kizilos, M.A. and Nason, S.W. (1997). “A Dimensional Analysis of the Relationship
between Psychological Empowerment and Effectiveness, Satisfaction and Strain”. Journal of Management,
23(5), 679-704.
WEBSITES

http://www.irda.gov.in/ADMINCMS/cms/NormalData_Layout.aspx?page=PageNo264&mid=3.2.10

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/insurance

http://www.irdaonline.org

https://www.licindia.in
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A Conceptual framework on the
Role of Regulatory Bodies in
India with special reference to
DTH Industry
*MILIND VORA
**DR. KALPESH B RAO
*RESEARCH SCHOLAR-PAHER UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR. RAJASTHAN
** PRINCIPAL-SMT. T. J. PATEL COMMERCE COLLEGE, NADIAD, GUJARAT
KEYWORDS : REGULATORY BODY, TRAI, BROADCASTING, REGULATIONS, SUBSCRIBERS, DTH INDUSTRY
SUBJECT :
ABSTRACT
With the rise in globalization process, the private investors have also increased in a large way. It is in
the long interest of any country that the Government does not remain involved in the Business directly
but the can make its presence felt by way of regulation. Independent regulatory agencies have become
an important part of the governance landscape in India and elsewhere. Some regulators have achieved
useful outcomes. The role of an effective regulatory regime in promoting various economic activities
and development is very important and has generated considerable interest among researchers and
practitioners in recent years. In particular, building effective regulatory structures in developing
countries is not simply an issue of the technical design of the most appropriate regulatory instruments;
it is also concerned with the quality of supporting regulatory institutions and capacity. This paper
explores the role of regulation by TRAI and other related associations/bodies in specific sector called
DTH industry of India. The paper focuses on the conceptual part only and the sources of data is
secondary. The researchers highlight the functioning of various regulators.
INTRODUCTION

MEANING OF REGULATORY AGENCY
A regulatory agency (also regulatory authority, regulatory body or regulator) is a public authority or
government agency responsible for exercising autonomous authority over some area of human activity
in a regulatory or supervisory capacity. An independent regulatory agency is a regulatory agency that is
independent from other branches or arms of the government. Regulatory agencies deal in the area of
administrative law—regulation or rulemaking (codifying and enforcing rules and regulations and
imposing supervision or oversight for the benefit of the public at large). The existence of independent
regulatory agencies is justified by the complexity of certain regulatory and supervisory tasks that
require expertise, the need for rapid implementation of public authority in certain sectors, and the
drawbacks of political interference. Some independent regulatory agencies perform investigations or
audits, and some are authorized to fine the relevant parties and order certain measures.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR BROADCASTING IN INDIA
A.
Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
B.
The Boradcasting Sector in India
C.
Major Laws and Regulators
D.
Quality of Service for Cable Services in non-CAS Areas
E.
Regulation on Quality of Service for CAS areas
F.
Quality of Service Regulations for DTH Services Connection, disconnection, transfer and
shifting of cable services
G.
Complaint handling and redressal
H.
Plans and Billing related
I.
Customer premises equipments (cpes) related
J.
Interconnection
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.
Introduction
Broadcasting, Radio and Television, primary means by which information and entertainment are
delivered to the public in virtually every nation around the world. The term broadcasting refers to
the airborne transmission of electromagnetic audio signals (radio) or audiovisual signals (television)
that are readily accessible to a wide population via standard receivers.
Broadcasting is a crucial instrument of modern social and political organization. At its peak of
influence in the mid-20th century, national leaders often used radio and television broadcasting to
address entire countries. Because of its capacity to reach large numbers of people, broadcasting has
been regulated since it was recognized as a significant means of communication. (For more
information, see the section "The Regulation of Broadcasting.")
2.
Early Broadcasts
During the 1930s, several companies around the world were actively preparing to introduce
television to the public. As early as 1935, the BBC initiated experimental television broadcasts in
London for several hours each day. That same year CBS hired American theater, film, and radio critic
Gilbert Seldes as a consultant to its television programming development project. RCA unveiled
television to the American public in grand style at the 1939 New York World's Fair, with live coverage
of the Fair's opening ceremonies featuring a speech by President Roosevelt. Daily telecasts were
made from the RCA pavilion at the Fair. Visitors were invited to experience television viewing and
were even given the opportunity to walk in front of the television cameras and see themselves on
monitors.
3.
Modern Broadcasting
Broadcasting dramatically changed life in the United States wherever it was introduced. Radio
brought news and information from around the world into homes. The experiences of professionally
crafted drama and music, historically a privilege of the elite, became services expected by the
general public. The networks brought the performances of talented artists to large numbers of
people who were otherwise isolated from venues such as the concert hall and the theater. The
parallel growth of network radio and Hollywood sound cinema, both of which were launched as
commercial enterprises in 1927, created an unprecedented mass culture for people of a wide range
of social classes and educational backgrounds. The influence of broadcasting was further intensified
by television during the 1950s but began to diminish in the 1980s as new technologies–such as cable
television–launched a gradual process of dividing broadcasting's audience into a collection of
segregated groups.
4.
Broadcast Programming
Despite the obvious differences between radio and television, the development of programming for
both broadcast media is best understood as a single history comprised of two stages. Early
broadcasting was dominated by adaptations of older media. Popular stage drama was redesigned for
radio in the form of weekly action serials, situation comedies, and soap operas. Vaudeville provided
material for the radio comedy-variety program. Broadcast stations set up microphones in the
ballrooms of major urban hotels where popular bands were featured. Daily newspapers provided
the model for news coverage, and in some cases
Most of today's television programming genres are derived from earlier media such as stage,
cinema, and radio. In the area of comedy, situation comedy, or sitcom, has proven the most durable
and popular of American broadcasting genres. The sitcom depends on audience familiarity with
recurring characters and conditions to explore life in the home, the workplace, or some other
common location. The most highly rated sitcom in radio history was "Amos 'n Andy," in which actors
performed the roles of African American characters in outrageous caricature. The series premiered
on NBC in 1928, and ran for 20 years on radio before moving to television, where it ran from 1951 to
1953. Similarly, "The Goldbergs" (1929-1950), "Life with Luigi" (1948-1953), and other ethnically
based family sitcoms successfully exploited the aural character of radio with thick immigrant accents
and malapropisms (misuse of words). "I Love Lucy" (1951-1957), which starred Lucille Ball and was
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adapted from her radio show "My Favorite Husband" (1948-1951), was the first hit television sitcom,
finishing first in the national ratings for three seasons in a row (1951-1954) and establishing dramatic
elements–such as battles between the sexes, arguments among neighbors, and other mundane
conflicts–that became fundamental to the genre. Other television sitcoms, such as "Father Knows
Best" (1954-1960) and "The Cosby Show" (1984-1992), leaned toward moralistic narratives, often
focused on child-rearing. Television sitcoms occasionally use fantasy characters as vehicles for comic
special effects, as in "Bewitched" (1964-1972) and "I Dream of Jeannie" (1965-1969); or they offer
social commentary, as in "All in the Family" (1971-1979) and "M*A*S*H" (1972-1983).
Comedy-variety is a hybrid of vaudeville and nightclub entertainment. Popular comedy-variety radio
stars included Jack Benny, Fred Allen, and Edgar Bergen. In the formative years of television, many of
the medium's first great stars were comedy-variety performers, including Milton Berle, Sid Caesar,
Jackie Gleason, Martha Raye, and Red Skelton. A comedy-variety hour typically consisted of short
monologues and skits featuring the host, which alternated with various show-business acts,
including singers, musicians, stand-up comedians, trained animal acts, and other novelties. The
variety show is a related form in which the host serves only as master of ceremonies. "The Ed
Sullivan Show" (1948-1971), for example, hosted by newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan on CBS,
presented entertainers as diverse as the rock group the Beatles and the Bolshoi Ballet.
Broadcast drama can be presented in either of two formats. An anthology showcases individual plays,
such as one would expect to see on stage or in motion pictures. Dramas written for radio, including
adaptations of stage and literary classics, were presented on anthologies throughout the 1930s and
1940s. These included "Mercury Theater on the Air" (1938-1941), created by American actor and
director Orson Welles, and "Theatre Guild of the Air" (1945-1954). Series, using recurring characters,
situations, and settings, were more popular, however. Genres of series included urban police dramas,
such as "Gangbusters" (1935-1957); private eye mysteries, such as "The Shadow" (1930-1954); and
westerns, such as "The Lone Ranger" (1933-1955). Radio drama virtually disappeared by the mid-1950s
as its biggest stars and most popular programs were transferred by the networks from radio to
television.
The early years of television offered many highly regarded anthology dramas. Hour-long works by
Paddy Chayefsky, Rod Serling, and other television playwrights were presented live from New York
City on showcase series such as "Goodyear-Philco Playhouse" (1951-1960) and "Studio One" (19481958). As with radio, however, serial television dramas proved more popular and the anthologies
gradually disappeared. Television became increasingly lucrative by the mid-1950s, and large sums of
money became available to film prime-time programming, ending the era of live features. Filmed
series allowed for crowd scenes, car crashes, and other cinematic elements which in turn made
possible a variety of action-adventure formats that remain popular in current programming. The
genre has included police dramas, such as "Dragnet" (1952-1959, 1967-1970), "The Mod Squad"
(1968-1973), and "Hawaii Five-O" (1968-1980), usually depictions of straightforward battles between
good and evil; private-eye series, such as "77 Sunset Strip" (1958-1964), "The Rockford Files" (19741980), and "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988), in which the personality of the detective is as important as
the criminal investigation; and westerns, such as "Gunsmoke" (1955-1975), "Wagon Train" (19571965), and "Bonanza" (1959-1973), which focus on the settling of the Western United States. Other
distinct types of action-adventure programming include war series, such as "Rat Patrol" (1966-1967);
spy series, such as "The Man From U.N.C.L.E." (1964-1968); and science-fiction series, such as "Star
Trek" (1966-1969). Dramatic series tend to follow the exploits of lawyers ("Perry Mason," 19571966; "L.A. Law," 1986-1994), doctors ("Ben Casey," 1961-1966; "Marcus Welby, M.D.," 1969-1976),
or families ("Dallas," 1978-1991). Soap opera, or daily serial drama, was originally developed as a
daytime genre aimed specifically at a female audience. Soap operas explored romance, friendship,
and familial relations in slow-moving, emotionally involving narratives. The invention of the soap
opera is credited to Irna Phillips, who began developing such programs for local radio broadcast in
Chicago during the 1920s. Many of her radio shows were adapted for television, with some running
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first on radio and then on television for more than 25 years. Philips's productions include "The
Brighter Day" (1954-1962), "The Guiding Light" (1952- ), and "The Edge of Night" (1956-1984).
5.
The Regulation of Broadcasting
Broadcasting has been subject to regulation almost since its inception. Government involvement in
the United States, as in most other countries, has always been at the national level, primarily
because the broadcasting signal moves through the air without regard to political borders. Federal
regulatory legislation for broadcasting originated with the Wireless Act of 1910, in which the U.S.
Congress required all American ships to carry a broadcasting transmitter and a qualified radio
operator while at sea. Formal regulation of entertainment broadcasting began with the Washington
Radio Conference of 1922, where rules concerning transmission power, use of frequencies, station
identification, and advertising were established as law. The growing importance of broadcasting
became evident in the Radio Act of 1927, which transferred regulation from the Department of
Commerce to a new government agency set up especially for that purpose, the Federal Radio
Commission (FRC). The Communications Act of 1934 reorganized the FRC into the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) which has retained oversight of broadcasting.

VARIOUS REGULATORY BODIES IN INDIA
(i)
MINISTRY OF INFORMATION & BROADCASTING
(ii)
PRASARBHARTI
MISSION & OBJECTIVES

To uphold the unity and integrity of the country and the values enshrined in the
Constitution.

To promote national integration;

To safeguard citizens’ rights to be informed on all matters of public interest by presenting a
fair and balanced flow of information;

To pay special attention to the fields of education and spread of literacy, agriculture, rural
development, environment, health & family welfare and science & technology;

To create awareness about women’s issues and take special steps to protect the interests of
children, aged and other vulnerable sections of the society;

To provide adequate coverage to diverse cultures, sports and games and youth affairs;

To promote social justice, safeguarding the rights of working classes, minorities and tribal
communities.

To promote research & expand broadcasting faculties & development in broadcast technology.
(iii)
TRAI
MISSION OF TRAI
TRAI’s mission is to create and nurture conditions for the growth of telecommunications including
broadcasting and cable services in the country in a manner and at a pace which will enable India to
play a leading role in the emerging global information society.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF TRAI

Increasing tele-density and access to telecommunications in the country at affordable prices.

Re-balancing tariffs so that the objectives of affordability and operator viability are met in a
consistent manner, Protecting the interest of consumers and addressing general consumer concerns.

Preparing the grounds for smooth transition to an era of convergence of services and
technologies, promoting the growth of coverage of radio in India through commercial and noncommercial channels, increasing consumer choice in reception of TV channels and choosing the
operator who would provide television and other related services.
(iv)
IBF
OBJECTIVES
(a)
To promote, aid, help, encourage, develop protect and secure the interests of the Indian
television industry and other related entities.
(b)
To disseminate knowledge, regarding the latest developments in the television industry,
amongst its members
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(c)
To provide a meeting ground to ensure that the members work in consensus to achieve the
common goals, have a common platform/forum at which they may air their grievances and arrive at
solutions.
(d)
To protect and define the rights of the members and make all efforts to get the best
advantages/concessions from the relevant authorities.
(e)
To foster friendly relations amongst the members and to encourage cooperation so as to
maximize mutual benefits.
(f)
To protect all members from persons who carry on unfair and/or unethical practices or who
discredit the television industry.
(g)
To protect its members in respect of infringement of titles, trademarks, trade names and
copyrights and to this connection to take all necessary legal action including liaising with
Government/regulatory authorities for statutory/legislative reform.
(v)
NBA (News Broadcasters Association)
OBJECTIVES
1.
To promote, aid, help, encourage, develop, protect and secure the interests of the News
Broadcasters in the Indian television Industry and other related entities.
2.
To promote awareness about the latest developments in the television industry relating to
News Broadcasting and to disseminate knowledge amongst its members and the general public
regarding such developments.
3.
To provide for the members a place of meeting so as to enable them to work in consensus to
achieve common goals for the overall betterment of their industry and to have a common
platform/forum at which they may air their grievances and arrive at solutions.
4.
To promote the growth of friendly relations amongst the members and amongst persons
engaged in the production and broadcasting of the television software and especially to encourage
co-operation among the members so as to maximize mutual benefits.
5.
To protect all its members from persons or entities who carry on unfair and/or unethical
practices or who discredit the television industry.
6.
No objects of the Company will be carried out without obtaining prior approval/ NOC from
the concerned authority, wherever required.
7.
None of the main objects shall be carried out on commercial basis.
(vi)
ADVERTISING AGENCIES ASSOCIATION INDIA
OBJECTIVES

To benefit Indian consumers and to protect their interests by helping ensure that advertising
is honest and in good taste.

To benefit Indian advertisers by promoting their sales, increasing their sales and increasing
productivity & profitability, to stimulate business and industrial activity.

To benefit media by establishing sound business practices between advertisers and
advertising agencies and each of the various media owners.

To benefit the nation by harnessing advertising for the good of the country, its institutions,
its citizens to co-operate with the Government in promoting its social objectives and in the task of
nation-building.

To question advertising that is wasteful and extravagant to make it possible for the small
entrepreneur to grow through advertising and to compete with the biggest to encourage market and
media research to serve society by meeting its social responsibilities.

To establish a common platform in building & sustaining the prestige of the advertising profession
& to serve as a spokesman against unwarranted attacks or restrictions on advertising.
DISCUSSIONS

TRAI plans to implement DAS (Digitally Addressable Cable Systems across the Country.

Digitalization process has been initiated by Ministry of IB & TRAI since October 2012 and is
expecting to complete by the end of December, 2014
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
Due to digitalization process, each new subscriber has to fill Subscriber Information form
with all complete details with Identity Proof.

Due to subscriber’s registration now, the Authority has complete details about the number
of subscribers in the Country.

There are strict guidelines imposed by Nodal Agencies and each state agency is supposed to
ensure its implementation.

There will be strong implementations of Digitalization by the Ministry & TRAI by the end of
2014.

There are the two separate entities in service providers in this Industry i.e., LCO has to provide
Set-Top Box (Local Cable Operator) and other DTH operators providing digital set top box along with
Transmission unit. This is known as CPE (Customer Premise Unit).

Through Subscriber’s registration total number of subscribers could easily be identified.
Referring to RTI done for Vadodara City total DTH subscribers is 1, 19,580. (RTI Registration
Number: MOIAB/R/2013/60190).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE BOOKS/JOURNALS

David Marc. Primary Investigator, Newhouse School. Author of Bonfire of Humanities:
Television, Subliteracy and Long-Term Memory Loss

Acemoglu D., Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. (2000). ‘The Colonial Origins of Comparative

Development’, American Economic Review, 91(5): 1369-1401

Asian Development Bank (2000). Asia Development Report, Manila: ADB.

Averch, H. & Johnson, L.L. (1962). ‘Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint’,

American Economic Review, 52: 1052-69.

Bailey, E.E. (1973). Economic Theory of Regulatory Constraint, Lexington, DC: Heath.

Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic Growth in a cross section of countries, Quarterly Journal of

Economics, 106:407-33.

Barro, R. J. (1997). Determinants of Economic Growth: A cross-country empirical study,

Development Discussion Paper No. 579, Harvard Institute for International Development.

Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries, Journal of Economic
growth, 5(1): 5-32.

Barro, R & Sala-i-Martin, X (1992). ‘Convergence’, Journal of Political Economy, 100: 223-51.

Cave, M. & Stern, J. (1998). ‘Regulatory Institutions and Regulatory Policy for Economies in
Transition’, in (ed.) C. Robinson, Regulating Utilities: Understanding the Issues, London: Institute of
Economic Affairs.

Djankov., S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. And Shleifer, A. (2002) ‘The Regulation of
Entry’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1):1-37.

Guasch, J.L. & Hahn, R.W. (1999). ‘The Costs and Benefits of Regulation: Implications for
Developing Countries’, World Bank Research Observer, 14 (1): 137-58.

Kirkpatrick, C. & Parker, D. (2004). ‘Regulatory Impact Assessment and Regulatory Governance in
Developing Countries’ Public Administration and Development 24,4: 333-344

Knight-John, M. (2002). ‘The Institutional Policy Framework for Regulation and Competition
in Sri Lanka’, Working Paper No.40, Centre on Regulation and Competition, Institute for
Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester.

Laffont, J.-J. & Tirole, J. (1993). A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation,
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

N.V.K. Murthy : Public Service Broadcasting : Illusion and Reality; Mainstream Volume XLV ,
No.31

Jeanette Steemers, Research paper titled “Public Service Broadcasting is not dead yet –
survival strategies in 21st Century”
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NEWS PAPERS

Economic and Political Weekly Vol - XLIX No. 16, April 19, 2014

The Hindu. NEW DELHI, April 18, 2013
RESEARCH PAPERS/ARTICLES

David Marc. Primary Investigator, Newhouse School. Author of Bonfire of Humanities:
Television, Subliteracy and Long-Term Memory Loss
WEBSITES

http://www.tatasky.com/

http://mib.nic.in/Broadcasting.aspx

http://prasarbharati.gov.in/Corporate/mission

http://www.trai.gov.in

http://www.ibfindia.com

http://www.nbanewdelhi.com

http://www.aaaindia.org/

http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/india/index.xml
http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/
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Entrepreneurship in
Emerging Economies
* SUBHASHISH MISHRA
** ASHISH JESADIA
ASST. PROFESSOR- HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
C Z PATEL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT-NEW VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
KEYWORDS : ENTREPRENEURSHIP, TOURISM INDUSTRY, ECONOMY.
SUBJECT :
ABSTRACT
In political economics, entrepreneurship is a process of identifying and starting a business venture,
sourcing and organizing the required resources and taking both the risks and rewards associated
with the venture. Entrepreneurship is receiving greater attention from policymakers and experts in
developed and developing countries. New dynamic enterprises contribute to economic development
in several ways: as an important channel to convert innovative ideas into economic opportunities, as
the basis for competitiveness through the revitalization of social and productive networks, as a
source of new employment, and as a way to increase productivity. With such an vital input, if we
consider viability of entrepreneurship our own country India, we can identify rural parts of India
economies that have historical, cultural, natural, and recreational assets, which can be used in
developing their local tourism industry as part of an economic development strategy. In fact, the
relationship between entrepreneurship and tourism can be an important indicator of a healthy rural
economy of our country.
INTRODUCTION
Poverty is a worldwide epidemic that threatens the health and well-being of individuals and
communities, both in the developed and developing world. Community-based tourism
entrepreneurship offers innovative income-generation opportunities to the most vulnerable
segments of society allowing them to become economically active and achieve improvements in the
aspects of their lives that they find most important. Vulnerable communities in poor regions in the
US and in developing countries have the ability to produce tourism services and products that are an
extension of traditional life practices like tracking wildlife, making crafts, cooking, storytelling, or
engaging in cultural performances. These opportunities capitalize on tourists’ increased interest in
services and products that are directly delivered by and contribute to the wellbeing of their hosts.
Tourism businesses have embraced this trend advertising their products as authentic, local, sociallyconscious or even pro-poor, and their success has generally trickled down to benefit vulnerable
segments of society through increased employment and improved tax revenues. This trend also
opens the opportunity to engage poor individuals in tourism micro-enterprises, provided that these
individuals are empowered and enabled by an appropriate support system.
The Tourism Entrepreneurship and Poverty Alleviation (TEPA) Initiative attempts to take advantage
of market forces and innovative technology to create support mechanisms that foster
entrepreneurial activity among vulnerable individuals. Moreover, cognizant that increased income
earnings do not always translate into improved wellbeing, every project in this initiative directly
addresses particular health consequences of Poverty (e.g., malnutrition, health un-insurance, AIDS).
Much like small-scale farmers, tourism micro-entrepreneurs face many competitive challenges
including no brand recognition, lack of quality assurance, limited knowledge of market preferences
and inability to break through retail monopolies to reach markets. These and other challenges have
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generally prevented the underprivileged from starting tourism businesses and lifting themselves out
of poverty and dependency on several forms of top-down aid.
This process may cover the period from a potential entrepreneur’s initial inspirational spark and
motivation to begin a new venture up through its startup and early development. However, the
current literature still does not pinpoint which factors are most influential in encouraging or limiting
the entry and progress of new dynamic enterprises within different local contexts. During the last
five years, the Development Banks in India has supported more than 10 programs designed to
promote new enterprise creations. These cover a wide variety of services for individuals that are
embarking on an entrepreneurial career. As we look toward the future, and given the importance of
enterprise creation to economic development, the Bank needs to increase its participation in these
types of programs. The findings of this study offer important guidance to direct those resources
effectively. We hope that this report will serve as a reference for encouraging tourism economic
development based on the creation and promotion of new enterprises. We also hope that the
conclusion of this study will lead to innovative programs to promote entrepreneurship in rural
tourism in a sustainable manner.
CONCEPTUAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN TOURISM
The tourism industry has been identified as one of the key industries for driving economic
development and economic transformation in developing countries. The marketing challenges facing
tourism businesses are unique in that these businesses cannot be promoted in isolation from their
competing and complementary products So, the tourism industry is part of the service sector and
the tourism product is predominately a service offering, whereas much of the research on the
factors driving the successful adoption of the Internet as a marketing tool have largely concerned
physical goods. The importance of the owner-manager is essential in small tourism businesses
because of the inseparability of production and consumption (Hill, J. & McGowan, P. 1996). Gupta
(2004) define entrepreneurial leadership as “leadership that creates visionary scenarios used to
assemble and mobilize a “supporting cast‟ of participants who become committed by the vision to
the discovery and exploitation of strategic value creation”
MARKET ORIENTATION OF TOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Small businesses lack many of the resources typically available to larger businesses, and as a result
find it difficult to compete with bigger enterprises in terms of reaching target markets using the
conventional marketing techniques (Middleton, V. T. C., Clarke, J. R. 2010). The marketing practices
of small businesses are influenced by factors as the traits of the owner-manager, the size of the
small, medium and micro enterprise (SMME), and its stage of development, all of which impact on
their marketing techniques. The Internet, as technological tool, with its ability to reach broad and
diverse markets at a very low marginal cost, has the potential to contribute to the growth of this
sector. Efforts of tourism business network connection for tourism entrepreneurs decision-making
and destination development Small business networks contribute for destination development.
Networking has been the focus of much small tourism businesses.
Emerging economies are those low-income, high growth nations principally reliant on economic
liberalization for their growth. This economic shift is such that today emerging economies and their
firms are largely driving the world’s economic recovery. A prediction by many scholars is that by
2050 these nations will dominate the world economy. Despite the growing importance of emerging
economies, academic entrepreneurship and innovation research still focuses disproportionately on
firms in the mature economies of Europe and North America. However, we know from the existing
pool of research on entrepreneurship and innovation activities in emerging economies that there are
unique differences in emerging economy firms. To support the efforts of the many small businesses
and entrepreneurial ventures that are encompassed in rural tourism, the Center's Tourism and
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Entrepreneurship Program focuses on two streams of activity: assessing entrepreneurial ecosystems
and interviewing food and tourism entrepreneurs throughout the states of our country. The natural
environment, culture and built environment of a place can be treated as the places’ valuable assets.
This resources or inputs create the right ambience for the realization of tourism consumption.
Tourism destination also calls into action a range of marketing instruments. These instruments are
similar to those used by entrepreneurs in fast moving consumer goods(FMCG) marketing, such as
SWOT analysis, branding, market segmentation, the marketing mix, market penetration, extension,
development and promotion strategies in order for destinations to be successfully marketed (Kotler,
1993).
It is necessary to consider the tourism business networks collectively, for a more complete picture in
terms of destination development. Individual networks are still considered but from the tourism
business epicenter, it is necessary to choose an epicenter to create perspective, angle and focus to
the research. From a tourism perspective, the activities of small businesses within such tourism
destinations are of research interest in terms of their contributions towards sustainable economic
and community development of the destination (Tinsley and Lynch, 2001 ; Petrillo and Swarbrooke,
2005). Some researchers contribute a useful framework for understanding these activities through
the concept of micro-clusters as a development model.Considering the present world scenario
concerning carrying capacity, sustainability etc., and environmental context has long been
considered an important factor in the organizational and entrepreneurship literatures.
Environmental change has been considered to be the source of opportunities in the discovery view
of entrepreneurship, and environmental dynamism has been empirically linked with increased
entrepreneurial activity as well as success of entry and higher performance of new tourism firms.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion is that an entrepreneurial orientation is needed for the tourism firm to keep pace
with environmental developments is conceptualized. Also, a strong marketing orientation is needed
for the firm because this orientation increases the loyalty of its customers and therefore its
customer retention performance. In addition, entrepreneurial perception of market opportunity is
significantly related to entrepreneurs’ efforts to create a venture. Perceptions are what spur
entrepreneurs into action through cognitive processes, social interaction, and the mobilization of
resources, entrepreneurs enact these images and thereby create opportunities. So, entrepreneurs
are cognitive agents operating in enacted environments in which the entrepreneur’s key tasks are
interpretation, sense-making, and the reduction of subjective uncertainty.
Small businesses have been identified as factor with crucial role for creating jobs and generally
growing the economy. One industry that is characterized by the proliferation of small businesses is
the tourism industry. Key to this industry reaching its full potential is access to markets. Key
stakeholders in tourism entrepreneurship development and economic growth will be better
equipped to determine the types of incentives, organizations and institutions that will be needed to
encourage, develop and sustain the aim of nurturing a vibrant environment for entrepreneurship
development within this sector.
REFERENCES

Gupta, V., MacMillan, I.C. & Surie, G. 2004. “Entrepreneurial leadership: Developing and measuring a crosscultural construct”, Journal of Business Venturing, 19: 241-260

Kotler, P., Haider, D.H., & Rein, I.J. (1993). Marketing places: Attracting investment, industry, and tourism to
cities, states, and nations: Free Press.

Lynch , P. (2000) “Networking in the Homestay Sector“, The Services Industries Journal , 20 , 3 , 95 – 116 .

Lynch , P . and Morrison , A . (2007) “The Role of Networks”, in Michael, E. (ed.), “Micro-Clusters and Networks:
The growth of tourism”, Elsevier, London .Ibid, page 1- 3of 19

Dalal Mott McDonald: 20 years perspective plan for development of sustainable tourism in India

Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of India, New Delhi.
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A STUDY OF TOURISTS’ DECISIONMAKING IN SELECTING GUJARAT
AS A TOURIST DESTINATION- A
CONCEPTUAL STUDY
*
KALPANA GUPTA
** DR. DEVENDRA SHRIMALI
*RESEARCH SCHOLAR-PAHER UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR
** (ASSOCIATE PROF.) PAHER UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR
KEYWORDS :
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM, TOURISM MARKETING, EMPIRICAL TREND, BRAND AMBASSADOR,
INFORMATION RELEVANCE, PROMOTION STRATEGY
SUBJECT :
ABSTRACT
Tourism is an unavoidable mean of entertainment for everyone. India has a Ministry of Tourism at
Central level and each state has Tourism as a Core department of Government. Today, Tourism is not
only a growth engine but it also generates employment. As per an Economic Survey of 2011-12, the
Tourism Sector has the capacity to create large scale employment both direct and indirect, for diverse
sections in society, from the most specialized to unskilled workforce. It generates 6 to 7 per cent of the
world’s total jobs directly and millions indirectly as per the UN‟s World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO). Gujarat, unlike other states of India has very vital role to play because most of the Tourist
places of Gujarat are religious or historical. A part from that, it is also a dry State. This paper is a
conceptual analysis of various inputs that are important in promoting various tourist places of Gujarat.
INTRODUCTION
Tourism is the practice of travelling for pleasure or the business of offering information,
accommodations, transportation and other services to tourists. This word was first documented
between 1805 and 1815.
Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word "tour" is derived from the Latin tornare and
the Greek tornos, meaning "a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis." This
meaning changed in modern English to represent "one's turn." The suffix –ism is defined as "an action
or process; typical behavior or quality," whereas the suffix –ist denotes one that performs a given
action. When the word "tour" and the suffixes –ism and –ist are combined, they suggest the action of
movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately
returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, this represents a journey that is a round trip, i.e.,
the act of leaving and then returning to the original starting point. Thus, one who takes such a journey
can be called a tourist.
Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships
arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence
and are not connected with any earning activity."
In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of
people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities
during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."
In 1981 International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined Tourism in terms of
particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.
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Tourism as we know today is a global industry. It is an important economic activity the world over.
As it not only contributes directly to the nation’s economy but it also has significant linkages with
several other sectors like agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, construction, transportation,
entertainment etc. The world over about 903 million tourists travelled internationally in 2007 and
earned approximately US$ 856 billion. World Tourism Organization reports that tourism contributes
13% of world’s export and 8.2% of global employment. As for India, tourism has become a big source
of foreign exchange earnings. In 2007, India’s tourism receipts were US$ 10.7 billion from 5.1 million
international arrivals. It contributes 5.8% in overall employment and 6.9% in GDP of our country.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Himani Kaul et al (Sustainable tourism in India - 2013) tries to provide a holistic perspective on
various dimensions of sustainable tourism. Dr, Prakashbhai Patel emphasizes in its studies on
“TOURISM IN GUJARAT: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT” 2013 that Tourism is one of the fastest
growing sectors in India, which is helpful in growth and development process of economy.Bahram
Sharif et al provides insight on, “Toward the Future Tourism Marketing” © 2011, how to formulate
and discuss future research avenues for the marketing of tourism services. The approach taken
in the study is to review the relevant literature and focus on the key themes most important
for future research on tourism marketing.
A study on promotional effectiveness of Gujarat tourism (2013) Gujarat has grown as one of the
preferred destination for tourist. Several initiatives have been undertaken by Gujarat Government to
boost tourism. One of the several initiatives taken includes an Ad Campaign” Khusboo Gujarat ki
with Amitabh Bachchan as brand Ambassador.
Balaji Venkatachalam & R. N. Venkateswaran (2010), The paper starts with the relevant facts &
figures like the World Tourism Organization has rated Asia and the Pacific as the world’s
second best performing region in terms of arrivals in 2007 after the Middle East, recording an
increase by 10% to 184 million arrivals. South Asia recorded an 8% growth in arrivals in 2007, with
India sustaining above average growth of 12 %. Recently, India’s Ministry of Tourism released
numbers showing a 12 % drop in tourists when comparing March 2009 to March 2008. Terrorist
attacks during above mentioned year had created a bad image for ‘Incredible India’ and make it
hard for the ‘brand’ to attain its goal of doubling tourist arrivals from last year’s five million to ten
million by 2010.
“Tourism and Hotel Management” edited by Pushpinder S Gill (2002) brings valuable information
regarding tourism and its cultural impact. It also provides information regarding the quality and
accountability of hotel services. Today tourism has acquired the status of modern industry.
“Tourism and Economics” by Saurabh Kumar Dixit (2005) provides a purposeful literature on
demand, supply, implications and impact of economics on tourism industry. Tourist seeking to
maximize the benefits he expects from travel experience. Firms providing tourist goods and services
seek to maximize profits.
“CRM in Travel and Tourism – Concepts and Cases” edited by V V Gopal (2005) provides a larger
picture on the evolution and growth of the Consumer Relationship Management (CRM) concepts in the
airline and hotel industry. Articles also provide an insight into how the various industries associated
with travel and tourism is gearing up to train their manpower and update their system in order to
capture a large mind share of the customer.
“Tourism Research Policy and Regulations” by P C Sinha (2005) focuses on various crucial issues
pertaining to modern international tourism like tourism research, tourism education, tourism
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marketing, tourism policy, etc. This work provides a detailed analysis on the ways and means for the
sustainable development of tourism.
Peter E Murphy and Ann E Murphy (2006) in their study titled “Strategic Management for Tourism
Communities – Bridging the Gaps” made an attempt to analyze the various problems in the
management of tourism.
Harish Bhatt (2006) in the book titled “Hospitality and Tourism Management” provides a detailed
description of the managerial skills that will enable the students to meet the needs, wants and demands
of travelers in a global marketplace. It covers the personal, technical and conceptual information on the
skills to become a good manager and leader in this growing industry.
“Tourist Behaviour - Themes and Conceptual Schemes” by Philip L Pearce (2006) analyses the various
problems in the management of tourist behavior. This book is a professional approach in the field of
tourist behavior.
“Sustainable tourism” by Harish Bhatt and B S Badan (2006) analyze and evaluate the methods by
which communities can successfully use to live tourism by carefully managing its growth so that it
brings the benefits the community wishes and minimize the negative impacts that the community
deems harmful. As tourism provides enormous opportunities, it also brings serious adverse impacts on
the environment, physical appearance, economy, health, safety and social values of the destination
people. In response to these challenges government is to take steps to create a sustainable and
economically successful tourism environment.
Romila Chawla (2006) in her book titled “Accommodation Management and Tourism” studies the
various problems related with hotel management in tourism. The main object of this study is to
create information base for managing and developing accommodation aspect of tourism industry.
Stay in hotel becomes a part of the experience of the tourist.
DISCUSS & CONCLUSION

People prefer combo of religious tour along with family entertainment places.

The main focus of Gujarat Tourism is on sustainable tourism events.

Celebrity endorsed tourism marketing is a recent development after 2010 in India.

Use of advanced Information Technology is growing at a faster rate and this has
supplemented the efforts Tourism Marketing Agencies.

The literature justifies that the Tourism Industry problems are almost similar to Hotel
Industry and so growth of both the industry moves in the same direction.

Major challenges lie in sustainability of sustainability of various destinations by the
Governmental agencies.

Tourist’s behavior is the behavior of him/her that is carried out even after coming back from
the destinations.

Extra ordinary Managerial skills are also a set of input along with the promotion of tourism
places.

The recent buzz words in modern international tourism are focus on tourism research,
tourism education, tourism marketing, tourism policy, etc.

Many tourism agencies are now trying to adopt and implement Customer Relationship
Management to focus on customer’s satisfaction.

Tourism has acquired the status of modern industry but at the same time it cannot afford to
neglect Culture of the country.

Several Terrorist attacks during years had created a bad image for ‘Incredible India’.
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
Gujarat Tourism has been promoting combination of religious tourism along with the
modern tourism experience like Kutch Ranotsav.
REFERENCES

An Exploratory Study on the Development; “Marketing of Tourism and the Domestic Tourists Travel
Behaviour by Supriya Bhutiani Ph.D Research Scholar Volume : 1 | Issue : 4 | Sep 2012 • ISSN No 2277 – 8179

Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 6 No. 1; “Niche Tourism Products of India” by N. Prabakaran &
N. Panchanatham

A Report on “ Problems and prospects of Accessible Tourism in India”; MINISTRY OF TOURISM
Government of India by Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management

Banwari Lal Reheja, Human Resource Management in the 21 st Century, Arise Publishers &
Distributors, New Delhi, 2006

D S Bhardwaj, Manjula Chaudhary, International Tourism – Issues and Challenges, Kanishka
Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2006

Harish Bhatt, B S Badan, Sustainable Tourism, Crescent Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 2006

International Multidisciplinary Journal of Applied Research; “TOURISM IN GUJARAT: SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT” by Dr. PRAKASHBHAI PATEL RESEARCH PAPER VOLUME : 1/ISSUE : 5/ AUGUST 2013/ ISSN
2320 – 7620

Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management; “ An empirical study of tourist preferences
using conjoint Analysis” by Shalini N. Tripathi & Masood H. Siddiqui Volume 5, Issue 2, 2010

John Bratton, Jeffery Gold, Human Resource Management – Theory and Practices, Palgrave
Macmillan, 2003.

Krishan K Kamra, Mohinder Chand, Basics of Tourism Theory Operations and Practice, Kanishka
Publishers Distributors, New Delhi, 2004

Keka Lahiri, Tourism and Hospitality Services – An Introduction, The ICFAI University Press,
Hyderabad, 2005

Mridula Mirajkar, Percy K Singh, Global Sourcebook on Hospitality Management, Kanishka Publishers
Distributors, New Delhi, 2006

M R Biju, Sustainable Dimensions of Tourism Management, Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2006

P C Sinha, Tourism Research Policy and Regulation, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2005

Peter E Murphy, Ann E Murphy, Strategic Management for Tourism Communities – Bridging the
Gaps, Viva Book Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2006

Philip L Pearce, Tourist Behaviour – Themes and Conceptual Schemes, Viva Books Private Limited,
New Delhi, 2006

Pushpinder S Gill, Tourism and Hotel Management, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002

P C Sinha, Tourism Transport and Travel Management, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2002

Research Paper Management; “A study on promotional effectiveness of Gujarat tourism campaign –
Khushboo Gujarat Ki” by Priyanka Shah & Anu Gupta Volume : 1 | Issue : 7 | Dec 2012 • ISSN No 2277 - 8160

Saurabh Kumar Dixit, Tourism and Economics, Mohit Publications, New Delhi, 2005

Sunil Sharma, Planning and Development of Tourism and Hospitality, Rajat Publications, New Delhi,
2007

Tom Powers, Clayton W Barrows, Introduction to Management in the Hospitality Industry, Johns
Wiley & Son Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2006

V V Gopal, CRM in Travel and Tourism – Concepts and Cases, The ICFAI University Press, Hyderabad,
2005
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A study of Retail Banking
Services Quality of
ICICI & SBI
PROF. PARUL S. GANGANI
ASST. PROFESSOR,SHRI J. H. BHALODIA WOMENS COLLEGE-RAJKOT
KEYWORDS : BANKING SERVICES, RETAIL BANKING, NATIONALIZED BANK, PRIVATE BANK, SERVICE QUALITY
SUBJECT : COMMERCE
ABSTRACT
Retail banking, which has seen tremendous changes in the past years, promising great scope in the
years to come. Offering range of products from savings account to home loans, the industry is very
competitive in nature. Various national, multinational and private players of banking industry are
endeavoring for growth and development. This paper is an effort to study the customers’ experience
of retail banking services. Two banks viz. ICICI and SBI were selected for study. Study shows that
banks need to be more efficient in providing retail banking services.
INTRODUCTION OF THE RESEARCH AREA
Retail banking:
Retail banking refers to banking in which banking institutions execute transactions directly with
consumers, rather than corporations or other banks. Services offered include: savings and
transactional accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards, credit cards, and so forth. The most
basic retail banking services include savings and checking accounts. Most retail banks, however, try
to make themselves into a one stop shop for banking customers. This increases customer retention
and loyalty, ensuring that the bank has a steady supply of customers. Expanding banking services
also provides more opportunities for the bank to turn a profit. Retail banking in India has fast
emerged as one of the major drivers of the overall banking industry and has witnessed enormous
growth in the recent past. The Retail Banking Report encompasses extensive study & analysis of this
rapidly growing sector.
Retail Banking Products and Services:

Deposits:

Fixed Deposit:

Savings A/c:

Current A/c:

Recurring Deposit:

NRI Account:

Corporate Salary Account:

Demat Account:

Kid’s Account: (Minor Account)

Senior Citizenship Scheme:

Loans and Advances
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
Loans against Shares and Securities:
Services Provided By the Banks:

Credit Cards:

Debit Cards:

Net Banking:

Mobile Banking:

Phone Banking:

Anywhere Banking:

Automated Teller Machines ( ATM)
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Durkin (2007) has made survey on ‘Papers Relationship disconnect in retail banking’. From his
survey, he founded that increasing the role of technology in a service organization can serve to
reduce costs and improve service reliability. Gridley( 2007) had undertaken survey on ‘New
challenges in retail banking’. From his survey he founded that Although financially less attractive
today than it was in the early 1970s, retail banking still has the potential to provide the core funds
needed for overall bank growth, the author asserts. Analyzing the problems - structural,
technological and regulatory - that currently beset retail banking, he outlines six key tasks that
management will need to come to grips with in order to set the right strategic course and put retail
operations on a profitable footing in today's environment.-(2) CONSOL (2008) had undertaken
survey on ‘Systems of Innovation and Industry Evolution: The Case of Retail Banking in the UK’. The
analysis is cast in the context of innovation studies and articulates how changing configurations of
the knowledge base combined with the emergence and adaptation of institutional structures stirred
a paradigm of service innovation in an information-intensive industry like banking. Menor and Roth
(2008) have demonstrated the positive effect of new service development competence on new
service development performance and showed that new service development competence is also
significantly related to business-level performance.(3) Neilson and Chadha(2008) have made survey
on ‘International marketing strategy in the retail banking industry: The case of ICICI Bank in Canada’.
An analysis of the marketing strategy of ICICI Bank in Canada reveals that a transnational strategy
coupled with an ethnocentric staffing policy allows the parent firm to retain control, while the choice
of a subsidiary as an entry mode allows for local responsiveness. Further analysis illustrated that the
blend of various variables in the service marketing mix can help in attaining customer satisfaction.(5)
Moller ( 2009) had conducted research on ‘Customer service expectations in retail banking in Africa’.
The results showed customer service expectations differ significantly between countries in Africa.
However, when analysing results by country clear differences and similarities emerge. It is important
for Banks to take cross-national differences into consideration when designing and implementing a
global marketing strategy.(4) Siddiqui and Tripathi (2010) have undertaken ‘An analytical study of
complaining attitudes: With reference to the banking sector’. From their survey they founded that
Service failure in retail banking tend to have a negative impact on service quality and,
consequentially, on customer satisfaction. This heightens the need for effective complaint handling.
Their analysis attempts to profile and segment bank customers on the basis of complaining attitudes
and perception of complaint handling mechanisms (of banks). Their study attempts to provide a
roadmap (for banks) for designing effective and customized service recovery strategies.(6)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

To identify various Retail banking services and their quality provided by ICICI bank and State
bank of India.

To identify superior Retail banking services between ICICI bank and State bank of India.

To identify customer preference towards ICICI bank and State bank of India.
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
To analyze the gap between customer preference and various Retail banking services
provided by ICICI bank and State bank of India.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Type of Research: descriptive research
Sample Size: 200 total (100 respondents from ICICI & 100 From SBI).
Data Collection
Secondary Data:
A lot of data was also collected from the official websites of the ICICI & SBI bank and the articles
from various search engines like Google, yahoo search and answers.com.,magazines and
Newspapers.
Primary Data:
The primary data were collected by means of a survey. Questionnaire was prepared and customers
of the banks in various branches of ICICI & SBI at Rajkot were approached to fill up the
questionnaires.
Sampling Technique:
The sampling techniques used for the research are
• Non probability sampling
• Convenience sampling.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
GENDER
MALE FEMALE
ICICI
SBI
74
71
26
29
AGE
1830
48
10
Respondents’ Profile
EDUCATION
31- 46- >60 UG
PG
45 60
40 10 2
54
46
63 25 2
82
18
OCCUPATION
GOVT. PVT BUSI.
OTHER
4
61
8
6
62
18
24
15
Comparison of Retail Services Offered By Banks
Criteria
Courtesy
Helpful in problem
solving
Responding
to
customers
Transaction
time
(deposits, withdrawal)
Transaction time (DD,
chequebook)
Ease in account opening
Grievance
Redressal
system
Overall
satisfaction
level with bank
Facilities at bank (AC,
sitting etc.)
Services of ATM/ debit
card
Credit card services
Bank
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
Excellent
18
5
19
6
47
3
37
7
40
6
38
3
32
2
60
8
11
79
2
53
3
44
Very good
71
6
70
6
39
10
50
36
44
35
50
37
44
6
25
18
13
16
15
41
6
40
Good
10
53
5
46
11
38
11
52
11
54
11
54
18
45
11
56
65
5
75
5
20
14
Average
1
35
6
40
2
50
2
5
5
5
1
6
6
32
4
18
11
0
8
1
71
2
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Poor
0
1
0
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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Loan processing and
disbursing
Phone/ Net banking
facility
Innovation in services
offered
Overall rating of service
experience
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SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
SBI
ICICI
2
7
3
53
7
17
8
50
15
56
18
35
13
57
10
35
48
33
54
11
15
22
51
11
35
4
25
1
4
4
31
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
FINDINGS

Some of the respondents to choose the SBI bank is because the bank is more reliable to the
customers.

Some of the respondents to choose the SBI bank is because the bank is providing more
number of ATM center to the customers.

Mostly customers, who are having their Account in SBI, are Government employees and
businessman.

The age group between 31yrs – 46yrs respondents mostly is having an account in SBI bank.

And many of the respondents prefer to choose the services of the SBI bank because they are
good in efficient customer service and efficient complaint handling.

And many of the respondents are not aware of the many services rendered by the SBI bank.
I.e. Mobile/Net banking etc.

Some of the respondents prefer ICICI bank because of their faster retail banking services and
providing continuous innovative products or services.

Mostly customers, who are having their Account in ICICI bank, are private firm employees.

The age group between 18yrs – 30yrs respondents mostly is having an account in ICICI bank.

And many of the respondents prefer to choose the services of the ICICI bank because of their
efficiency in processing & disbursing loans and to inform their customers continuously about deposit
rate & service charge.
RECOMMENDATION

Since many of the respondents are not aware of their key services, SBI has to take some
initiatives to make customers aware.

The bank can post a list of services that they are rendered to the customers inside the bank
Premises.

And they can post demo of all these services in their bank website.

The SBI can concentrate more on the respondents who are falling between the age group
18yrs – 30yrs and the ICICI can concentrate more on the respondents who are falling between the
age group 31yrs – 46yrs.

The ICICI bank can more focus on customer complaints handling and speedy redressal of
their queries.

Both ICICI bank & SBI can concentrate on attracting new female customers.

SBI can also send a post to their customers by informing there services and how to proceed
with that and all details they can mention it in the post.
CONCLUSION
Here, research conducted on one of the leading Public sector bank i.e. SBI and Private sector bank
i.e. ICICI bank. Both banks are primary competitors of each other. Both the banks having leading
position in the market i.e. SBI Public Sector and ICICI in private sector . We are living in that country
in which people are mostly prefer Government or Public sector organization than Private sector.
Here, customers preference towards SBI is more with compare to ICICI bank because they are highly
satisfied with courtesy level of personnel, solving queries, quick response to customers problems,
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hassle free Account opening process, effective grievance redressal system etc.. On the basis of
survey conducted, we can easily conclude that ICICI bank is more preferable in providing retail
banking services than SBI because of their efficient ATM/Debit card facility, credit card facility,
Mobile/Net banking facility, easy processing and disbursing loan, continuous innovation in their
products or services etc..
REFERENCES
1.CONSOL (2008) - ‘Systems of Innovation and Industry Evolution: The Case of Retail Banking in the
UK’Industry and Innovation,Vol. 15, No. 6, 579–600, December 200841-964
2.Durkin ( 13th ,August, 2007) - ‘Papers Relationship disconnect in retail banking’. Journal of
Financial Services Marketing (2008) 12, 260 – 271. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.fsm.4760080
3.Menor and Roth( May,2008) - ‘New Service Development Competence and Performance: An
Empirical Investigation in Retail Banking’.Vol. 17, No. 3, May– June 2008, pp. 267–284
4.Moller ( November 2009) - ‘Customer service expectations in retail banking in
Africa’S.Afr.J.Bus.Manage.2010,41(2)
5.Neilson and Chadha(2008) - ‘International marketing strategy in the retail banking industry: The
case of ICICI Bank in Canada’.Journal of Financial Services Marketing (2008) 13, 204 – 220. doi:
10.1057/fsm.2008.21
6.Siddiqui and Tripathi(2010) - ‘An analytical study of complaining attitudes: With reference to the
banking sector’.Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing Vol. 18, 2, 119–137
7.Wright and Fleisher( 2008) - ‘Competitive intelligence in practice: empirical evidence from the UK
retail banking sector’.JOURNAL OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT, 2009, Vol. 25, No. 9-10, pp. 9
Websites:
http://www.statebankofindia.com/
www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4020/indian_banking_industry
www.mckinsey.com/locations/india/mckinseyonindia/pdf/india_banking_ 2010.pdf
www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=2156584&g=1
www.experiencefestival.com/banking_in_india_-_current_scenario
http://www.icicibank.com
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PROBLEMS AND
SUGGESTIONS OF
TEACHING AND LEARNING
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PATHAN ASHFAQMOHAMMADKHAN
DR. NEETA P. MODI
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : LANGUAGE
ABSTRACT
English language occupies a different status in India as compared to others. For example, in a
Western European country like Germany, English is a foreign language, but in India it is a second
language. As such, it is widely used in media, administration, education, business, and other sectors.
But so far as teaching and learning English language is concerned all is not well with it. There are
many problems like lack of clear cut policy, no specific aims of teaching English, dearth of competent
teachers, wrong method of teaching, defective textbook, faulty system of examination, insufficient
provision of audio-video aids, overcrowd classes, shortage of time, unsatisfactory supervision.
The following comment by prof. V.K. Gokak sums up very aptly the deplorable condition of teaching
English in India. He says, “The teaching of English in our schools is in a chaotic state today. Pupils are
taught English for about six periods a week for six years. But it has been estimated that they hardly
know 150 words by the time they join a university. This means that they have hardly been able to
learn English words at the rate of one word per period. They do not know how to use the
commonest structures of English.”
The conditions of teaching English vary from State to State and even from place to place. By and
large the performance of the students in urban schools is better than that of the students in rural
schools. Likewise, the attainment of the student in public schools or model schools is better than
that of their counterparts in ordinary schools. Some of the shortcomings in our programme of
teaching English are as follows:
1.
Lack of clear-cut policy. After independence the policy regarding the place of English in India
has not been well-defined. It has been changing from time to time. In certain States it is no longer
essential for a student to pass in English to get through the High School Examination. The result is
that the students are not serious about the study of English.
2.
Little understanding of aims of teaching English. The average teacher of English has little
understanding of the aims of teaching the language. The only aim that he knows of is to enable his
students to get through the examination. For this, he makes them cram things rather than to master
the skills of language. He is concerned with the pass percentage only and not with the attainment of
the students.
3.
Dearth of competent teachers. All teachers of English are not fully competent to do full
justice to their assignment. The English Review Committee appointed by the U.G.C. in 1965
remarked: “There is a shortage of teachers. Those available have just passed the school final
Examination, having themselves studied English in village school for 4 or 5 or 6 years. They have little
idea of correct usage, and none at all of correct pronunciation. Their vocabulary is limited as is their
reading.”
It is ironical to find that many teachers who did not offer teaching of English in their training teach
this subject. It is wrongly believed that any graduate can teach English to secondary classes.
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A majority of teachers teaching English in schools at present are not conversant with the new
developments in the teaching of language.
4.
Wrong methods of teaching. A majority of teachers still use the translation method of
teaching English which has been universally condemned as wasteful. The result is that speech, which
is so important in language learning, is neglected. The students are provided no practice in speaking
the language. They cannot converse in English. They are unable to form any language habits. A
majority of teachers themselves are not conversant with the new techniques of teaching the
language.
5.
Defective textbooks. Defective textbooks are still used in certain States. These books have not
been systematically written and no attention has been paid to the selection and gradation of
language items in them. Such books do not have adequate exercises for language practice. Neither
have they suitable illustrations. These books are accompanied neither by teachers’ handbooks nor
by workbooks for students.
6.
Faculty system of examination. The questions set in the examination generally aim at testing
the cramming power of students. They fail to test the students’ real attainment in language skills. It
is possible for student to get through the examination just by memorizing answers to certain set
questions. Moreover, there are no examinations for testing rural comprehension and speaking
ability of the pupils. At certain places students indulge in copying specially in the case of objective
type questions. This vitiates the results.
7.
Insufficient provision of audio-visual aids. Most of the schools function without aids such as
gramophone records, tape recorders, film strips, radio, television etc. Even some inexpensive aids
like flash cards, charts, pictures etc. are not available in them.
8.
Over-crowded classes. The classes in English are over-crowded. The rooms are literally over
flowing with students. A teacher can only lecture in such a situation and the student has to be a
passive listener.
9.
Shortage of time. The number of periods spent on teaching English has been drastically
reduced. This has been because of two reasons. One, the reduced importance given to English. Two,
the inclusion of some new subjects in the school curriculum.
10. Unsatisfactory supervision. There is practically no supervision of the work of English teachers.
So the teachers fail to get any guidance from experts.
Mr. Ronald Mackin’s paper on “The Teaching of English in Difficult Circumstances” is of special
relevance to the teaching of English in India. He says, “The old-fashioned type of benches and desks
which restrict movement; the bad light; the noise from neighbouring classes which may be
separated from them by nothing more than a bamboo screen; insufficient provision for their subject
in the time-table; lack of aids of all kinds; interference from parents or dominating conservative
Headmaster; and finally, the requirements of an examination system which places a premium on the
written language and consequently seems to favour the grammar-grinder of the old school.”
SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE STANDARDS
The following are some of the suggestions for raising the standard of English in India.
1.
The policy regarding the place of English in our education system should be well-defined. This
should be determined keeping in view the national and international importance of English.
2.
The teacher must keep in mind the aims of teaching English. There are (i) to enable the
student to understand English when spoken, (ii) to enable him to write English. (iii) to enable him to
speak English, and (iv) to enable him to read English. He must know the standard of attainment to be
reached in each class.
3.
Special efforts should be made to ensure that the teachers of English themselves possess a
good command of English. Some content courses like grammar must be included in the B.Ed.
syllabus.
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Refresher courses should be arranged for the in-service teachers of English. The teachers should be
encouraged to read journals like The Journal of English Language Teaching (published by the English
Language Teachers’ Association of India, Madras) to keep themselves informed of the new
developments in teaching the language. The school libraries should subscribe to such journals.
4.
The teachers must be made thoroughly conversant with the principles of the structural
Approach. They should give due importance to pattern practice, drill work and situational approach
in their teaching.
5.
The English Readers prepared by the Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages,
Hyderabad and published by the National Council of Educational Research and Training should be
introduced in all the schools. Though the quality of these books leaves something to be desired, yet
they are the best of the available lot. These books are written according to carefully selected and
graded language items. They have a large number of exercises for practice, and are suitably
illustrated.
6.
The examination in English need to be improved. The questions should be properly framed so
that they really test the students’ mastery of the language skills. Cramming should be discouraged.
There is also need for introducing oral tests in English. The administration of examinations needs to
be made more effective.
7.
Necessary audio-visual aids should be made available to schools. The teacher should know
how to prepare inexpensive aids. He should also know how to use certain aids like tape-recorder,
film strips etc.
8.
Although it is not possible to reduce the number of students in the class, yet the teacher may
divide the class into groups and appoint bright students as group leaders. Thus each students can get
time for practice.
9.
In a majority of cases, the only English to which the students are exposed is that spoken by
the English teacher in the classroom. As such, the teacher should reduce the use of the mother
tongue to the minimum in the classroom so that the students get more practice in listening to
English.
10. There should be subject experts at the district level to provide guidance to the teachers of
English.
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The Integrated child
protection scheme (ICPS)
RAVI V. SOLANKI
PH.D PURSUING STUDENT, SOCIOLOGY DEPT., M.K. BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY – BHAVNAGAR.
KEYWORDS : ICPS, VULNERABLE, CHILD, CHILD RIGHTS.
SUBJECT : SOCIOLOGY
ABSTRACT
India is home to almost 19% of the world’s children. More than one third of the country’s
population, around 440 million, is below 18 years. India’s children are India’s future as strength of
the nation lies in a healthy, protected, educated and well-developed child population that will grow
up to be productive citizen of the country. India must invest resources in children proportionate to
their huge numbers. An exercise on child budgeting carried out by the ministry of Women and child
development revealed that total expenditure on children in 2005-06 in health, education,
development and protection together amounted to a mere 3.86% rising to 4.91% in 2006-07. It is
estimated that around 170 million or 40% of India’s children are vulnerable to experiencing difficult
circumstances. There is, therefore, an urgent case for increasing expenditure on child protection so
that the rights of the children of India are protected.
The constitution of India recognizes the vulnerable position of children and their right to protection.
Article 15 the constitution guarantees special attention to children through necessary and special
laws and policies that safeguard their rights. The rights to equality, protection of life and personal
liberty and the right against exploitation is enshrined in Articles 14, 15, 16, 17, 21 and 24. The child
rights and welfare concerns have been addressed in a number of international conventions,
standards and declarations, including the UN convention of the rights of the child (UNCRC) 1989, the
UN standard minimum rules for the administration of juvenile justice, 1985, the UN rules for the
protection of Juveniles deprived of their liberty, 1990, the Hague convention on inter-country
adoption, 1993, world fit for children, 2002 and the millennium development goals, 2000. The
Government of India ratified the UN convention on the rights of the child in 1992. The UNCRC
outlines the fundamental rights of children, including the right to be protected from economic
exploitation and harmful work, from all forms of sexual exploitation and abuse, and from physical or
mental violence, as well as ensuring that children will not be separated from their family against
their will. India has adopted a number of laws and formulated a range of policies to ensure children’s
protection and improvement in their situation.
The Integrated child protection scheme (ICPS) is expected to significantly contribute to the
realization of Government/State responsibility for creating a system that will efficiently and
effectively protect children. It is based on cardinal principles of “protection of child rights” and “best
interest of the child”. The ICPS will focus its activities on children in need of care and protection,
children in conflict and contact with law.
1.
PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES OF ICPS

Care, Support and rehabilitation services 1.1 Emergency outreach service through ‘CHILDLINE’ :
Childline is 24 X 7 free emergency phone outreach service for children in need of card and protection
linking them to emergency and long-term care and rehabilitation services. The service can be
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accessed by a child in difficulty or an adult on his behalf by dialing 1098. Established by the Govt. of
India in 1999, it is presently operational in 194 cities in various 4 regions across the country.
1.2 Open shelters for children in need in urban and semi-urban areas:
The large numbers of homeless, working, beggar children need of care and support. This kind of
situation, children suffer most and vulnerable most. In order to provide for the growing needs of
these children, the ICPS would facilitate setting up open shelters particularly in urban area. These
shelters shall also have provisions for health care, quality and flexi-time education, counselling and
vocational training, including provisions where children can safely keep their belongings and
earnings.
1.3 Family based non institutional care through sponsorship, foster-care, adoption and after-care :
The juvenile justice (care & protection of children) Act, 2000 and its amendment act, 2006 provides
for the rehabilitation and reintegration of children through sponsorship, foster-care, adoption and
after-care. Sponsorship – The Govt. to provide support and supervised financial assistance to such
extreme cases as a preventive measure to keep children within families and remain protected.
Sponsorship support provide in the two settings, - Preventive and Rehabilitative. Foster-care –
Fostering is an arrangement whereby a child lives, usually on a temporary basis, with an extended or
unrelated family member. Such an arrangement ensures that the birth parents do not lose any of
their parental rights or responsibilities.
Adoption – Adoption is an process through which a
child who is permanently separated from biological parents because her/his parents have died, or
have abandoned or surrendered her/him, becomes a legitimate child of a new set of parent(s)
referred to as adoptive parents with all the rights, privileges and responsibilities that are attached to
his relationship.
After-care programme- Juveniles in conflict with law and children in need of
care and protection up to the age of 18 years are discharge from their age of 18 years. The District
child protection society shall be responsible for developing an After-care programme. Based on the
case to case basis, JJB/CWC can order placement of juvenile/child in the After-care programme.
1.4 Institutional Services :
As provided by the JJ Act 2000 (care and protection of children), the scheme shall support the
creation of new institutional facilities and maintenance of existing institutional facilities for both
children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection.
1.4.1 Shelter homes : The children without parental care, run away children, migrant children who
require residential care for a temporary period for one or more reasons. The state Government shall
provide financial assistance to set up and administer shelter homes. These shelter homes shall offer
day and night shelter facilities to the children in need of support services for a temporary period,
while efforts are made to rehabilitate them.
1.4.2 Children’s home : Children in need of care and protection who enter the juvenile justice system
through the Child welfare committees (CWC) are in need of residential care and protection during
the pendency of any inquiry and subsequently for their long-term care. These homes shall serve as a
home away from home and provide comprehensive child care facilities to children for ensuring their
all round development and rehabilitation.
1.4.3 Observation homes : Children in conflict with law who enter the juvenile justice system
through the juvenile justice boards (JJB) are in need of adequate residential care and protection
during pendency of any inquiry regarding them under the JJ Act 2000. Observation homes in every
district or group of districts for their temporary reception.
1.4.4 Special homes : This homes for children in conflict with the law committed by the juvenile
justice boards for long term rehabilitation and protection require institutional services.
1.4.5 Specialized services for children with special needs : The scheme shall provide an additional
component to institutions having children with special needs and shall provide flexibility to State
Government to either integrate the programme for children with special needs in its existing
institutions or support setting up of specialized homes for such children.
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1.5 General grant-in-aid for need based/innovative interventions : The scheme shall provide
flexibility to the State Governments to initiate innovative projects on issues/risks/vulnerabilities,
which are not covered by the existing programmes of this scheme.
2. STATUTORY SUPPORT SERVICES
2.1 Child Welfare Committees (CWSs) : The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of children)
Amendment Act, 2006 recently passed by both houses of parliament makes it mandatory to
establish one Child Welfare committee in each district as the final authority to dispose of cases for
the care, protection, treatment, development and rehabilitation of children in need of care and
protection and to provide for their basic needs and protection of human rights.
2.2 Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) : The juvenile justice (Care and protection of children) amendment
act, 2006 makes it mandatory to have one juvenile justice board in each district to deal with matters
relating to juveniles in conflict with law. To facilitate setting up of a JJB in each district and to ensure
their effective functioning, the scheme shall provide adequate infrastructure and financial support to
State Governments and UT administrations.
2.3 Special Juvenile Police units (SJPUs) : The JJ Act 2000 provides for setting up special juvenile
police units in every district and city to coordinate and upgrade the police interface with children. As
a statutory requirement, the ICPS shall provide for two paid social workers in each SJPU for
supporting the unit. All the police officers, designated as juvenile/child welfare officers in the district
or city, are member of the SJPU.
3. SERVICE DELIVERY STRUCTURE OF ICPS.
In order to ensure effective service delivery, the ICPS will be implemented in mission mode and state
and district child protection societies will set up, as the fundamental units at state and district levels,
for the implementation. These societies will be registered under the societies registration act, 1860.
The ministry of women and child development will formulate the detailed along with the by laws for
setting up SCPSs and DCPSs at the district and state levels.
3.1 District Level :
3.1.1 District child protection society (DCPS) : ICPS envisages setting up a District Child Protection
Society in each district as a fundamental unit for the implementation. The DCPC shall coordinate and
implement all child rights and protection activities at district level. District magistrate/ collector is
the head of DCPS. There are also formations of 1. District child protection committee (DCPC),
2.Sponsorship and foster care approval committee (SFCAC), 3. Block level child protection
committee and 4. Village level child protection committee.
3.2 State level :
3.2.1 State child protection society (SCPS) : ICPS visualize setting up of state child protection society
in every state/UT as the fundamental unit for the implementation. Under the SCPS there is also
formatting of 1. State adoption resource agency (SARA), 2. State child protection committee (SCPC),
3. State adoption advisory committee.
3.3 Regional level :
3.3.1 Child protection division in the four regional centres of national institute of public
cooperation and child development (NIPCCD) : In order to facilitate training, capacity building,
research and documentation and data management on child protection at regional levels, ICPS shall
support the creation of child protection division within the existing 4 regional centres of NIPCCD.
3.3.2 Four regional centres of childline India foundation (CIF) : The CIF in Mumbai to take up the
nodal responsibility, but also expand CIF at regional levels to facilitate easy coordination,
implementation and supervision of the childline service. Under the ICPS, the ministry would support
the setting up four regional centres of CIF.
3.4 National level :
3.4.1 Childline India Foundation – HQ
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The Childline service to initiate and monitor the performance of childline service in cities and district
and to conduct training/sensitization, research and advocacy at the national level on child protection
issues.
3.4.2 Child protection division in the national institute of public cooperation and child
development (NIPCCD) : NIPCCD at the national level and its four regional centers with this
responsibility for carrying out all child protection training and research activities in the country.
3.4.3 Central adoption resource agency (CARA) : its function as the central authority in all matters
concerning adoption and to implement various provision of the Hague convention on inter-country
adoption 1993 in the matter of rights, safeguards and procedures involving children that are
orphaned, abandoned or surrendered.
ICPS is identifying the needs of children in need of care and protection, and children in
conflict/contact with the law and address their needs by providing lateral linkages with other line
dept. for timely and appropriate interventions from them. In turn ICPS would also provide a platform
for other dept. to provide services envisaged under their existing programmes to children, wherever
required.
REFERENCES
1. The integrated child protection scheme (ICPS), Ministry of women and child
& NIPCCD
2. http://www.childlineindia.org.in
development, GOI
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Gender-system of Nouns in English
and Gujarati:
A Comparative Linguistic Study
MRS. SHIVANI R.UPADHYAY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (ENGLISH), GOVERNMENT ENGGINEERING COLLEGE, RAJKOT.
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : LANGUAGE
Various languages spoken on the earth are classified in different ways by different linguists in order
to study and compare them in a systematic way. If considered structurally, English and Gujarati are
very different. But according to the historical or genealogical classification, to our great surprise,
both English and Gujarati belong to the same language-family called Indo-European family. The
former comes from the Germanic branch and the later comes from the Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan)
branch. An exercise of comparing them linguistically may yield some fruitful conclusions and may
lead to some meaningful generalizations.
English is an analytic language. Its independent free-standing morphemes express meaning at the
sentence level. The fundamental units of English grammar are: morpheme, word, phrase, clause and
sentence. Morpheme is the smallest and sentence is the largest grammatical units. Grammar
includes parts of speech, basic sentence patterns, functional use of grammatical elements and
various transformational processes.
Gujarati is an agglutinative language. That is to say, grammatical information is encoded by way of
affixation (largely suffixation) rather than via independent free-standing morphemes. The grammar
of Gujarati language is the study of the word order, case-marking, verb conjugation and other
morphological and syntactic structures.
Languages organize their words into parts of speech according to their functions and positions
relative to other parts. Words may change their categories according to the usage but no word ever
exists outside these parts of speech. In grammar, a part of speech (also a word class or a lexical class)
is a linguistic category of words or more precisely, lexical items, which is generally defined by the
syntactic or morphological behavior of the lexical item in question. English grammar has ten parts of
speech: (i) noun, (ii) pronoun, (iii) adjective, (iv) verb, (v) adverb, (vi) preposition, (vii) conjunction,
(viii) interjection, (ix) articles and (x) demonstrative. Gujarati grammar has six of them: (i) noun
(noun, pronoun, adjective), (ii) verb, (iii) adverb, (iv) participle, (v) particles, inflectional and
derivational affixes and (vi) postpositions.
These parts of speech are divided broadly into two classes: open or productive and close or nonproductive. The open word classes allow new members but the close word classes seldom do.
Nouns form the largest word class. They belong to the open-class category. They often change their
categories. Nouns can be used as other parts of speech (adjective, verb) and other parts of speech
can be used as nouns: list (N) – list (V), phone (N) – phone (V); watch (V) – watch (N), play (V) – play
(N). They demonstrate multiple senses including concrete (chair, mobile) and abstract (love,
sympathy) and / or count (pen, key) and non-count (oil, sugar). Randolf and Greenbaum comment
on this feature of nouns: “Broadly speaking, nouns and adjectives can be characterized naturally as
‘stative’; thus, nouns refer to entities that are regarded as stable, whether these are concrete
(physical) like house, table, paper or abstract (of the mind) like hope, botany, length).” (1997: 21)
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Nouns can be replaced by pronouns. In linguistics, a noun is a member of a large lexical category
whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the
object of a preposition. A noun is a word used to name a person, animal place, thing or an abstract
idea. Whatever exists can be named. And that name is a noun. It may be simple, derived or
compound. It can be defined by the grammatical form it takes, for example, Gujarati nous are
categorized by gender and inflected for case and number. They are marked or unmarked for gender;
for example, choṭlo and ghar. They are also variable or invariable.
Nouns in English and Gujarati languages inflect for gender, number and case. These inflectional
processes are studied under morphology. In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and
description of the structure of morphemes. It studies the patterns of word-formation within and
across languages and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of
those languages.
Detailed study of the gender system of nouns in English and Gujarati is the chief concern of this
paper. Gender is the mode of distinguishing sex by words or additions to words. The distinction of
male and female in nature is called sex. The distinction between masculine and feminine in words is
called gender. There are two ways to assign gender to a word. The first way is by the application of
semantic principles where the meaning of a noun determines its gender and the gender of a noun
can shed light on its meaning in turn. The assignment of natural gender falls under this principle. The
second way is by the application of formal principles in which the morphological and phonological
structures of a noun play an important role in determining its gender. For example, generally, nouns
ending in –o are masculine and nouns ending in –i are feminine in Gujarati.
English nouns do not have grammatical gender. Their gender depends on sex. The gender follows
the meaning of the word. “English makes very few gender distinctions. Where they are made, the
connection between the biological category ‘sex’ and the grammatical category ‘gender’ is very
close, insofar as natural sex distinctions determine English gender distinctions.” (Quirk and
Greenbaum 1997: 89) These nouns do not require gender-agreement between related words. While
grammatical gender was a fully productive inflectional category in Old English, Modern English has a
much less pervasive gender system, primarily based on natural gender. English has no live
productive gender markers. English nouns that inflect for gender are a very small minority.
English nouns are divided into two main categories: gender nouns (those distinguishing the sex of
the object) and neuter nouns (those which do not distinguish sex). Some nouns have common
gender as they are used for both masculine and / or feminine reference, for example, doctor and
cousin.As mentioned by Sinha, one thing must be noted clearly: “The words masculine and feminine
can be used as adjectives to describe the looks or qualities of human beings…. Notice that in this
sense masculine/ feminine indicates characteristics or attributes, not sex.” (2007: 10)
Quirk and Greenbaum suggest this classification for the gender of English nouns – animate nouns: (i)
masculine (uncle), (ii) feminine (aunt), (iii) dual (doctor – masculine/ feminine), (iv) common (baby –
masculine/feminine/neuter), (v) collective (family – neuter), (vi) masculine higher animal (bull), (vii)
feminine higher animal (cow), (viii) higher organism (France – feminine/neuter), (ix) lower animal
(ant – neuter) and inanimate nouns (box – neuter). Some grammarians and linguists do not
distinguish between dual and common gender nouns.
Gender is a grammatical classification which, in English, applies primarily to the third-person singular
personal pronouns. The third person singular pronouns contrast in gender: (1) The masculine gender
pronoun he is used for males – humans or animals that have salient enough characteristics for us to
think of them as differentiated (certainly for gorillas, usually for ducks, probably not for rats,
certainly not for cockroaches); (2) The feminine gender pronoun she is used for females, and also, by
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extension, for certain other things conventionally treated in a similar way: political entities and
certain personified inanimate things such as countries, ships; (3) The neuter pronoun it is used for
inanimate things or for male and female animals (especially lower animals and non-cuddly
creatures), and sometimes for human infants if the sex is unknown or considered irrelevant.
The linguistic notion of grammatical gender is distinguished from the biological and social notion of
natural gender, although they interact closely in many languages. Both grammatical and natural
gender can have linguistic effects in a given language. Grammatical gender is advantageous: (1) In a
language with explicit inflections for gender, it is easy to express the natural gender of animate
beings. (2) Grammatical gender can be a valuable tool of disambiguation rendering clarity about
antecedents. (3) In literature, gender can be used to animate and personify inanimate nouns.
Gujarati nouns have grammatical gender. Grammatical gender is defined linguistically as a system of
classes of nouns which trigger specific types of inflections in associated words such as adjectives,
verbs and others. Every noun must belong to one of the gender-classes and there should be very few
that belong to several classes at once. As Gujarati language distinguishes between genders in order
to correctly decline any noun and any modifier or other type of word affected by that noun, one
must identify the gender of the noun.Gujarati nouns are divided into masculine, feminine and neuter
gender-classes. No noun can exist outside these three classes. The gender inflections – -o for
masculine, for feminine and -u for neuter – are integral to words. The construction of a Gujarat noun
runs like this:
Noun stem + gender marker + number marker
chokr + o + Ø = chokro ( masculine)
chokr + ī + Ø = cokrī ( feminine )
chokr + ũ + Ø = chokrũ ( neuter )
This is the general rule for gender inflection in Gujarati. But we find many exceptions when we study
the language carefully, for example, gho, ṭapālī: and pāṇī belong to feminine, masculine and neuter
gender classes respectively. -o and -ī are not masculine and feminine gender markers here.
“Masculine and feminine substantives from a common substantive base refer to male and female; to
these is opposed a neuter which refers to the substantive’s referend in general, without specific
distinction of gender. The neuter thus used is termed Neutral. chokro – boy, chokri – girl, chokruN –
child, ghoḍo – male horse, ghoḍi – mare, ghoḍuN – horse.” (Cardona 1965: 64)
English nouns have inflections for only feminine gender, for example, heroine, actress, tigress etc.
But here also we have a few exceptions like ‘widower’ and ‘bridegroom’. In English, an inanimate
object always falls under the category of neuter gender. It is always referred to as ‘it’. Whereas in
Gujarati, an inanimate object can also have masculine or feminine gender, for example, khāṭlo
(masculine) and bārī (feminine). Gujarati nouns are marked or remain unmarked for gender. The
marked nouns carry gender inflections as their integral part, for example, kutro, kutrī kutrũ. The
unmarked nouns do not have any gender inflections, for example, ghar, jamīn, patra. The gender of
these unmarked nouns can be decided by the words (verb, adjective, determiner or participle) used
with them. That is to say, the context plays an important role in deciding the gender of the noun, for
example, Ghar banāvyũ (Neuter). The other way of knowing the gender of a noun is to ask a
question with an interrogative pronoun to the noun under consideration, for example, ghar kevũ?
jamīn kevī? patra kevo?
As English does not have grammatical gender, no element in a sentence agrees with the noun for
gender. Only possessive, personal, reflexive and interrogative pronouns show gender in the noun
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phrase. But close and keen study of English reveals some exceptions also where the adjectives vary
according to the gender of the noun, for example, a handsome boy and a beautiful girl.
Booij observes: “Morphological structure may also be involved in computing the gender of a noun.
The heads of nominal compounds, and most suffixes determine the gender of the words they
create.” (2012: 133) In Gujarati, vājũ (a musical instrument) is neuter and peṭī is feminine. When
they combine to form a nominal compound vājāpeṭī, the word takes feminine gender.
There are various ways to indicate gender in both the languages. In English, we can show gender by
prefixing a gender word to another word, for example, he-goat – she-goat, cock sparrow – hen
sparrow. We can also show gender by adding a suffix generally to a masculine noun. The native
suffixes to indicate the feminine gender were -en and -ster (vixen and spinster) but they have lost
their original meanings. Among the foreign suffixes, -ess is the most used one. The corresponding
masculine may have the ending -er/ -or but in most cases, it has not. Whenever we adopt a new
masculine word, the feminine is formed by adding this termination -ess, for example, host – hostess,
count –countess, actor – actress. Another way to indicate gender is using different words for
different genders. These words may be entirely different or may have the same root, for example,
boy – girl, lord – lady, king – queen. English language has a whole new category of common gender
nouns. These nouns are used when no gender specification is required. They work for both
masculine and feminine genders, for example, doctor, teacher, author, editor. Generally, woman or
'lady' is used with these masculine nouns when gender identification is needed.
A peculiarity of gender-assignment in English is “While a great many special names for human beings
are applicable to both sexes, e.g. liar, possessor, inhabitant, Christian, aristocrat, fool, stranger,
neighbour, etc. others, though possessing no distinctive mark, are as a matter of fact chiefly or even
exclusively applied to one sex only, because the corresponding social functions have been restricted
either to men or to women. This is true of minister, bishop, lawyer, baker, shoemaker and many
others on the one hand, nurse, dressmaker, milliner on the other.” (Jespersen 1968: 232)The words
used to refer either of the sexes may be kept restricted to only one sex thus: maid-servant, he-devil,
girl-friend etc. But there is no corresponding formation to denote the female teacher or singer.
Almost all the languages have similar inconsistences. These linguistic difficulties are emerged
because of the recent extension of the activities of women to the spheres that used to be set aside
for men. Both English and Gujarati show various designations for married women according to the
rank or profession of their husbands. In English, duchess, queen, princess, etc. In Gujarati, there are
lots of such words - sonāraṇ, gorāṇī, darajaṇ, etc.
In Gujarati, we can indicate gender by adding various suffixes such as -ī (dīkrī), -ā (adhyakshā), -ikā
(bālikā), -āṇī (brahmāṇī), -ṇ (nāgaṇ). We can also show gender by prefixing a gender word to another
word, for example, nar koyal – mādā koyal. Yet another way to indicate gender is using different
words for different genders, for example, mātā – pitā, mor – dhel.Gujarati has a peculiarity in
gender-assignment: “There are a number of substantives which are assigned different genders in the
speech of different individuals or areas. For example, cah ‘tea’ is either masculine or feminine;
ghaḍiaḷ ‘clock’ is either neuter or feminine.” (Cardona 1965: 65-66)
Gujarati nouns take one or more gender markers. They are classified as under:
1)
2)
3)
Nouns taking all the three gender markers:
chokro – chokrī – chokrũ, goṭlo – goṭli – goṭlũ
Nouns taking only one gender marker:
kuvo, nadī, chavāṇũ, sāḍī, mogro, chhāpũ
Nouns taking -o and -ī: garbo – garbī, orḍo – orḍī
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4)
5)
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Nouns taking -ī and -u: tapelī – tapelũ, jhũpḍī – jhũpḍũ
Nouns taking -o and -u: phodo – phodũ, jhumkho – jhumkhũ
In languages with masculine and feminine gender (and possibly neuter), the masculine is usually
employed by default to refer to persons of unknown gender. In the plural, the masculine is often
used to refer to a mixed group of people. This is true about both English and Gujarati languages, for
example, Man is mortal. kheḍutonī sabhā.
Jespersen puts it this way: “The generic singular man sometimes means both sexes (God made the
country, and man made the town) and sometimes only one (Man is destined to be a prey to
woman)…Note that the derivatives manly, mannish, manful as well as compounds like man-servant
refer to male man, but manlike and manhood generally to both sexes (manhood suffrage, etc.).”
(1968: 231) Often, the masculine/ feminine classification is only followed carefully for human beings.
For animals, birds and insects, the relation between real and grammatical gender tends to be more
arbitrary. Different names for the male and the female of a species are more frequent for common
pets or farm animals, for example, cow and bull, roster and hen. Animals of unknown gender are
referred to as 'it'. The gender of rat, cat, rabbit, birds or insects is not obvious or important and
therefore they are usually referred to as 'it' except in some veterinarian or literary contexts.
Alternatively, the use of 'it' referring to an animal may imply that the speaker lacks or disdains
emotional connection with the animal.
In Gujarati, some animals, birds and insects have the propensity to be addressed and cast as being of
one gender over the others, regardless of the biological gender of the specific organism being
referred to. Thus spiders are masculine: karoḷiyo; cats are feminine: bilāḍī and rabbits are neuter:
saslũ. These three can be cast into other genders if such specificity is desired, but as explained, that
would be a deviation from the default rather than a scenario of three equally valid choices. When
other gender names are required, neuter nouns are used to indicate masculine gender: ʃiyāḷ – ʃiyāḷvī,
kabutar – kabutarī.
There are three main ways by which natural languages categorize nouns into genders: (1) according
to logical or symbolic similarities in their meaning (semantics); (2) by grouping them with other
nouns that have similar form (morphological) or (3) through an arbitrary convention (lexical, possibly
rooted in the history of the language). Usually, a combination of the three types of criteria is used,
though one is more prevalent.
1)
Semantics – The masculine gender includes males and thins which are tall, long, slender or
narrow; while the feminine gender includes females and things which are short, wide or squat. This
is true about Gujarati nouns, for example, rasto (masculine) and ʃerī (feminine)
2)
Morphology – In Gujarati, grammatical gender is most obviously noticeable by noun
morphology. The nouns have -o, -ī, and -u inflections for masculine, feminine and neuter genders
respectively. Therefore any other nouns ending in -o, -ī, or -u are treated as masculine, feminine or
neuter respectively, irrespective of their meaning. Morphology may in fact override meaning in
some cases, for example, irādo (masculine), khurʃī (feminine), māthũ (neuter). Nouns that end in
some other vowel are assigned a gender either according to etymology by analogy or by some other
convention.
3)
Lexicon – In some languages, gender-markers have been so eroded by time that they are no
longer recognizable, even to native speakers. This is generally known as deflexion. The learner of
such languages should regards gender as an integral part of each noun. A frequent recommendation
is to memories a modifier along with the noun as a unit.
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Both English and Gujarati languages have something similar about the gender-assignment to the
loanwords. In English some loanwords inflect according to gender, such as actor – actress where the
suffix -or denotes the masculine and the suffix -ress denotes the feminine.
In Gujarati, 'tatsam' and 'tadbhav' nouns carry the gender from sanskrit language, for example,
bhāʃā, āʃā, īcchā (all feminine). As Gujarati has grammatical gender, each loanword has to be
assigned a gender. These loanwords have often been Gujaratized. For example, the Perso-Arabic
words dāvo, fāydo, natījo, humlo become masculine and Sardī, kharīdī, jindgī become feminine and
khānũ becomes neuter. In the same way, genderless English words must take one as Gujarati has
three Genders. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is
expressed in Gujarati; vovel type and the nature of word meaning, for example, reḍīyo (masculine),
pārṭī (feminine) and kavar (neuter).
There are several processes by which a language assigns a gender to a newly borrowed word: (1) If
the noun is animate, natural gender tends to dictate grammatical gender. (2) The borrowed word
tends to take gender of the native word it replaces. (3) If the borrowed word happens to have a
suffix that the borrowing language uses as a gender-marker, the suffix tends to dictate gender. (4) If
the borrowed word rhymes with one or more native words, the latter tends to dictate gender. (5)
The default assignment is the borrowing language's unmarked gender. (6) Rarely, the word retains
the gender it had in the donor language. Gender system of any language may have more than one
implication. The first and foremost function of the gender system of any language is to indicate
natural sex distinction. Gujarati nouns have peculiar gender implications. They are as follow:
1)
A noun can come in differently gender-marked versions based on size. Masculine is big,
getting smaller down through neuter and then feminine; neuter can sometimes be pejorative, for
example, camco (big spoon) – camcī (small spoon), vāḍko – vāḍkī as far as animal nouns are
concerned, 'saslo' would be thought more as a big rabbit than as a male rabbit.
2)
Masculine and neuter nouns express serenity, sublimity, pride, force, grandeur and loftiness,
for example, paglũ, nagar, paṭāro. Feminine nouns express tenderness, tidiness, beauty and
gracefulness, for example, paglī, nagarī, peṭī.
3)
Sometimes feminine and neuter nouns express hatred, triviality or crudeness. Masculine
nouns express awkwardness, clumsiness, bulkiness or stubbornness, for example, ruparḍī
(feminine), pāghḍo (masculine), jībhaḍo (masculine), beṭũ (neuter), ḍādhũ (neuter), laḍuḍī
(feminine).
4)
Sometimes feminine nouns are used to show something bigger, for example, khāḍo (pit) –
khaḍī (bay), ṭeṭo – ṭeṭī, doro – dorī.
5)
Sometimes a neuter noun is used for a fruit and its feminine form is used for the tree which
produces that fruit, for example bor – bordī, khajur – khajurī.
6)
The words related to the earth are feminine as the earth is thought of as a mother producing
plants, for example, pruthvī, dharatī, dharā.
A noun phrase in English contains pre-modifiers and post-modifiers along with the head noun.
Adjectives, pronouns, demonstratives, articles and determiners pre-modify a noun and prepositional
phrases and certain clauses post-modify it. As English does not have grammatical gender, any word
related to noun in a noun phrase need not agree with the noun in gender. English only distinguishes
between three forms of personal pronouns – he (male person), she (female person) and it (object,
abstraction, animal). 'One' is used for common gender, anyone or anything. The third person
singular forms of the personal pronouns are the only modifiers that inflect for gender. Possessive
and reflexive pronouns also inflect for gender as the personal pronouns do, for example, he – his –
himself, she – her – herself.
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In Gujarati, all words in a noun phrase must agree with the head noun. Gujarati noun phrase
contains only pre-modifiers. Adjectives, pronouns, determiners are required to agree with the head
noun. Even verb should agree with it, for example,
(1)
sāro chokro – sārī chokrī ( adjective)
(2)
kevo chokro – kevī chokrī (interrogative pronoun)
(3)
pelo chokro – pelī chokrī (determiner)
(4)
chokro gayo – chokrī gaī (verb)
(5)
dariyāno kināro – sādīnī kinārī (possessive)
Booij’s comment is true for Gujarati nouns which are unmarked for gender: “………there is no direct
morphological marking of gender on a noun. We can only observe the presence of gender on nouns
indirectly, through the morphological effects of gender on the form of dependent words such as
adjectives and determiners.” (2012: 110)
REFERENCES
1) Booij, Geert. The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology. United Kingdom:
Oxford University Press, 2012.
2) Cardona, George. A Gujarati Reference Grammar. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1965.
3) Otto, Jespersen. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.,
1968.
4) Sinha, R. P. Current English Grammar and Usage with Composition. New Delhi: Oxford University
Press, 2002
5) Quirk, Randolf and Greenbaum, Sidney. A University Grammar of English. England: Longman,
1997.
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g§ñH¥${V
gYam{H$`m ga`þ~oZ Or.
`þ.Ho$.dr. _{hbm H$moboO, Ho$emoX.S>r. OþZmJT>. (JþOamV)
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : LANGUAGE
g§ñH¥${V eãX H$m à`moJ ì`mnH$ AW© _| {H$`m OmVm h¡ & gm_mÝ`V: g_mO _|
ahZo dmbo {eï> _Zþî`m| Ho$ g^r àH$ma Ho$ gm{h{Ë`H$, gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$,
Am{W©H$, Z¡{VH$, AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ Ed§ H$WmË_H$ {dMmam| Am¡a
H$m`©H$bmnm| H$mo g§ñH¥${V Ho$ A§VJ©V n{a{UV {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Ho$ Bg g§ñH¥$V eãX H$r aMZm g_ CngJ© nyd©H$ H¥$ YmVþ go
{ŠVZ àË``` H$aHo$ hþB© h¡ & BgH$m em{ãXH$ AW© h¡ CÎm_ àH$ma go {H$E JE
H$m`© AWm©V CÎm_ AmMaU H$aZo dmbo {eï> ì`{º$`m| Ûmam {H$E JE H$m`© &
g§ñH¥${V eãX H$m ^yb én go `h AW© hmoVo hþE ^r AmYþ{ZH$ g_mO _| BgH$m
AW© Bggo A{YH$ ì`mnH$ én _| {H$`m OmVm h¡ & {H$gr ^r Xoe, g_mO, Om{V
Am¡a ì`{º$ Ho$ g§nyU© AmXem}, gm_m{OH$, na§namAm|, Eo{Vhm{gH$ {d{Y`m|,
AmË`m{Ë_H$ _§Vì`m| Am¡a OrdZ {Zdm©h Ho$ {bE H$r JB© Moï>mAm| H$m
A§V^m©d g§ñH¥${V eãX Ho$ A§VJ©V hmoVm h¡ &
gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daU H$m ^r à^md _mZd OrdZ na nS>Vm h¡ & àH¥${V _Zþî`
H$mo àmH¥${VH$ dñVþE§ àXmZ H$aVr h¢ na§Vþ kmZ Ho$ A^md _| BZH$m à^md
Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm & gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daU H$r `h kmZ àXmZ H$aVm h¡ &
kmZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daU H$m hr EH$ VËd h¡ &
ì`{º$ Ho$ {dMma, CgH$r _Zmod¥{Îm`m§, CgHo$ {dídmg VWm CgH$r Z¡{VH$Vm
CgHo$ ì`{º$Ëd H$m {Z_m©U H$aVr h¢ & _Zþî`m| H$r BZ {deofVmAm| H$mo g_mO
H$r g§ñH¥${V à^m{dV H$aVr h¡ & ~mbH$ OÝ_ Ho$ g_` EH$ Aghm` àmUr hmoVm
h¡ Cgo Cg g_` Z Vmo gm_m{OH$ àmUr H$h gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a Z hr CgH$m ì`dhma
g_mO {damoYr hmoVm h¡ & g_mOrH$aU H$r à{H«$`m Ho$ Ûmam dh ~mbH$
gm_m{OH$ àmUr ~ZVm h¡ & g_mO H$r `o gm§ñH¥${VH$ {deofVmE§ hr CgHo$
ì`{º$Ëd H$m {Z_m©U H$aVr h¢ & {H$gr g_mO H$r g§ñH¥${V Ho$ AZþgma hr
CgH$r AmXV|, {dídmg Am¡a _Zmod¥{Îm`m| H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¢ & BVZm hr
Zht CgHo$ ahZ ghZ H$m ñVa, OrdZ e¡br Am¡a ì`dhma ^r CgHo$ gm§ñH¥${VH$
n{adoe go hr à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ & Bg gm§ñH¥${VH$ n{adoe H$r CgHo$ ñdmñÏ` _|
{ZUm©`H$ ^y{_H$m ahVr h¡ & AJa Amg nS>mog H$m dmVmdaU ñdÀN>, ñdmñÏ`
dÕ©H$ Zht h¡ & Üd{Z àXyfU, dm`þ Am¡a Ob nXþfU H$r amoH$Wm_ H$r H$moB©
MoVZm Zht h¡ Vmo {Z{íMV én go Cg g_mO Ho$ A{YH$Va bmJm| H$m ñdmñÏ`
R>rH$ Zht hmoJm &
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{H$gr g_mO H$r g§ñH¥${V Ho$ AZþgma hr ì`{º$ H$r AmXV|, {dídmg Am¡a
_Zmod¥{Îm`m| H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ & ^maVr` gm§ñH¥${VH$ {deofVmAm| Zo
_Zþî` Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd H$mo EH$ AZmoIm én àXmZ {H$`m h¡ & EH$ ^maVr` ì`{º$ H$r
gm_m{OH$ {ñW{V OÝ_ go {ZYm©{aV hmoVr h¡ & Ë`mJ VWm A{h§gm _| {dídmg
H$aVm h¡ & dh Y_©^ré hmoVm h¡ & dh d¥ÕOZm|, {ó`m|, JþéOZm| VWm gmYþAm|
H$m AmXa H$aVm h¡ & ^maVr` {ó`m§ AnZo n{V Ho$ à{V {Zð>mdmZ ahVr h¢ & Bg
àH$ma H$r g§ñH¥${V H$r `o {deofVmE§ ì`{º$ Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd H$m {Z_m©U H$aVr h¢
& na§Vþ nmíMmË` g_mOm| H$r g§ñH¥${V H$r {deofVmE§ ^maVr` g_mO go
gd©Wm {^Þ hmoVr h¢ & dhm§ Y_© Ho$ à{V {dídmg H$_ hmoVm h¡ & CZH$r
Z¡{VH$Vm Xmohao ñVa H$r hmoVr h¡ dhm§ _mVm-{nVm Ho$ à{V CVZr ^{º$ Am¡a
lÕm Zht hmoVr {OVZr ^maVdm{g`m| _| hmoVr h¡ &
gm_mÝ`V: ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ñ{ï> go {d{^Þ àXoem| _| ahZo dmbo _Zþî`m| H$r ^r
àd¥{V`m| _| EH$ àH$ma H$r g_mZVm hmoVr h¡ & _Zþî` AnZo Am¡a AnZo g_mO
Ho$ VX§Va gH$b {díd Ho$ _mZdm| Ho$ gþIm| H$mo ~T>mZo dmbo Ed§ OrdZ H$r
gþ{dYmAm| H$mo àmá H$amZo dmbo H$m`m} H$r Amoa ñd^md go hr àd¥V
hmoVo h¢ & CgH$r g^r Moï>mE§ BÝht ^mdZmAm| go AZþàm{UV hmoVr h¢ &
g§ñH¥${V H$mo AZþàm{UV H$aZo dmbo ^yb VËd g^r g_`m| Am¡a ñWmZm| _| àm`:
EH$ go hmoVo h¢ & {H§$Vþ Xoe Am¡a H$mb H$r {d{^ÞVmE§ BZ_| {d^oX ^r CËnÞ
H$aVr h¢ & _Zþî` H$r ñdm^m{dH$ àd¥{V h¡ {H$ dh CXa H$r ny{V© Ho$ {bE Moï>m
H$ao &
^maVdf© _| {Og g§ñH¥${V H$m àMma h¡, CgH$m {dH$mg _þ»` én go Am`m] Zo
{H$`m Wm & BgH$m àma§^ F$½doX Ho$ H$mb go hmoVm h¡ & Am`m] Ûmam
àd{V©V hmoZo Am¡a Am`© Om{V _| ì`mnH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bg g§ñH¥${V
H$mo Am`© g§ñH¥${V H$hm J`m h¡ &
^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Zm_ go {Og g§ñH¥${V H$r Am¡a g§Ho$V {X`m OmVm h¡ AWdm
{Og ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo nhMmZm OmVm h¡, dh H$mb F$½doX go àma§^
hmoH$a ^maV _| _þgb_mZm| Ho$ amÁ` H$r ñWmnZm VH$ h¡ & `h g§ñH¥${V _þ»`
én go Am`© Om{V H$r g§ñH¥${V h¡ & BgH$r na§namAm| Am¡a _mÝ`Vm H$r
ñWmnZm àmMrZ Am`© F${f`m| Am¡a _Zr{f`m| Zo H$r Wr & BZ na§namAm| Am¡a
_mÝ`VmAm| H$mo Am`m] Zo ñdrH$ma {H$`m hr Wm {H§$Vþ Am`m] H$r à~bVm
Ho$ H$maU Bg Xoe H$r Am`m}Va Om{V`m| Zo ^r BZH$mo ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m &
Bg_| AZoH$ {d{^ÞVmAm| Am¡a {damoYr Ho$ ~rM ^r EH$Vm {Z{hV h¡ & àmMrZ
d¡{XH$ gm{hË`, _hm^maV Am{X J«§Wm| _| BZHo$ g§Kfm] Ho$ à_mU {dÜ`_mZ h¢
& Am`m] go nam{OV hmoH$a Am¡a Am`m] H$r gm§ñH¥${VH$ loð>Vm H$mo
ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ Am`}Va Om{V`m| Zo Am`© g§ñH¥${V H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m
& Am`}Va Om{V`m| Ho$ g§nH©$ go Am`m} Zo Am`© g§ñH¥${V H$mo ñdrH$ma
H$a {b`m & Am`}Va Om{V`m| Ho$ g§nH©$ go Am`m} Zo ^r CZH$r gm§ñH¥${VH$
{deofVmAm| H$mo J«hU {H$`m hmoJm & ^maVr` na§namAm| _| {b§JnyOm,
d¥jnyOm, ZmJnyOm, XodnyOZ _| _Zþî`m| `m neþAm| Ho$ ~{bXmZ g§^dV: Am`}VVa
à^md Ho$ H$maU AmE h¢
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g§ñH¥${V H$r aMZm Am¡a CgHo$ {dH$mg _| AZoH$ VËd ^mJ boVo h¢ & Xoe H$r
àmH¥${VH$ AdñWmE§ Cg Xoe Ho$ {Zdm{g`m| H$r Amdí`H$VmAm| H$m
{ZYm©aU H$aVr h¢ & ñWmZJV {deofVmE§-g_þÐ dZ, nd©V, Z{X`m§, ao{JñVmZ,
hao^ao _¡XmZ, ImZ| Am{X Cg Xoe Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg _| _hËdnyU© ^mJ
boVr h¢ & F$Vþ g§~§Yr n{adV©Z, àmH¥${VH$ gm¡X`© Am{X H$r ^r g§ñH¥${V Ho$
{Z_m©U _| _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡ & ^maV _| OrdZ Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ `mo½` dñVþE§
àMþaVm go CnbãY hmoVr h¢ {OZHo$ {bE AË`{YH$ H$R>moa l_ H$aZo H$r
Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr & àmH¥${VH$ g§n{Îm Am¡a gm¢X`© H$r Ñ{ï> go ì`mnH$
g_¥Õ h¡ & OrdZ`mnZ Ho$ gmYZ `hm§ ~hþV A{YH$ l_gmÜ` Am¡a H$ï>gþb^ Zht h¡ &
^maV Ho$ àmMrZ gm{hË` Ho$ àmMrZV_ CnbãY J«§W doX h¢ & `o doX Z Ho$db
amOZr{VH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ AdñWmAm| H$m n{aM` XoVo h¢, daZ Am`þd}X
g_oV {M{H$Ëgm H$r àmMrZ nÕ{V`m| H$m ^r kmZ H$amVo hþE CnMma H$mo
A{YH$ go A{YH$ àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| na {Z^©a ~ZmZo H$m Ahgmg H$amVo
h¢ &
^maVr` g§ñH¥${V _| AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ Am¡a ^m¡{VH$ XmoZm| hr Ñ{ï>`m| H$m g_Ýd`
h¡ & F${f`m| Zo AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ CÞ{V Am¡a {Zd¥V Ho$ _mJ© H$mo àX{e©V H$aZo
Ho$ gmW hr ^m¡{VH$ g_¥{Õ Am¡a gm§gm{aH$ OrdZ Ho$ gþIm| Am¡a gþ{dYmAm|
H$r H$m_Zm H$r h¡ & EH$ Amoa Ohm§ doX, AmaÊ`H$, Cn{ZfX, doXm§J, Y_©gyÌ,
Xe©Z Am{X J«§W Y_© Am¡a AmÜ`mË_ Ho$ nW H$m àXe©Z H$aVo h¢ Vmo dht
Xygar Amoa YZþ{d©Úm, g§JrV {dÚm, H$m_emó, AW©emó, nmH$emó,
dmñVþ{dÚm, {M{H$Ëgm, Á`mo{Vf, H$mì` Am{X {df`m| go g§~§{YV J«§W EH$ hr
gþI Am¡a g_¥{Õ Am¡a {dH$mg H$m _mJ© àeñV H$aVo h¢ & d¡{XH$ Am¡a AÝ`
Ym{_©H$ gm{hË` _| Y_©, AW©, H$m_, _moj, nþéfmW© H$m _hËd ^r H$_ Zht h¡ &
d¡{XH$ Am¡a AÝ` Ym{_©H$ gm{hË` _| ^r _Zþî` Ho$ OrdZ H$r ^m¡{VH$ g\$bVm H$r
H$m_Zm H$r JB© h¡ &
ní`o_ eaX: eV§, Ordo_ eaX: eV§, l¥§Uþ`m_ eaX: eV§, à~~m_ eaX: eV_XrZm: ñ`m_
eaX: eV§ ^y`íM eaX: eVmV & BgHo$ AW© _| gm¡ df© VH$ OrZo, g\$bVmnyd©H$
OrZo Am¡a B§{Ð`m| Ho$ Cn^moJ H$aVo hþE OrZo H$r àmW©Zm H$aZm h¡ &
ì`{º$JV gþI^moJ Ho$ gmW hr gm_m{OH$ OrdZ H$r g\$bVm Am¡a g§JR>Z Ho$ VËd
^r d¡{XH$ g§{hVmAm| _| àmá hmoVo h¢ &
AmÜ`mË_ H$r ^mdZm, Y_© nam`UVm, XodVmdmX, AdVmadmX, H$_© \$b Ed§
nþZO©Ý_, `m {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ, `k, _hmZ ì`{º$`m| Ho$ à{V lÕm Am¡a ^{º$, Mma
nþéfmW©, dU©, Aml_, ì`dñWm, g§ñH$ma, {díd H$ë`mU H$r ^mdZm Am¡a g_Ýd`
H$r ^mdZm Eogr {deofVmE§ h¢ Omo ^maVr` g_mO _| ì`{º$ Ho$ g§nyU© OrdZ Ho$
{Z`§ÌU Am¡a g§MmbZ H$r {Z`m_H$ h¢ & {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ ^maVr` gm§ñH¥${VH$
OrdZ H$r AmMma g§{hVm h¡ & gË`, A{h§gm, AñVo`, ~«÷M`© Am¡a An{aJ«h `o
nm§M {Z`_ H$hbmVo h¢ & em¡M, g§Vmof, Vn, ñdmÜ`m` Am¡a B©ída àm{UYmZ `o
nm§M {Z`_ h¢ & gË` ~mobZm Am¡a gË` H$m AmMaU H$aZm gË` h¡ & {H$gr àmUr
H$mo H$ï> Z nhþ§MmZm A{h§gm h¡ & Mmoar Z H$aZm AñVo` h¡ & B§{Ð`m| H$m
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g§`_ hr ~«÷M`© h¡ & g§J«h H$aZo H$r àd¥{V H$m Z hmoZm An{aJ«h h¡ & eara, _Z
Am¡a dmUr H$r n{dÌVm em¡M h¡ & bmo^ Z H$aZm Am¡a Omo Hþ$N> àmá hmo
OmE, Cgr _| g§Vþï> ahZm g§Vmof h¡ & H$ï>mo§ Am¡a Û§Ûm| H$mo ghZ H$aZm
Vn h¡ & AÜ``Z H$aZm Am¡a {dÚm àmá H$aZm ñdmÜ`m` h¡ & B©ída H$r CnmgZm
H$aZm B©ída àm{UYmZ h¡ &
^maVr` F${f`m| Zo bmoH$OrdZ _| `km| H$mo ~hþV A{YH$ _hËd {X`m & CÝhm|Zo
_Zþî` H$mo `k_` ~ZmZo H$m CnXoe {X`m & ì`{º$JV bm^ H$r Anojm Z H$aHo$
bmoH$ H$ë`mU H$r ^mdZm go {H$E JE H$_© `k h¢ & `k H$m ñdmñÏ` H$r Ñ{ï> go
^r _hËd ~Vm`m J`m h¡ & H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ `k _| Xr OmZo dmbr Amhþ{V`m| go
Amgnmg H$m n`m©daU eþÕ hmoVm h¡ Omo _Zþî` Ho$ ñdmñÏ` Ho$ {bE An{ahm`©
h¡ & _Zþî` H$m YZ, Vn, `moJ, ñdmÜ`m` Am¡a kmZ g^r `k_` h¢ `{X do bmoH$
H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE h¡ & `k go A{V{aº$ H$_© ~§YZ Ho$ H$maU hmoVo h¢ & _Zþî`
H$mo `k go ~Mr hþB© dñVþ H$m hr Cn`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE &
F${f`m| Zo OrdZ Ho$ àË`oH$ joÌ _| {d{eï> `km| H$m {dYmZ {H$`m & àË`oH$ {d{eï>
Adga, àË`oH$ g§ñH$ma na Am¡a àË`oH$ Adga na `k {H$E OmVo h¢ & J¥hñWr Ho$
H$_m] _| nm§M _hm`km|-~«÷`k, Xod`k, {nV¥`k, ^yV`k Am¡a A{V{W `k H$m {dYmZ
h¡ & `o g^r `k bm^ Am¡a bmoH$H$ë`mU H$r ^mdZm go {H$E OmVo h¢ & ñdmW©
H$r ^mdZmAm| go AWdm X§^ go {H$E OmZo dmbo `k Zm_`k H$hbmVo h¢
AWm©V² do Zm_ go Vmo `k h¢ bo{H$Z `k H$r ^mdZm go do `k eyÝ` h¢ &
OrdZ Ho$ gdm©JrU {dH$mg _| Aml_ na§nam H$m ~hþV A{YH$ `moJXmZ ahm h¡ &
^maVr` g§ñH¥${V _| H$_© H$r loð>Vm na AË`{YH$ {dídmg H$r _mÝ`Vm ahr h¡ &
l_erb Am¡a H$_©{Zð> ì`{º$ hr OrdZ _| g\$bVm Am¡a CÞ{V Ho$ _mJ© na AJ«ga hmo
gH$Vm h¡ & g_mO H$r ì`dñWm Bg àH$ma hmoZr Mm{hE {H$ H$_©{Zð>m H$mo
àmoËgmhZ {_b gHo$ Am¡a àË`oH$ ì`{º$ H$mo AnZr Am`þ Am¡a `mo½`Vm Ho$
AZþén _mZ{gH$ Ed§ emar{aH$ CÞ{V Ho$ Adga na àmá hmo gH|$ Am¡a BgHo$
gmW hr dh g_mO _| AnZm C{MV ñWmZ àmá H$a gH|$ & Aml_ eãX H$m AW© hr l_
H$r _hÎmm H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ & Am`þ Ho$ àW_ ^mJ _| dh kmZ H$r gmYZm
H$aHo$ AnZo H$mo gm§gm{aH$ ì`dhma Ho$ `mo½` ~ZmVm h¡ & Xygao ^mJ _| `h
{ddmh H$aH$o ì`{º$JV gþIm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVm hþAm gm_m{OH$ H$V©ì`m|
H$m {Zdm©h H$aVm h¡ & gm_m{OH$ CÎmaXm{`Ëdm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$
AZ§Va OrdZ Ho$ Vrgao ^mJ _| gm§gm{aH$ g§Kfm] Am¡a _moh~§YZm| H$m
n{aË`mJ H$aHo$ dZ _| Mbm OmVm h¡, Ohm§ _moj gmYZm Ho$ {bE Vnñ`m H$aVm
h¡ & Mm¡Wo ^mJ _| g§Ý`mg H$m Aml` boH$a dh _moj H$r àm{á _| g\$b hmoVm h¡
&
Aml_ ì`dñWm H$r aMZm d¡km{ZH$ AmYma na H$r JB© Wr & Bg ì`dñWm _| g_mO
Ho$ g^r ì`{º$`m| VWm dJm} H$mo g_mZ én go {dH$mg Ho$ Adga àmá hþE &
Am`m] H$r Bg ì`dñWm _| Ambñ` `m H$_©hrZVm H$m H$moB© ñWmZ Zht h¡ &
g§Ý`mgr ^r {OgZo g§gma H$r dmgZmAm| H$m n{aË`mJ H$a {X`m, H$_©{Zð>
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ahVm h¡ & ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {dH$mg _| H$_©{Zð> g§Ý`m{g`m| H$m ~hþV
~S>m `moJXmZ h¡ &
g§ñH¥${V go hr _mZd Am¡a g_mO nhoMmZo OmVo h¡ &
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CONCEPT OF MERGER &
ACQUISITIONS
IN INDIA
ZALA SHEFALI
PH.D. STUDENT,DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY,RAJKOT
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : COMMERCE
ABSTRACT
This paper explains the concept of Merger and Acquisitions in India. Under this paper many points
cover about Merger and Acquisitions like as History, Types, Strategies, Process, Benefits, Limitations,
Impact, Top deal, and Merger & Acquisitions in India.
INTRODUCTION:
Merger and Acquisitions is one of the best processes of corporate restructuring that has gained
substantial prominence in the present day corporate world. Restructuring usually means major
changes and modifications in the corporate strategies and beliefs. This shift in strategic alliances is
done with a desire to have an edge over competitors, eventually creating a new economic paradigm.
Businesses across the corporate world have only two options in hand to expand their operation and
gain substantial profits. One way is to grow through internal expansion by means of introducing new
technologies, altering the course of operations, enhancing work performance, and establishing new
lines of products or services. Through this business grow gradually over time but the new strategy of
external expansion has completely changed the business sector across the world. This external
expansion takes place in the form of Merger, Acquisitions, Takeovers, and Amalgamations,
dramatically supporting the globalization of businesses.
HISTORY OF MERGER & ACQUISITIONS IN INDIA:
The concept of Merger and Acquisition in India was not popular until the year 1988. During that
period a very small percentage of businesses in the country used to come together mostly into a
friendly acquisition with a negotiated deal. The key factor contributing to fewer companies involved
in the merger is the regulatory and prohibitory provisions of MRTP Act, 1969. According to this Act, a
company or a firm has to follow a pressurized and burdensome procedure to get approval for
Merger and Acquisitions.
The year 1988 witnessed one of the oldest business acquisitions or company mergers in India. It is
the well-known ineffective unfriendly takeover bid by SWARAJ PAUL to overpower DCM Ltd. And
ESCORTS Ltd. Further to that many other Non-Residents Indians had put in their efforts to take
control over various companies through their stock exchange portfolio.
TYPES OF MERGER AND ACQUISITIONS:
There are many types of Merger and Acquisitions that redefine the business world with new
strategic alliances and improved corporate philosophies. Some common and significant types of
Merger and Acquisitions are listed below:
Horizontal Merger:
A horizontal merger is representing a merger of companies which are engaged in the same line of
business. In this type of merger, two or more companies which are produced the same product or
provide the same services or which are direct competitor with each other join together. FOR
EXAMPLE- Merger of Tata Oil Mills Company with Hindustan Lever Limited.
Vertical Merger:
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A vertical merger is representing a merger of companies which are engaged in different stages of
production in an industry. Thus in case of this merger, two or more companies that are engaged in
the production of same goods or services but at different stages of production or services routes join
together. FOR EXAMPLE- Merger of Reliance Petrochemicals Limited with Reliance Industries
Limited.
Conglomerate Merger:
A conglomerate merger is representing a merger of companies which are engaged in unrelated lines
of activities. The companies involved in the merger may be manufacturing totally different products.
However, there may be some common features among them like as same channel of distribution or
technical area. FOR EXAMPLE- Merger of Mohata Steel Industries Ltd .with Vardhaman Spinning
Mills Ltd.
Reverse Merger:
A reverse merger refers to an arrangement where private company acquires a public company,
usually a shell company, in order to acquire the status of a public company. Also known as reverse
takeover.
STRATEGIES OF MERGER & ACQUISITIONS:
Strategies play an integral role when it comes to merger & acquisition. Every company has different
cultures and follows different strategies to define their merger.
Here are some of the most essential strategies of Merger and Acquisition:

The first and foremost thing is to determine business plan drivers. It is very important to
convert business strategies to set of drivers or a source of motivation to help the merger succeed in
all possible ways.

There should be a strong understanding of the intended business market, market share, and
the technological requirement and geographic location of the business.

Then there is an important need to assess the market by deciding the growth factors
through future market opportunities, recent trends, and customer’s feedback.

The integration process should be taken in line with consent of the management from both
the companies venturing into the merger.

Restructuring plans and future parameters should be decided with exchange of information
and knowledge from both ends.

At the end, ensure that all those involved in the merger including management of the
merger companies, stakeholders, board members, and investors agree on the defined strategies.
PROCESS OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION:
Merger and acquisition process is the most challenging and most critical one when it comes to
corporate restructuring.
Following are some of the important steps in the M&A process:
Business Valuation: Business valuation or assessment is the first process of merger and acquisition.
This step includes examination and evaluation of both the present and future market value of the
target company.
Proposal Phase: Proposal Phase is a phase in which the company sends a proposal for a merger or
an acquisition with complete details of the deal including the strategies, amount, and the
commitments.
Planning Exit: When any company decides to sell its operations, It has to undergo the stage of exit
planning, The Company has to take firm decision as to when and how to make the exit in an
organized and profitable manner.
Structuring Business Deal: After finalizing the merger and the exit plans, the new entity or the
takeover company has to take initiatives for marketing and create innovative strategies to enhance
business and its credibility.
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Stage of Integration: This stage includes both the company coming together with their own
parameters. It includes the entire process of preparing the document, signing the agreement, and
negotiating the deal.
Operating the Venture: After signing the agreement and entering into the venture, it is equally
important to operate the venture.
BENEFITS OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION:
Benefits of Merger and Acquisition are manifold.
-To generate cost efficiency through economies of scale.
-To generate tax gain.
-To increased value generation.
-To increase cost efficiency in market share.
-To increase revenue and reduce the cost of capital.
-To lower cost of operation and/or production.
-To gain higher competitiveness.
-To improve profitability and EPS.
PROBLEMS OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION:
It’s a well known fact that a good number of mergers fail because of various factors including
cultural differences and flawed intentions. There are many factors contributing to the failure and
elements that are problems of merger and acquisition.
-A flawed intention in terms of unethical motivation or high expectations can eventually lead to
failure of the merger.
-Any kind of agreement based completely on the optimistic stock market condition can also lead to
failure as stock market is an uncertain entity.
-Cultural difference is also a big problem in case of a merger. When two companies from different
corporate cultures come together it becomes a really challenging task to integrate the cultures of
both the companies.
IMPACT OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION:
Mergers and acquisitions bring a number of changes within the organization. The size of the
organizations change, its stocks, shares and assets also change, even the ownership may also change
due to the mergers and acquisition. The mergers and acquisitions play a major role on the activities
of the organization. The impact of mergers and acquisition depend on the structure of the deal.
Possible impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on different segments of business:
Impacts on Employees:
Mergers and acquisition may have great economic impact on the employees of the organization. In
fact, Mergers and acquisition could be pretty difficult for the employees as there could always be the
possibility of layoffs after any merger or acquisition.
Impact on Management:
The percentage of job loss may be higher in the management level than the general employees. The
reason behind this is the corporate culture clash. Due to change in corporate culture of the
organization, many managerial level professionals, on behalf of their superiors, need to implement
the corporate policies that they might not agree with. It involves high level of stress.
Impact on Shareholders:
impact of mergers and acquisitions also include some economic impact on the shareholders. If it is a
purchase, the shareholders of the acquired company get highly benefited from the acquisition as the
acquiring company pays a hefty amount for the acquisition.
Impact on Competition:
Mergers and acquisitions have different impact as far as market competitions are concerned.
Different industry has different level of competitions after the mergers and acquisitions.
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MERGER AND ACQUISITIONS IN INDIA:
India in the recent years has showed tremendous growth in the M&A deal. It has been actively
playing in all industrial sectors. It is widely spreading far across the stretches of all industrial verticals
and on all business platforms. The increasing volume is witnessed in various sectors like that of
finance, pharmaceuticals, telecom, FMCG, Industrial development, automotives and metals.
Large Indian companies are going through a phase of growth as all are exploring growth potential in
foreign markets and on the other end even international companies is targeting Indian companies
for growth and expansions, Some of the major factors resulting in this sudden growth of merger and
acquisition deal in India are favorable government policies, excess of capital flow, economic stability,
corporate investments, and dynamic attitude of Indian companies.
The recent merger and acquisition 2011 made by Indian companies worldwide are those of TATA
Steel acquiring Corus Group Plc, UK based company with a deal of US $12000 million and Hindalco
acquiring Novelis from Canada for US $6000 million.With these major mergers and many more on
the annual chart, M&A services India are taking a revolutionary form. Creating a niche on all
platforms of corporate businesses, mergers and acquisition in India is constantly rising with edge
over competition.
MERGER AND ACQUISITION IN VARIOUS SECTORS APRIL-JUNE-2013(%)
ACQUIRER
Apollo Tyres Ltd
TOP MERGER AND ACQUISITION DEALS:
TARGET
SECTOR
Cooper Tire and Rubber Manufacturing
co
Oil India Ltd, ONGC Rovuma Area 1 Offshore Oil and Gas
Videsh Ltd
Block
Mylan Inc
Agila Specialties Pvt Ltd
Pharma, Health care
& Biotech
FPM Power Holding GMR Energy Pvt Ltd
Power & energy
Ltd
NTPC LTD
Nabinagar
Power Power & Energy
Generating Company Pvt
Ltd
Etihad Airways
Jet Airways
Aviation
L&T
Hydrocarbon L&T Ltd, Hydrocarbon Engineering
Engineering LTd
Business
Piramal
Enterprise Shreeram Transport Fin Banking
And
Ltd
Company Ltd
Financial Services
US
$ DEAL TYPE
MILLION
2,500.00
Acquisition
2,475.00
Minority stake
1,800.00
Acquisition
481.82
Majority stake
412.68
Strategic stake
379.00
320.00
Strategic stake
Internal
restructuring
Minority stake
301.20
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Gaursons India
Vol.1/Issue9/APRIL- 2014/ISSN 2321-7073
300 acre land from Jaypee Real Estate
Group.
SKI Carbon Black Pvt Aditya birla Nuvo – Plastic & Chemicals
Ltd.
Carbobn Black business
272.73
Acquisition
263.82
Acquisition
REFERENCES






www.mergeracquisitions.in
www.grant-thronton.co.uk
Finance.mapsofworld.com/merger&acquisition
Business.mapsofindia.com/finance/merger&acquisition/impact.html
Dr.S.N.Maheshwari- Financial Management Principles and Practice -Sultanchand and Sons
Prasanna Chandra- Financial Management Theory and Practice.
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Women Empowerment
in Kachchh District
DR. N.T. TAGLANI
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN ECONOMICS,TOLANI COMMERCE COLLEGE,ADIPUR. (KACHCHH) GUJARAT
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT :ECONOMICS
Abstract
This research paper highlights the importance and significance of gender empowerment for
assessing relative level of progress or backwardness of women’s status of Kachchh District. It was
found that as against 919.43 females per 1000 males in the pre earthquake, selected areas of
Kachchh regions have 955.74 women per 1000 men in post earthquake. Adult female literacy rate in
selected regions of Kachchh district is 74.92% in the post earthquake period, which is lower than the
male literacy rate of 90.06. In the rural areas, many girls cannot attend or finish school because
either they are married off early or they have to graze cattle or work in the house or in fields. It is
observed that in many rural areas, parents and the society are not interested in female education
because the rural society is generally orthodox. The life expectancy at birth of female is 63.25 years,
which was 60.60.years pre earthquake. Life expectancy at birth of female has improved by about
three years. Secondly, the gap between male and female life expectancy is about seven years in the
post-earthquake period (male =56.41 years and female = 63.26 years. Female Work Participation
Rate (WPR) in selected regions of Kachchh is 37.72% which was 33.30% in pre earthquake. The
female WPR is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Females mostly migrate to other places
after marriage. It is one of the important causes of women’s low participation in economic activities.
Industries prefer to employ male workers for the above reason. It was found that only one-fourth
families do not like female participation in economic activities. About 92% families do not believe in
gender discrimination in rural or urban areas pre or post earthquake. Fortunately, not only in
Kachchh but also all over Gujarat, females are safer than in any other State. About 88% families
gave their opinion that their family’s females are safe in their areas. Rural females are safer than
urban females. In rural areas, the society plays a very important role in regard to safety.
INTRODUCTION
In the simplest of words it is basically the creation of an environment where women can make
independent decisions on their personal development as well as shine as equal in society.Women
want to be treated as equals so much so that if a woman rises to the top of her field it should be a
commonplace occurrence that draws nothing more than a raised eyebrow at the gender. This can
only happen if there is channelized route for the empowerment of women. A total of 2,44,270
incidents of crime against women (both under IPC and SLL) were reported in the country during the
year 2012 as compared to 2,28,650 in the year 2011 recording an increase of 6.4% during the year
2012. These crimes have continuously increased during 2008-2012 with 1,95,856 cases in the year
2008, 2,03,804 cases in 2009 and 2,13,585 cases in 2010 and 2,28,650 cases in 2011 and 2,44,270
cases in the year 2012. Two third of the 800 million people in the world who lack basic literacy skills
are females. Half a million women die each year from complications during pregnancy. Ninety nine
percent of them in developing countries. Globally, 1 in 3 women and girls experience physical and
sexual violence with rates as high as 2 in 3 in some Pacific countries (Sources:
www.ausaid.gov.au/keyaid/u)
GENDER EMPOWERMENT MEASURES (GEM)
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GEM measures whether women and men are able to actively participate in economic and political
life and in decision making. While GDI focuses on expansion of capabilities, GEM is concerned with
the use of those capabilities to take advantage of the opportunities in life. GEM captures gender
inequality in three key areas:
(a)
Political participation and decision making power, as measured by women’s and men’s
percentage shares of parliamentary seats.
(b)
Economic participation and decision making power, as measured by two indicatorsWomen’s and men’s percentage shares in positions held as legislators, senior officials and managers:
and women’s and men’s percentage shares of professional and technical positions.
(c)
Power over Economic resources as measured by Women’s and Men’s estimated earned
income (PPP US$)
It is strongly argued by some scholars that the sex ratio is a good indicator of gender inequality and
throws interesting light on several important aspects of gender relations(Dreze and Sen1995) such
as, intra-house-hold disparities that reflect preference of males over females. One explanation given
by these scholars is the increase in the death rate of females in 30+ age group at the all India level
and particularly in north Indian states (Dreze and Sen 1995:152) This means that men benefited
more than women from medical advances and related improvements. They further argue that there
is a need to look deeply at the issues involved in gender bias in child survival.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
This research paper highlights the importance and significance of gender empowerment for
assessing relative level of progress or backwardness of women’s status of Kachchh District. An
Analysis of the situation of women of Kachchh District in the post earthquake decade is made
covering issues of employment, education, health, survival, safety and women’s participation in
economy.Women’s employment is one of the most crucial indicators and serves as an
empowerment tool. However, the number of women who are in employment is poorly captured or
enumerated since most of the work they do, is not appropriately remunerated. The rate of women’s
participation in the work force is shown as low. Education forms a very basic indicator for women’s
equality and empowerment. Levels of female literacy, gender gaps in literacy levels and enrolment
and dropout rates at the primary school level are relevant indicators for this paper.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
To find quantum of Gender development, proper selection of samples is necessary as this alone can
give authentic result.Out of ten Talukas in the district, five Talukas have been selected. Standard of
living, education and health facilities are not the same in urban and rural areas. So both the areas
were selected proportionately. A total of 600 families have been selected (300 families from urban
areas and 300 families from rural areas).
(1) Gender Ratio in Selected areas of Kachchh
According to 2011 census count, the total population of Kachchh is 2090313. Among them 1096343
are males and 993970 females. The gender ratio is 907 per thousand male. In 1991the sex ratio was
964 which declined to 942 in 2002. In 2002 census count, the sex ratio in 0-6 year’s age group was
918 girls per 1000 boys. It was found that as against 919.43 females per 1000 males in the pre
earthquake, selected areas of Kachchh regions have 955.74 women per 1000 men in post
earthquake Chart 1 Gender Ratio in selected Areas of Kachchh
955.74
Post earthquake
919.43
Pre earthquake
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
Ra tio
Source :Field work
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In the Post-earthquake, the highest gender ratio is observed in LakhpatTaluka as compared to other
Talukas. The ratio was 821.43, which has increased to 987.01 after earthquake.
(2) Educational Status of Women in Selected Areas:
Education helps men and women claim their rights and realize their potential in economic, political
and social arenas. It is also the single most powerful way to lift people out of poverty. Women
education in India plays a very important role in the overall development of the country. It not only
helps in the development of half of the human resources, but in improving the quality of life at home
and outside. Educated women not only tend to promote education of their girl children, but can also
provide better guidance to all their children. There are several compelling benefits associated with
girls’ education, which include the reduction in maternal mortality, lower fertility rates,
enhancement of women’s domestic role and their political participation, improvement of economic
productivity and protection of girls from HIV/AIDS, abuse and exploitation. Moreover, educated
women can also help in the reduction of infant mortality rate and growth of the population.
Girls’ education yields some of the highest returns of all development investments, yielding both
private and social benefits that accrue to individuals, families and society at large. In selected regions
of Kachchh district adult literacy rates are shown in chart.
Chart 2. Adult literacy rate and gender equality
90.06
100
88.91
74.92
90
80
72.26
70
60
%
Pre earthquake
50
40
30
20
10
0
Post earthquake
Post earthquake
Pre earthquake
Male
Female
Source : Field work
From the above table and diagram it is found that adult female literacy rate in selected regions of
Kachchh district is 74.92% in the post earthquake period, which is lower than the male literacy rate
of 90.06%. It has slightly improved from the pre earthquake position. Pre earthquake female literacy
rate was 72.26%, which was lower than male literacy rate of 88.91.% It is noted that female literacy
rate is still behind the male literacy rate and the gap between the male and the female literacy rates
is narrowing.In the rural areas, many girls cannot attend or finish school because either they are
married off early or they have to graze cattle or work in the house or in fields. It is observed that in
many rural areas, parents and the society are not interested in female education because the rural
society is generally orthodox and Government authorities fail to take note of endemic violence in
homes or streets and in communities. In urban areas the society is not so orthodox; parents are
aware of the need for female education. All facilities of education are available at the door, so
female literacy rate is high in urban areas.
3. Health and Life Expectancy and Gender Equality in Selected Areas:
Educated women are more aware of immunization programmes and family nutrition, health, and
hygiene and are more likely to use health care facilities in the event of sickness of their children. In
the selected areas, all health facilities for females are available in urban areas only. The life
expectancy of females and males is shown in chart.
Chart 3: Life expectancy at birth and gender equality
63.25
64
life expectancy
62
60.6
60
58
59.01
56.41
58.12
Pre earthquake
56.46
56
post earthquake
54
post earthquake
52
Male
Pre earthquake
Female
Total
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Source: Death registers of Municipalities of selected cities and Gram Panchayats of selected villages
The life expectancy at birth of female is 63.25 years, which was 60.60.years pre earthquake. Life
expectancy at birth of female has improved by about three years. This improvement is observed in
urban areas only and not in rural areas. Also no improvement is observed in male life expectancy.
Secondly, the gap between male and female life expectancy is about seven years in the postearthquake period (male =56.41 years and female = 63.26 years), while in pre earthquake, the gap
was five years (male = 56.46 year and female=60.60 years). It means that females have higher life
expectancy (about 5 to 7 years) than the males. As has been noted earlier, worldwide women
usually have higher life expectancy than men, which is substantiated by this research.
(4) Economic Participation of Women in Selected Areas :
In the Kachchh district in rural areas, many females are engaged in agriculture activities but they are
considered as ‘non workers’. The investigator has tried to find out the extent of economic
participation by women in rural areas. They agreed that they were engaged in economic activities
but their income was not accounted for. Female Work Participation Rate (WPR) in selected regions
of Kachchh is 37.72% which was 33.30% in pre earthquake. It means female WPR increased by
4.42%. In urban areas it is 30.35 % which was 26.39% pre earthquake. Pre earthquake the female
WPR was 38.09% which has increased to 42.05% after the earthquake. This does not seem to be
satisfactory
Chart 5: Economic participation of females
42.05
45
30.35
40
38.09
35
30
%
37.72
33.3
26.39
25
20
Pre earthquake
15
Post earthquake
10
5
Post earthquake
0
Urban areas
Pre earthquake
Rural areas
Total
Source : Field work
The female WPR is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Many families live below poverty line,
so practically the whole family is engaged in agriculture or labour work for their livelihood. Some
rural women are engaged in NREGA plan (The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Guarantee ACT 2005)
launched by Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. In urban areas also, the female
WPR is not satisfactory. However, the
employment opportunities have increased after the
earthquake.
Females mostly migrate to other places after marriage. It is one of the important causes of women’s
low participation in economic activities. Industries prefer to employ male workers for the above
reason.
(5) Economic and Social Status of Female
There still exists a gap between the existence of rights and their effective enjoyment due to lack of
commitment of the society to promote and protect those rights. Many women are ignorant about
their rights. It was found that only one-fourth families do not like female participation in economic
activities. Pre earthquake 73% and after earthquake 78% families approve of such participation.
About 92% families do not believe in gender discrimination in rural or urban areas pre or post
earthquake. They love male and female child equally. Many parents prefer male child but they also
welcome the female child. According to some parents “a son is a son till he takes him a wife, and a
daughter is a daughter till the end of her life”. They give the examples of Rani Laxmibai,Kalpana
Chawla, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, KiranBedi and our Hon’blePresident Mrs. PartibhaPatil. Most families
agree that they encourage female education. In pre or post earthquake period in rural areas about
90% and in urban areas, about 97% families give the opinion that they are in favour of female
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education; however, the drop out ratio is more in rural areas than in urban areas, as has been noted
earlier.
(6) Safety
Safety is a part of gender development–safety in the sense of endemic violence in homes, on streets
and in communities and in the context of social, economic and sexual harassment etc. Fortunately,
not only in Kachchh but also all over Gujarat, females are safer than in any other State. About 88%
families gave their opinion that their family’s females are safe in their areas. An important point
observed was that pre earthquake 85% families in urban areas and 90% families in rural areas are
safe. It means that rural females are safer than urban females. In rural areas, the society plays a
very important role in regard to safety, but in urban areas due to modernization and fashionable life
style, internet and cell-phone etc. violence against females has grown enormously.
SUGGESTIONS
(1) Female education should be encouraged in rural areas through awareness campaigns,
multimedia and motivational programmes
(2) In rural areas, parents are generally hesitant to send their daughters to co-educational schools.
The girls too are shy and hesitant to go to such schools. To encourage female education in villages,
the Government and the NGOs should establish Girls High Schools.
(3) The third MDG (Millennium Development Goal) is centered towards promoting gender equality
and empowering women: "Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education .
preferably by 2005, and in all level of education by no later 2015"
(4) The Government should open dispensaries and maternity hospitals in rural areas where there is a
population of at least 2000.
(5) Female leadership is necessary in politics. Corruption in politics should be curbed.
(6) Campaigns like the ‘Beti Bachao Abhiyan’ should be launched on a wider.
REFERENCES
* Iyenger, Sudarshan, (2004) - "Socioeconomic profile of Kachchh" 34th Annual Gujarat
Economic Conference held at Adipur (Kachchh) - P115-142
* Hirway, Indira and Mahadevia Darshini,, (2004) "Gujarat Human Development Report "
Mahatma Gandhi Labour Institute, Ahmedabad, India.
* Healthy Living Happy Living- Swarnim Gujarat (1960-2010) P 13- 15
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Effect of Selected Yogasana
Practice on Obese College
Girls
*AJITSINH A. THAKOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
ARTS & COM. MAHILA COLLEGE, UNJHA
KEYWORDS : YOGASANA, OBESE, BMI, WAIST/HIPS RATIO.
**DR. P. B. THUMAR
DIRECTOR, DEPT. OF PHY. OF EDU.
THE M S UNIVERSITY OF BARODA
SUBJECT : PHYSICAL EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
Obesity is becoming one of the burning problems all over the world. Obesity can occur at any age. It
is one of the most deterrent health hazards in the world, affecting more than 30% of the global
population. Obesity is a serious risk to our health. In fact, some doctors even call obesity itself a
disease. Obesity and overweight constitute two of the most significant medical and health problems
in the world today. However, there is nothing stopping us from changing the habits we have now
into better ones that prolongs our life. Even those who are not obese should be aware of how they
treat their bodies.
BMI can be used to screen for both overweight and obesity in adults. Body Mass Index (BMI), is the
formula we use to find out the ratio between weight and height. BMI is dividing the weight in
kilograms by the square of the person's height in meters. BMI = Weight (Kg) / Height2 (Mt.)Yoga is a
systematic discipline, originated in India the self-realization However, now a day, scientific
researchers find its utility for all round development of personality along with innumerable spiritual
as well as therapeutically applications, Yogic exercises are also becoming popular in the area of
games and sports and also in the curriculum of Indian schools, college and universities.To find out
whether there would be any significant difference in BMI, body fat and waist/Hips ratio due to yogic
practices among obese college girls.
The purpose of the preset study was to find out the effect of yogic practices BMI and body fat
variables of the obese girls. To achieve the purpose of this study, a qualified physician examined
1600 female students. Forty obese adolescents were selected at random, their age ranged from 18
to 25 years as per the college records. The selected subjects were divided into two groups and each
group with twenty subjects in each (n=20). Experimental group - I underwent yogic practice (PEG),
and Group - II served as control group (CG) for the training period of 12 weeks. The training schedule
was 3 days per week. The results of the study conducted that there were significant difference in
BMI, Body Fat and Waist/Hip Ratio of the obese girls. Further it may concluded that the experiment
program were effective in reducing the obesity in girls.
INTRODUCTION
Fitness is the ability to live a full and balanced life. The totally fit person has a healthy and happy
outlook on life. Obesity is becoming one of the burning problems all over the world. Obesity can
occur at any age. It is one of the most deterrent health hazards in the world, affecting more than
30% of the global population. Not only has it sparked a lot of talk, but it has also begun to be ranked
as a serious risk comparable to certain diseases. Obesity is a serious risk to our health. In fact, some
doctors even call obesity itself a disease.Obesity and overweight constitute two of the most
significant medical and health problems in the world today. The effects appear to be as much
psychological as physiological. It has been estimated that as ten million teenagers are overweight,
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representing approximately 20 percent of total teenage population in the United States. It has also
been estimated that the average individual in the country who is 25 years of age or older will gain
approximately one pound of additional weight per year. At the same time bone the muscle mass is
decreasing by approximately 0.025 to 0.50 pounds per year. This yields a net gain in fat of 1.25 to
1.50 pounds per year, 12.5 to 10 pounds in 10 year.
However, there is nothing stopping us from changing the habits we have now into better ones that
prolongs our life. Even those who are not obese should be aware of how they treat their bodies.
Even if they aren't obese now, bad eating and exercise habits can have negative effects later on in
life, even if there aren't any signs now.
BMI can be used to screen for both overweight and obesity in adults. Body Mass Index (BMI), is the
formula we use to find out the ratio between weight and height. BMI is dividing the weight in
kilograms by the square of the person's height in meters. BMI = Weight (Kg) / Height2 (Mt.)
The BMI limit for Indians is: Less than 18.4 – Underweight, 18.5 - 22.9 – Normal, 23 - 24.9 –
Overweight and More than 25 – Obese.
Obesity occurs when there is an excess amount of fat in one's body. Person is classified as obese if
he has a BMI of 25 or higher. Many classify obesity as a disease that affects the rest of one's body in
negative ways, leading to increased stress on the heart and other organs. People with a BMI of are
23 - 24.9 typically classified as overweight, however they also take the risk of becoming obese if they
do not change their lifestyle or seek medical treatment.
Yoga is a systematic discipline, originated in India the self-realization However, now a day, scientific
researchers find its utility for all round development of personality along with innumerable spiritual
as well as therapeutically applications, Yogic exercises are also becoming popular in the area of
games and sports and also in the curriculum of Indian schools, college and universities.
Nationally representative surveys have shown rising trend of overweight and obesity in developing
countries. Economic development, increased availability and consumption of food, changes in
lifestyle and increased urbanization are contributing further to increase the burden of obesity in
India. The burden of obesity is more in urban areas and affecting young adults and children.
Especially college students are highly vulnerable to obesity as living away from home, transitioning
to independent living and are thus making their own food choices, irregular routines and attracted
to new lifestyle, which often results in imbalanced diet. Since there is paucity of evidences on
burden of obesity and prevailing lifestyle patterns among young adults in India, the present small
scale study was carried out to find out the burden of overweight and obesity among college students
in 18-25 years age group in college girl.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
To find out whether there would be any significant difference in BMI, body fat and waist/Hips ratio
due to yogic practices among obese college girls.
METHODS
The purpose of the preset study was to find out the effect of yogic practices BMI and body fat
variables of the obese girls. To achieve the purpose of this study, a qualified physician examined
1600 female students from Unjha colleges namely shree J.M.Patel Arts & smt. M.N.patel Commerce
mahila college, mahila B. Ed college, mahila polytechnic college, and found out 40 obese adolescents
out of 143 obese adolescents. Forty obese adolescents were selected at random, their age ranged
from 18 to 25 years as per the college records. The selected subjects were divided into two groups
and each group with twenty subjects in each (n=20). Experimental group - I underwent yogic practice
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(PEG), and Group - II served as control group (CG) for the training period of 12 weeks. The training
schedule was 3 days per week.
Yogasana practice as Suryanamskar, Trikonasana, Chakrasana, veerasana, Yogamudra,
Paschimottanasana, ardhamatsyendrasana, Saral-hasta bhujangasana, dhanurasana
MEASURING THE BODY FAT & BMI:
BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYZER
Purpose:To measure the body fat and BMI of the Subjects.
Equipment:(Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer) Omron body fat monitor
Procedure Preparation:
Enter the subjects’ gender, age, height and weight in the Omron body fat monitor. The subjects
stood with feet slightly apart. Subjects wrap the middle finger around the grove of the handle.
Subjects place the palm on the top and the bottom electrodes. Subjects put thumbs up position,
resting on the top of the unit. Then subject hold the arms straight out at a 900 angle to his body. On
gripping with both hands, measurements was automatically begin.
Scoring: Only one trial was permitted, displayed score body fat & BMI in the Omron body fat
monitor was recorded in percentage.
MEASURING THE WAIST TO HIP RATIO (WHR)
Aim: The purpose of this test was to determine the ratio of waist circumference to the hip
circumference, as this has been shown to be related to the risk of coronary heart disease.
Equipment: Measuring tape
Procedure: A simple calculation of the measurements of the waist girth divided by the hip girth.
Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) = Gw / Gh, where Gw = waist girth, Gh = hip girth. It does not matter which
units of measurement you use, as long as it is the same for each measure.
Scoring: The table below gives general guidelines for acceptable levels for hip to waist ratio. You can
use any units for the measurements (e.g. cm or inches), as it is only the ratio that is important.
Table I
Acceptable
Unacceptable
Excellent
Good
Average
High
Extreme
< 0.85
0.85 - 0.90
0.90 - 0.95
0.95 - 1.00
> 1.00
Female < 0.75
0.75 - 0.80
0.80 - 0.85
0.85 - 0.90
> 0.90
Male
Target population: This measure is often used to determine the coronary artery disease risk factor
associated with obesity.
Advantages: the WHR is a simple measure that can be taken at home by anyone to monitor their
own body composition levels.
RESULT & DISCUSSION
To find out the effect of selected yogasana practice on the obese college girls ‘t’ test were applied.
The results of the study were as follows:
Table II t- test of comparison of BMI
Yoga Group
Control Group
M
SD
‘T’
M
SD
‘T’
Pre Test
31.92
0.8180
31.42
0.7053
5.9388
0.1695
Post Test 29.755
0.7823
31.34
0.4631
Level of confidence at 0.05
Above table II reveals that calculated‘t’ of yoga practice group is more than tabulated T0.05 (19) =2.09
and calculated‘t’ value of control group is less than tabulated T0.05 (19) =2.09.
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Hence, it was concluded that there was significant effect of yogasana practice on the BMI of obese
girls.
Table III t- test of comparison of BODY FAT
Yoga Group
Control Group
M
SD
‘t’
M
SD
‘t’
Pre Test
35.515
2.6717
34.88
2.6676
6.3234
0.4332
Post Test 32.985
2.5091
34.90
2.6056
Level of confidence at 0.05
It is evident from table-III that calculated value of yoga practice group ‘t’ test was more than
tabulated value of ‘t’0.05 (19) = 2.09 and calculated value of control group ‘t’ test was less than
tabulated ‘t’0.05 (19) =2.09
It may be concluded that there was a significant change by the yogasana on BODY FAT of obese
college girls.
Table IVt- test of comparison of Waist/Hips ratio
Yoga Group
Control Group
M
SD
‘t’
M
SD
‘t’
Pre Test
0.8004
0.0412
0.7866
0.0183
8.54
0.0693
Post Test 0.7800
0.0183
0.7899
0.0191
Level of confidence at 0.05
It is evident from table-III that yoga practice group T is better than tabulated T0.05 (19) = 2.09 and
control group T is less then tabulated T0.05 (19) =2.09.
It may be concluded that there was a significant change by the yogasana on waist/hips ratio of obese
college girl students.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that there were significant difference in BMI, Body Fat and Waist/Hip Ratio of the
obese girls. Further it may concluded that the experiment program were effective in reducing the
obesity in girls.
REFERENCES
1.
Kulkarni D, D BERA TK (2009), Yogic Exercise and Health, A Psycho Neuro Immunological
Approach, Indian Journal of Physiol Pharmacol.
2.
Narayani, U. and Sudhan Paul Raj, R.L. (2010), Effect of Aerobic Training on Percentage of
Body Fat, Total Cholesterol and HDL-C among Obese Women. World Journal of Sport Sciences 3 (1)
3.
Ross, Alyson., M.S.N., R.N., and Thomas, Sue., F.A.A.N (2010), The Health Benefits of Yoga
and Exercise: A Review of Comparison Studies, The journal of alternative and complementary
4.
Falkstedt, D., Hemmingsson, T., Rasmussen, F., and Lundberg, I., “Body Mass Index in Late
Adolescence and its Association with Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Middle Age among
Swedish Men”, International Journal of Obesity, Volume 31, No. 5, 2006.
5.
Jequier, “Energy, Obesity and Body Weight Standards” (USA: American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 1987) Cited by James R. Morrow, Allen W. Jackson, James G. Disch and Dale P. Mood,
Measurement and Evaluation in Human Performance, (USA: Versa Press, 2000).
6.
Sheth Mini, Shah Nirali, The Scientific way to Managing Obesity, New Delhi: Sterling
Publishers, 2006.
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IS KNOWLEDGE POWER
DR. RAJKUMAR S. TOPANDASANI
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & HEAD,DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTANCY,ARTS & COMMERCE COLLEGE, MENDARDA
KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : COMMERCE
ABSTRACT
To most people power is represented by money. They are right as they go, for money is power of a
very mighty kind, and rules the land with an autocratic sway. Every man, and many a women, born
into the world without ready-made silver spoons in their mouth, have to fight for money, which in
necessary to their very existence; and for this continual struggle, they must, as a rule, mouth, bring
all their strength of mind and body. In this fight the weal and the lazy generally go to the wall, and
the strong and the industrious generally win, though, as long as there is so much hypocrisy and
villainy in the world, this rule will have many exception. We may call it an unholy struggle, and cry
out against the worship of mammon; but under the present social conditions money is necessary,
first for existence, secondly for comfort, and thirdly for pleasure. Money is power, because it
procures a great number of things that men hold most dear. Without a fair share of it a man can
have no wife or children, nor can he enjoy leisure, nor the beauties of art or nature. A man without
money must either lead a life of hard toil with little pleasure as leisure, or he must defy society and
thereby break his head against a brick wall. Knowledge should be regarded as more than the means
of pulling through. The acquisition of knowledge should be the one great aim of every man and
woman. So every man and woman is student
INTRODUCTION
To most people power is represented by money. They are right as they go, for money is power of a
very mighty kind, and rules the land with an autocratic sway. Every man, and many a women, born
into the world without ready-made silver spoons in their mouth, have to fight for money, which in
necessary to their very existence; and for this continual struggle, they must, as a rule, mouth, bring
all their strength of mind and body. In this fight the weal and the lazy generally go to the wall, and
the strong and the industrious generally win, though, as long as there is so much hypocrisy and
villainy in the world, this rule will have many exception. We may call it an unholy struggle, and cry
out against the worship of mammon; but under the present social conditions money is necessary,
first for existence, secondly for comfort, and thirdly for pleasure. Money is power, because it
procures a great number of things that men hold most dear. Without a fair share of it a man can
have no wife or children, nor can he enjoy leisure, nor the beauties of art or nature. A man without
money must either lead a life of hard toil with little pleasure as leisure, or he must defy society and
thereby break his head against a brick wall.
A man therefore, must not be condemned who devotes a great part of his life to the pursuit of
money, because money to him may represent a wife and family, a comfortable house, leisure for
health, and the cultivation of his intellect, books, pictures, and music, and the means of making
other lives, as well as his own, brighter and happier. In this many of our preachers are inconsistent.
They condemn the pursuit of wealth, yet they applaud the man who prospers by reason of his
intelligence, integrity, and industry. It is not the legitimate pursuit of money that is evil, but the
objects for which the money is often desired and in this lies all the difference. Money is power, but it
may be a power for harm instead of good. Money is power, but it is not all-powerful.
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The man, for instance, who, having wealth, is yet lacking in refinement of mind. Who has no
education by which he may understand and enjoy the beauties of literature, art, and nature, can
only use his money for the gratification of sensual appetites, and he is therefore nit all-powerful, but
,rather, an abject slave, and any power he may have is the power of a brute beast which works for
destruction rather than edification on the other hand, the man of trained intellect, the man whose
soul has been open to the nobler influences around him, who has treasured up not gold, but a store
of precious learning, which, matured in his brain, has ripened into wisdom, who , looking calmly
upon the world around him, scorns its foolish and despises its so-called pleasures, who has within
himself a source of intellectual joy in the contemplation of the mysteries and problems of the world
and its history, is the man of power, before whom the man of gold must bow down in homage as to
a king. Carlyle, in his study at cheyne Row, Chelsea, living with his wife in an income of rs.100 per
annum, but sending forth living words to stir the hearts of his countrymen, was more powerful than
an americn millionaire, or any other whose money was used merely for perishable things of the
world. Yet do not let us make the sweeping assertion that Carlyle was above the need of money. It is
probable that he would have produced better work and more work if he had not been so pinched by
“chill penury”, which, however, could not “ Repress the noble rage and freeze the genial current of
his soul.”
John Ruskin, as most of us know, was a remarkable instance of the value of money combined with
intellect. Money is power, through not all-powerful, and knowledge is sometimes money, though
not always power, if by power we mean the influence of one mind over others, and the command of
all that is purest and noblest in life for one’s service and intellectual pleasure.
WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE?
I am afraid that to the great majority of my countrymen knowledge means just that quantity if
learning necessary to “pull through”. This is not merely an opinion based on my personal
observations, but is supported by the testimony of many eminent critics, who regard this as the
most disastrous characteristic of our nation. At the university’s the majority of the young men who
are to take the foremost places in society scramble through their terms in a happy-go-lucky manner,
acquiring the least passable knowledge to get their Degree with the leasr possible exertions. Once
obtained, they get rid of their books and their learning with almost equal rapidity, and are content to
lapse into what they consider a blissful ignorance, devoting themselves to sport and social pleasure
with the British ardour for anything but learning. It is the same in very profession and class. The
medical students just cram up sufficient to “ pull through.” The army student abhors “the shop” as
he calls the military school at Sandhurst, and, when ones he has got his commission, thinks polo
more worthy of his exertions than military science. The average member of Parliament is as ignorant
of constitutional history and principle of government ass the main in the street who has been
entrusted with vote. The elementary school-master, who is receiving such a lot of attention just
now, is another example of “pulling through” police. I myself come contact with some thousand of
this class, and, beside my own observation, I have the assurance of men their own profession, that
the majority of teacher just for their examination, and then abandon learning is no longer necessary.
They read only the most frivolous literature, and hardly taken an intelligent interest their daily
paper. Of course I am speaking generally-there are hundreds of brilliant exception; but it cannot be
denied that there is not enthusiasm or respect for learning which it is receive abroad. This fact must
be noticed by all students op philosophy, ancient history, antiquities, and science. For one authority
in England there are on an average, I should say, twenty French and forty German. Profound learning
in England does not pay. There may be more scholar than seems apparent by the above mentioned
statement, but the publisher could not afford to produce their work because the British public as a
whole does not read such literature.
EVERY MAN A STUDENT
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Knowledge should be regarded as more the means of pulling through. The acquisition of knowledge
should be the one great aim of every man and woman. Of course there are many branches of
knowledge, and each individual should decide for himself for what subject he has most aptitude, and
which will give him most power-power, as I have explained before, not merely of money but also of
mind. In these article of mine I have devoted most space to England literature and kinder subject,
not considering ot within many province to write upon technical or purely scientific subject; but I am
fully conscious that a knowledge of the great poets, or of the great novelists, or even of history, is
not essential to all men and women. The engineer who has porfound knowledge of mechanics, the
chemist who is absorbed by the fascinating study of organic and inorganic chemistry, the doctor who
devotes his life to the laws of health, the cabinet –maker who take a hearty pride in turning out
honest and artistic work, the farmer who study the science of soil manures, live stock, and farm
crops, is each in his way a learned man. Why I advocated is, that every man in every walk of life
should not be content with merely pulling through, but should extend his knowledge to the farthest
limits of the subject. If a man does that, he will find that knowledge is indeed power in every sense
of word.
THE COBBLER TO HIS LAST
If money were the only power, knowledge, however, would sometime be weakness. For instance,
one of my correspondents, whose letters are among the most interesting I have received, assures
me that his love for literature has been a drawback to his profession as a farmer. When studying
Shakepere and Geothe, Shelly and Keats, he has not had that ardor for the duties on his farm
essential to the worldly prosperity. This, of course, is likely enough, but such a person must decide
for himself which he, prefer, the power of money or of mind. If the cobbler does not stick to his last,
but leaves it to the poetry, or to study politics, he must not cry out if the public will not by his badly
made shoes. But a poetical cobbler may prefer the “fine frenzy” without the luxury of beer and
skittles to such a luxury without his poesy. It all matter to taste. But certainly it cannot be dined that
if the cobbler does stock his last, the studies the properties of shoe leather with zeal, he will conquer
fortune and be a power in his land or village. “Show me a man diligent in his business, and he shall
stand before kings,” say the proverb.
Knowledge is indeed power-that power brought by money when knowledge is applied to the
particular profession of the individual, or that the power possessed by a wise man whose knowledge
does not serve merely mercenary purposes. And this is the best of all wisdom. The man whose
presence give dignity to the company, who when his fellows are wandering in maze of ignorance
puts them on the right road, who can give counsel to his generation supported by the authority of
the great mind of the past, who had eschewed delights and lived laborious days, whose discourse is
illuminated with learning, and whose words are those of wisdom, has a power which gold cannot
purchase nor man destroy.
CONCLUSION
Knowledge should be regarded as more than the means of pulling through. The acquisition of
knowledge should be the one great aim of every man and woman. So every man and woman is
student
REFERENCES
1.
2.
Philip.G. Improve your Knowledge by published mark publishers jaipur .
Angione, j. 2003. Cedar survey on HR self –creation. HRO today, vol 2 no.1
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


KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : LANGUAGE
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

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







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
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
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
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
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

















REFERENCES
 ‘पुराण’ पूराभवम ् पूरा नवम ् भवति इति नीरूत्क
३/१९
२.रूच: समाांतन छन्दासस पुराण यजुषा सहउच्छछष्टज्ज .....अथवव १९-७-२४
३.इतिहासपुरण: पांचमो वेदानाां वेद: छ्न्न््दो. ७-१-४ 

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
 The Eagle’s Quest by Fred Alan Wolf, Simon & Schuster (1991)
 





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;\TvSlJ SALZ VF{Z NFN}
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SL T],GF
5|FP D]S[XS]DFZ ˆP SF\lHIF
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KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT : LANGUAGE
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;FDFgITo ;NFRFZ S[ ,1F6M\ ;[ I]ÉT jIlÉT SM ;\T SCF HFTF C{
š HM VFtDMgGlT ˆJ\ ,MSD\U, D[\ ZT ZCTF C{ JC ;\T C{ š
VFHS, lCgNL ;FlCtI D[\ lGU]6M"5F;S 7FGFzIL XFBF S[ SlJIM\
SM ;\T SCF HFTF C{ š SALZ4 NFN} NIF,4 GFGS4 Z{NF;4
;]gNZNF;4 D,}SNF;4 ClZNF; lGZ\HGL VFlN SlJIM\ SL U6GF ;\T
SlJIM\ D[\ SL HFTL C{ š ;\T ZßHA4 WD"NF;4 U]~ V\UN VFlN
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SL X]âTF 5Z A, N[T[ C]ˆ S'l+D HLJG SF lJZMW lSIF VF{Z
lCgN}vD];,DFG NMGM\ S[ l,ˆ ˆS ;FDFgI ElÉTDFU" SF
5|lT5FNG lSIF š ;FWGF DFU" SM jIFJCFlZS ˆJ\ ;Z, AGF N[GF
;\TSFjI SL 5|D]B lJX[QFTF C{ š ;\TSFjI ;rR[ VYM" D[\ HG ;FlCtI
C{ š ;\TvSlJ SFjIZRGF SL VMZ pTG[ ;HU GCL\ Y[4 Vl5T] .G
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SlJIM\ D[\ SALZ VF{Z NFN} SF :YFG lJlXQ84 DCtJ5}6" ˆJ\
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;JF"lWS 5|lTEFXF,L ˆJ\ T[H:JL C{ š SALZ S[ HLJGJ'¿ ;[ ;\A\lWT
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ZCF C{ š .GSL D'tI] ;\JTŸ 1505, 1575, 1569 VF{Z 1549 DFGL HFTL
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JCL\ GL~vGLDF G[ SALZ SM 5FIF š NMGM\ S[ CFYM\ 5ZJlZX
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SL 5tGL SF GFD ,M." VF{Z 5]+ J 5]+L SF SDF, VF{Z SDF,L
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NFN} NIF, WD" ;]WFZS4 ;DFHv;]WFZS VF{Z ZC:IJFNL ;\T SlJ
Y[ š DôISF,LG ;\T SlJIM\ D[\ pGSF jIlÉTtJ A0F 5|EFJXF,L ZCF
C{ š NFN} S[ HgDSF,4 HgD:YFG TYF HFlT SM ,[SZ lJ£FG ˆS
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XCZ D[\ VF{Z .GSL D'tI] ;\JT 1660 D[\ HI5]Z D[\ GZF{GF GFDS
:YFG D[\ C]." YL š .GSF V;,L GFD NFéN YF š .GS[ U]~ A]-ŸFAFAF IF J'âFGgN DFG[ HFT[ C{\ š .gCM\G[ VFU[ R,SZ ‘A|ï
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SCF HFTF C{ š ZßHA4 ;]gNZNF;4 5|FUNF;4 HGUM5F, VFlN
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C]VF š ;\T SlJIM\ G[ lH;[ ZFD4 ZCLD4 UMlJgN4 UM5F, VFlN
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5|EFlJT YF TM N};ZL VMZ p5lGQFNM\ S[ TtJ lRgTG ;[
VG]5|Fl6T š SALZ V5G[ A|ï SF 5lZRI N[T[ C]ˆ SCT[ C{\ v
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5]Q5 SL ;]U\W SM CD N[B GCL\ ;ST[ ,[lSG p;SF VG]EJ SZ
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VG]E}lT SZ ;ST[ C{ š A|ï ˆS V,1I ;¿F C{ š lGU]"6 A|ï J:T]To
VlGJ"RGLI C{ š TEL TM SALZHL G[ SCF C{PPP
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lSIF C{ š NFN}HL G[ A|ï S[ lGU]"6 ~5 SM CL :JLSFZ lSIF C{ š
pgCM\G[ V5G[ lGU]"6 A|ï SF 5lZRI .G XaNM\ D[\ lNIF C{ v
G SlC\ lN8Ÿ9F G ;]^IF4 G SM." VFQF6CFZ š
GF SM." p¿F{\ YL lOZŸIF4 GF\ pZ JFZ G 5FZ šš#
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š J[ A|ï SM ˆS CL DFGT[ C{\4 RFC[ pGS[ GFD V,U V,U ÉIM\ G
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D];,DFG NMGM\ SM ˆS[xJZJFN SF ;\N[X ;]GFIF ÉIM\lS lCgN}
J[NF\T S[ V£{TJFNL l;âFgT ;[ 5lZlRT CMG[ 5Z EL AC]N[JJFNL
CM ZC[ Y[ š VTo NMGM\ ;\TM G[ A]CN[JJFN SF B^0G lSIF š
SALZ G[ D];,DFGM\ SM ;\AMlWT SZT[ C]ˆ SCF lS T]dC[\ lS;G[
EZDF lNIF lS NM EUJFG C{\ š JC TM ˆS CL C{ v ZFDvZCLD4
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G[ S]K .; 5|SFZ SCL C{ v
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A|ï S[ VE[NtJ SL VMZ ;\S[T SZT[ C]ˆ ;gT NFN} G[ EL SCF
C{ lSPPP
AFAF GF\CL N}HF SM." I[S VG[S GF\p\ T]dCFZ[4 DM5{\ VF{Z
G CM." š
V,QF .,FCF{ ˆS T}\4 T}\ CL ZFD ZCLD š
T}\ CL DFl,S DMCG4 S{;M GF\p\ ZCLD šš&
;FDFgI ~5 ;[ ;EL lGU]"6JFNL ;\T SlJ A|ï SM VHZ4 VDZ4
:JI\E}4 VIF{lGH4 V,1I4 lGZFSFZ4 J6"GCLG ˆJ\ ;J"jIF5L ;¿F S[
~5 D[\ :JLSFZ SZT[ C{\ š SALZ VF{Z NFN} NMGM\ ;\T EL A|ï
SM .;L ~5 D[\ :JLSFZ SZT[ C{\ š J[ p;[ ;J"XlÉTDFG4 VB\0 TYF
ˆSvZ; DFGT[ C{\ š ~5VFS'lT TYF .lgãIv;D}C S[ lAGF EL A|ï
;D:T ;'lQ8 SF ;\RF,G SZTF C{ š .;L AFT SL 5]lQ8 SALZ S[
lGdGl,lBT 5N ;[ CM HFTL C{ o
lAG D]B :JFN RZG lAG RF,{4 lAG lHeIF U]6 UFJ{ š
VFK[ ZC[ 9F{Z GCL\ KM0{4 NC lN;L CL lOlZ VFJ{ šš
lAG CL TF,F\ TF, AHFJ{4 lAG D\N, 5Z TF,F š
lAG CL ;AN VGFCN AFH{4 TCF¥ lGZTT C{ UM5F,F šš*
SALZ S[ ;DFG NFN} G[ EL A|ï SM ;J"XlÉTDFG ˆJ\ ;J" ;DY"
3MlQFT SZT[ C]ˆ SCF C{ o
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lAG G{GC]\ ;A N[B{ šš
lAG Z;GF D]B ;A S]K AF[,{4
IC NFN} VRZH 5[B{ šš(
SALZ VF{Z NFN} NMGM\ ;\TM SM lGU]"6JFNL ˆJ\
V£{TJFN SF ;DY"S DFGF HFTF C{4 lOZ EL .GSF A|ï lGU]"6
VF{Z ;U]6 NMGM\ ;[ 5Z[ C{\ š NFN}HLG[ lGU]"6A|ï SM SCL\
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SCL\ ;U]6 ~5 D[\ EL N[BF C{ š .; lJQFI D[\ NFN}HL SF lJRFZ
S]K .; 5|SFZ C{ v
U]6 VF{U]6 Y{\ ZlCT C{4 ;M lGH A|ï VUFW š)
lGU]"6 A|ï ;J"XlÉTDFG C{4 ;J"jIF5S C{ š IC 5ZA|ï
5ZD[xJZ4 lS;L ˆS :YFG lJX[QF 5Z VFAâ GCL\ CMTF š lOZ EL
;U]6WFZF S[ ;\TvSlJIM\ VF{Z lJlEgG ;\5|NFIJF,M\ G[ p;[ V5G[
D\lNZ4 Dl:HNM\ IF TLYM" D[\ AF\WG[ SF jIY" CL 5|ItG lSIF C{
š NMGM\ ;\T SlJIM\ 5Z p5lGQFN S[ A|ï ;\A\WL lJRFZM\ SF EL
5IF"ÃT 5|EFJ lNBF." N[TF C{ š p5lGQFN D[\ l,BF C{ v
TN[HlT TgG{HlT4 TNŸ N}Z[ T£lgTS[4
TNgTZ:I ;J":J4 TNŸ ;J":IF:I AFæTo šš!_
VYF"TŸ v JC ."xJZ UlTXL, C{4 JC UlTCLG C{4 JC N}Z ;[
EL N}Z C{4 JC VtIgT ;DL5
C{ š JC ;D:T HUTŸ S[ ELTZ
5lZ5}6" C{ VF{Z ;D:T HUT S[ AFCZ EL lJnDFG C{ š p5lGQFN
S[ A|ï ;\A\WL .; EFJ IF lJRFZ SM SALZHL ˆJ\ NFN}HL S[
SYGM\ D[\ EL :5Q8 ~5 ;[ N[BF HF ;STF C{ v
BFl,S B,S B,S D{\ BFl,S4
;A 38 ZæF{ ;DF." šš!!
v SALZNFN}HL G[ .; EFJ IF lJRFZ SM .;
~5 D[\ 5|:T]T lSIF C{ v
3LJ N}W D{\ ZFD ZæF4 jIF5S ;ACL 9F{Z šš!@
.; 5|SFZ NMGM\ ;\TvSlJ A|ï SM X}gI4 ;J"jIF5L4 V,B4
VUMRZ4 lGU]"6v;U]6 ;[ 5Z[ VF{Z VE[NvEFJ ;[ I]ÉT ;DhT[ C{\ š
NMGM\ CL V£{TJFN S[ ;DY"S C{\ š lGQSQF" IC C{ lS NMGM\
S[ A|ï ;\A\WL lJRFZM\ D[\ SM." DF{l,S TYF U\ELZ V\TZ GCL\
C{ š ÉIM\lS NFN}HL 5Z SALZHL SF lJX[QF 5|EFJ lNBF." 50TF
C{ š NMGM\ SL EFQFFVM\ SM ,[SZ YM0F AC]T V\TZ CM
;STF C{ ÉIM\lS SALZ 5Z 5}JL" AMl,IM\ slACFZL VFlNf SF
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5|EFJ VlWS C{ TM NFN}HL 5Z ZFH:YFGL s-}\-F6Lf AM,L SF
5|EFJ VlWS C{ š lOZ EL NMGM\ S[ A|ï ;\A\WL lJRFZM\ D[\ IF
lR\TG D[\ lS;L 5|SFZ SF V\TZ lNBTF GCL\ C{ š NMGM\ CL ;\T
DôII]ULG lGU]"6 SFjIWFZF SL DCFG lJE}lTIF¥ C{ VF{Z .;
WFZF D[\ .G NMGM\ SF :YFG ;JM"5lZ C{ š
REFERENCES
!P SALZ U\|YFJ,L v ;\P xIFD;]gNZNF;4 5LJl5KF6 SM V\U4
;FBLv$
@P SALZ U\|YFJ,L v ;\P xIFD;]gNZNF;4 H6F SM V\U4
;FBLv!4 5'Q9v!*
#P NFN}JF6L v D\U,NF;4 C{ZFG SM V\Uv&4 ;FBLv@@4
5'Q9v!&#
$P NFN}JF6L v D\U,NF;4 C{ZFG SM V\Uv&4 ;FBLv)_4
5'Q9v!&!
%P SALZ U|\YFJ,L v ;\P xIFD;]gNZNF;4 5Nv%(
&P NFN}JF6L v R\lãSF5|;FN4 5Nv@##4 5'Q9v$%%
*P SALZ U|\YFJ,L v ;\P xIFD;]gNZNF;4 5Nv!%)4 5'Q9v!$_
(P NFN}JF6L v D\U,NF;4 ‘5ZR{ SM V\U $˜ v @)4 5'Q9v!@%
)P NFN}JF6L v R\lãSF5|;FN4 ‘;FW SM V\U !%˜4 ;FBLv)$4
5'Q9v@@(
!_P ."XFJF:IM5lGQFNŸ v x,MS %4 5'Q9v$4 ULTF5|[;
UMZB5]Z4 l£TLT ;\P ;\JTŸ @_!_
!!P SALZ U|\YFJ,L v ;\P xIFD;]gNZNF;4 5Nv%!4 5'Q9v!_*
!@P NFN}JF6L v D\U,NF;4 ;FBLv#@4 5'Q9v*
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


KEYWORDS :
SUBJECT :LANGUAGE







































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



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ukjh iqu#RFkku esa
xka/kh fopkjksa dk
;ksxnku
MkWñ jhuk
,flLVsaV izksQslj]ljLorh dkWyst vkWQ ,tqds'ku] Vhd ¼dSFky½
KEYWORDS : :f<+oknh] vcyk] vfgalk] tkx:drk] dqizFkk] HkksX;k] lkfRod
SUBJECT :
'kks/k&vkys[k lkj %
fdlh Hkh ns'k ds pgqeq¡[kh fodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk
egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gS A egkRek xka/kh ukjh dh LorU=rk dks ysdj
cgqr tkx:d Fks A os mUgsa ?kj ds lkFk&lkFk lkoZtfud dk;ks± esa
Hkkx ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrs Fks A xka/kh th fL=;ksa ls ;g vis{kk
djrs Fks fd og Hkkjr dh rLohj dks cnysa A egkRek xka/kh pkgrs Fks
fd lekt esa ukjh dks iq#"k ds cjkcj ntkZ feys] blds fy, ukjh dks f'kf{kr
gksuk vko';d gS A xka/kh th fL=;ksa dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd eqfDr
ds mn~?kks"kd Fks A mUgksaus muds lkFk gksus okys lHkh izdkj
ds vU;k; o vR;kpkjksa ds fo:) vkokt mBk;h A xka/kh th fL=;ksa dks
vfgalk dk vorkj ekurs Fks tks lHkh rjg ds d"V lgu djus dh {kerh j[krh
gSA xka/kh th us lekt esa ukjh dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, ngst izFkk dh
dqizFkk dks lekIr djus dks vko';d crk;k A
fL=;ka /keZ vkSj laLÑfr dh lajf{kdk gksrh gS A mudk ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ
mÙkjnkf;Ro l`f"V ds lapkyu dk gS A Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ukjh esa eka dk
Lo:i ns[kk x;k vkSj 'kkL=ksa esa mls iwtuh; ekuk x;k gS A ysfdu orZeku
ifjokjksa esa ukjh eka ds :i esa d#.kk] izse] R;kx dh nsoh ds :i esa izfrf"Br
:ikf;r gksrs gq, Hkh lkekftd thou esa dsoy HkksX;k cudj jg xbZ gSA
xka/kh th orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; dks L=h ds gkFk esa gh lqjf{kr vuqHko djrs
gS A blhfy, og L=h tkfr dks lkoZtfud dk;ks± esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, u dsoy
izksRlkfgr djrs jgs vfirq mls lkoZtfud dk;ks± dk lEcy Hkh ekurs jgs A
fganqLrku dk Hkfo"; rqEgkjh xksn esa gS] D;ksafd rqe gh rks vxyh ih<+h
dks ikyksxh A rqe Hkkjr ds cPpksa dks 'kq: esa ,slh f'k{kk ns ldrh gks fd
os cM+s gksdj lkfRod bZ'oj ls Mjus okys vkSj cgknqj L=hiq#"k cus Ai
xka/kh th fL=;ksa ls ;g vis{kk djrs gSa fd og Hkkjr dh rLohj dks cnys A
xka/kh th us fL=;ksa ls lqx`fg.kh cuus ds lkFk&lkFk ns'kfgr ds fy, lkoZtfud
thou esa inkZi.k djus dk vkxzg fd;k D;ksafd ,sls cgqr ls tfVy lkekftd dk;Z
gS ftUgsa L=h ljyrk ls lEiUu dj ldrh gS A jktuhfrd gypy dh vis{kk lekt lq/kkj
dk dke dgha vf/kd eqf'dy gSAii bl eqf'dy dke dk nkf;Ro izcq) vkSj
psruk'khy fL=;ka gh ys ldrh gS A
fdlh ns'k ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] ckSf)d ,oa uSfrd fodkl esa
efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA xka/kh th dk ekuuk Fkk fd
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fodkl dh /kkjk esa ;fn L=h dks u tksM+k x;k rks fodkl dh ifjdYiuk dHkh
lkdkj ugha gks ldsxh A bl gsrq os lnk fL=;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh odkyr djrs
jgs A xka/kh th ds vuqlkj fL=;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds loky ij eSa fdlh rjg dk
le>kSrk ugha dj ldrk A esjh jk; esa mu ij ,slk dksbZ dkuwuh izfrcU/k ugha
yxuk pkfg;s tks iq#"kksa ij u yxk;k x;k gks A iq=ksa vkSj dU;kvks esa fdlh
izdkj dk Hksn ugha djuk pkfg;s A muds lkFk iwjh lekurk dk O;ogkj gksuk
pkfg;s Aiii xka/kh th us vkxs dgk iq#"k vkSj L=h dh lekurk dk ;g vFkZ ugha
gS fd os leku /ka/ks Hkh djs A L=h ds 'kL= /kkj.k djus ;k f'kdkj djus ds
f[kykQ dksbZ dkuwuh ck/kk ugha gksuh pkfg;sA ysfdu tks dke iq#"k ds
djus ds gSa muesa og LoHkkor% fojy gksxh A izÑfr us L=h vkSj iq#"k
dks ,d nwljs ds iwjd ds :i esa cuk;k gS A ftl rjg muds vkdkj esa Hksn gS
mlh rjg muds dk;Z Hkh e;kZfnr gS Aiv xka/kh th fL=;ksa dks lkoZtfud thou
ds fy, vkeaf=r djrs gS tcfd dqN :f<oknh bldk fojks/k djrs gSA xka/kh th ds
vuqlkj vf/kdka'kr% rks L=h dk le; ?kj ds vko';d dkedkt esa ugha yxrk cfYd
vius ifr ds vgadkjewyd lq[k dh vkSj vius feF;kfHkeku dh iwfrZ esa [kpZ
gksrk gS A esjs fopkj esa fL=;ksa dh ;g ?kjsyw nklrk gekjs taxyhiu dh
fu'kkuh gS A vc le; vk x;k gS fd gekjh fL=;ka bl tq, ls eqDr dj dh tk;s A ?kj
ds dke esa vkSjrksa dk lkjk oDr [kpZ ugha gks tkuk pkfg;s Av
egkRek xka/kh ukjh lEeku ds izfr dkQh lps"V Fks A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd
lekt esa ukjh dks iq#"k ds cjkcj ntkZ feys] blds fy, ukjh dks f'kf{kr gksuk
vko';d gS A mUgksaus L=h f'k{kk ij cy nsrs gq, dgk eSa fL=;ksa dh leqfpr
f'k{kk ds i{k es gwa ysfdu eSa ;g Hkh ekurk gwa fd L=h nqfu;k dh izxfr
esa viuk ;ksxnku iq#"k dh udy djds ;k mldh izfrLi/kkZ djds ugha ns ldrh A
izfrLi/kkZ ds }kjk ;g ÅapkbZ rd ugha igqap ldrh A ftl ÅapkbZ rd og igqap
ldrh gS mls iq#"k dh iwjd cuuk pkfg;s Avi fdlh dks ;g Hkze ugha gksuk
pkfg;s fd xka/kh th iq#"k dh f'k{kk ds fojks/kh Fks] gk¡ mUgksaus ;g ckr
vo'; Lohdkjh fd ßiq= dks f'kf{kr djus dk vFkZ gS ,d lnL; dks f'kf{kr djuk
vkSj iq=h dks f'kf{kr djus kd vFkZ gS nks ifjokjksa dks f'kf{kr djuk Avii
xka/kh th us lgf'k{kk dh odkyr ugha dh A mudk dguk Fkk ßeSa vHkh rd
fu'p;iwoZd ;g ugha dg ldrk fd lg f'k{kk lQy gksxh ;k ugha Aviii o/kkZ f'k{kk
esa Hkh lgf'k{kk dks vfuok;Z ugha ekuk x;k A f'kf{kr gksus ds ckn fL=;ka
lekt dh vU; fL=;ksa dks Hkh f'kf{kr djus] lekt dks leFkZ cukus ds dk;Z esa
yxsxh] ,slh mis{kk xka/kh th fL=;ksa ls djrs Fks A
egkRek xka/kh fL=;ksa dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd eqfDr ds mn?kks"kd Fks
A mUgksaus muds izfr Øwjrk] ckyfookg ds vU;k;] fo/kok dk iqufoZokg ij
izfrcU/k vkSj izR;sd ml ckr ds fo:) vkokt mBkbZ tks Hkkjrh; fL=;ksa dks
lhfer vkSj ladqfpr dj jgh Fkh A fL=;ksa us xka/kh th ds izR;sd
vkanksyuksa esa c<+p<+dj fgLlk fy;k A Hkkjrh; fL=;ksa dks mUgksaus
mudh viuh izfr"Bk vkSj 'kfDr ds izfr tkx:d cuk;k A xka/kh th us inkZizFkk
dk fojks/k djrs gq, dgk ifo=rk fL=;ksa dks ckgjh e;kZnkvksa esa tdM+dj
j[kus esa mRiUu gksus okyh pht ugha gS A mldh j{kk mUgsa insZ dh
nhokj ls ?ksjdj ugha dh tk ldrh A mldh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl Hkhrj ls gksuk
pkfg;s vkSj mldh dlkSVh ;g gS fd og ifo=rk fdlh izyksHku ls fMxs ugha A
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bl dlkSVh ij og [kjh fl) gks rHkh mldk dksbZ ewY; ekuk tk ldrk gS A ix
xka/kh th dk ekuuk Fkk fd ,sls cgqr ls tfVy dk;Z gS ftUgsa L=h ljyrk ls
lEiUu dj ldrh gS A jktuhfrd gypy dh vis{kk] lekt lq/kkj dk dke dgha vf/kd
eqf'dy gS Ax bl eqf'dy dke dk nkf;Ro izcq) vkSj psruk'khy fL=;ka gh ys
ldrh gS A
L=h dks ^vcyk* dguk xka/kh th dks ukilan Fkk A xka/kh th dgrs Fks &
L=h dks vcyk dguk mls cnuke djuk gS A ,slk dgus dk vFkZ vxj ;g gks fd
L=h esa iq#"k tSlh ikf'od o`fÙk ugha gS ;k mruh ek=k esa ugha gS ftruh
dh iq#"k esa gksrh gS rks ;g vkjksi ekuk tk ldrk A ijUrq ;g pht rks L=h dks
iq#"k dh vis{kk iquhr cukus okyh gS vkSj L=h iq#"k dh vis{kk rks iquhr gS
gh A og vxj vk?kkr djus esa fucZy gS rks d"V lgu djus esa cyoku gS Axi
egkRek xka/kh fL=;ksa dks vfgalk dk vorkj ekurs Fks A mUgksaus fy[kk
gS& vfgalk dk vFkZ gS& vlhfer izse] ftldk vkxs vFkZ gS d"V lgus dh
vlhfer {kerk A L=h izR;sd vfXu ijh{kk dks ikj djrh gq, fujarj lekt dh
leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dj mudk lek/kku djrh jgrh gS A L=h] iq#"k dh eka]
mldh fuekZ=h vkSj fu%'kCn usrk ds :i esa mlds cjkcj viuk xoZiw.kZ
LFkku xzg.k djsxh A ;q)ksa esa my>h nqfu;k dks 'kkafr dh dyk fl[kkuk mlh
dk dÙkZO; gS A vkt ds lekt esa loZ= fL=;ksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj fd;k tkrk
gS A
1fL=;ksa ds izfr vfgalk loZO;kih gS A
2;g fgalk vehj ,oa xjhc ;k fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa leku :i ls
gS A
3fL=;ksa ds lkFk fgalk ?kjksa vkSj dk;ZLFkyksa ij dgha Hkh gks
ldrh gS A
4fL=;ksa ds lkFk fgalk vkSj NsM+NkM izk; ifr;ksa vkSj iq#"k
fe=ksa] izseh ;k cksl }kjk dh tkrh gS A
5,slh ?kVuk,a tkfr] /keZ] lEiznk;] ns'k ;k fdlh fo'ks"k leqnk; ds
ca/ku ls eqDr gS vFkkZr~ loZO;kih gS Axii
egkRek xka/kh dh lalkj dks egku nsu lR; vkSj vfgalk ds veks?k 'kL= gS A
vfgalk ls xka/kh dk vfHkizk; vkØe.k ds vkxs leiZ.k djuk ugha Fkk A
mUgksaus ukjh dks vius lEeku dh j{kk gsrq bu 'kkL=ksa ds iz;ksx dk
ijke'kZ fn;k A
ngst izFkk iq#"k iz/kku lekt dk ,d Øwjre jLeksfjokt gSA bl dqizFkk dk
ifj.kke ;gka rd gS fd vusd ckj fookg ;ksX; dU;k fookg ls oafpr jg tkrh gS
vkSj dU;k ds ekrk&firk vkReXykfuo'k vkRegR;k dj ysrs gS A xka/kh th dk
dguk Fkk fd iSls ds ykyp esa fd;k x;k fookg] fookg ugha gS A ;g ,d uhp
dke gS A ngst ekaxus okys gj O;fDr dks fookg ds v;ksX; gh v?kksf"kr dj
fn;k tk;s A lekt esa ukjh dks Åapk mBkus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ngst dh
dqizFkk dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;s A xka/kh th dk ekuuk Fkk fd tc rd lekt esa
ukjh dks izrkfM+r djus dk flyflyk pyrk jgsxk rc rd lEiw.kZ lekt u rks izxfr dj
ldrk gS vkSj u gh izxfr'khy cu ldrk gS A xka/kh th us ngst dh dqizFkk dks
lekIr djus ds fuEu lq>ko fn;s Fks&
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1ns'k ds f'kf{kr ;qodksa] fo'ks"kdj vehj eka cki ds csVs ;g lqfuf'pr
djsa fd os viuh 'kknh ij dksbZ vuko';d O;; ugha gksus nsaxs rkfd jk"Vª ds
lk/kuksa dh cckZnh dks jksdk tk lds A
2,sls ;qodksa dh mis{kk dh tk;s tks ;k rks Lo;a ;k muds ekrk firk
ngst yksHkh gks A
3ekrk firk viuh dU;k dks yM+dksa ds leku gh f'k{kk ns] rkfd f'kf{kr
gksdj os viuh thfodk dk nkf;Ro Lo;a ys lds A blls os O;FkZ ds lkekftd
ncko o 'kks"k.k ls cp ldsxh vkSj oj ds pquko esa vius ekrk firk dks Hkh
lg;ksx ns ldsaxh A
4ngst izFkk dh fuUnk djus okys yksder rS;kj fd;s tk;sA
5tkfr&ikfr ds ca/ku rksM+s tk, rkfd pquko dk {ks= foLr`r gks lds A
xka/kh th dgk djrs Fks fd iki ls ?k`.kk djks] ikih ls ugha A ikih esa lq/kkj
gks tk;s rks og Hkh iq.;kRek cu ldrk gSA vr% ,d ,slk Hk;eqDr okrkoj.k
cukuk pkfg;s tksfd ngst yksfHk;ksa dh vkRek dks >d>ksj ns A
bl le; Hkkjrh; ukjh ij egku mÙkjnkf;Ro gS A lekt esa O;kIr nqxZU/k]
oSeuL;] }s"k] fgalk vkSj la?k"kZ dk fujkdj.k djus ds fy, L=h tkfr dks vius
lkSgknzZ dk ifjp; nsuk gS A lekt esa foyqIr gksrk gqvk LusgHkko mlds
lg;ksx esa gh eq[kfjr gks ldrk gS A mls blds fy, vius vk/;kfRed xkSjo dks
iqu% vius esa lgstuk gS A xka/kh th ds iz;klksa dh lQyrk dk vuqeku
orZeku Hkkjr dks ns[kdj lgt Hkko ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS A lkoZtfud thou esa
vR;kf/kd fØ;k'khy L=h lekt vkt vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d gS A f'k{kk ds
{ks= esa Hkh og vxz.kh; ;ksxnku ns jgh gS A lekurk ds vkn'kZ dks O;ogkj
esa ikdj Hkkjrh; L=h&lekt xka/kh th ds izfr _.kh vuqHko djrk gSA egkRek
th dh nh gqbZ ;g ukjh tkx`fr :i nqyZHk nsu fganqLrku ds fy, vk'khokZn gS
A Hkkjrh; fL=;ksa dh bl jk"Vªh; psrurk us bl ijk/khu ns'k dk eLrd cgqr Åapk
mBk fn;k Axiii xka/kh th us L=h tkfr dks tkxj.k vkSj tkx`fr dk iFk nsdj miÑr
fd;k gS A
i
-
iiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxixiixiii-
;ax bafM;k] 11 vxLr] 1921
fgUnh uothou] 6 flrEcj] 1928
;ax bafM;k] 17 vDVwcj] 1929
gfjtu] 2 fnlacj] 1939
gfjtu] 8 twu] 1940
gfjtu] 27 Qjojh] 1937
izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] uoEcj] 1997] i`ñ 684
ve`r cktkj if=dk] 12 tuojh] 1935
;ax bafM;k] 3 Qjojh] 1927
fganh uothou] 6 flrEcj] 1928
izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] uoEcj] 1997] i`ñ 685
ogh] i`ñ 685
frokjh] iañ jke n;ky] xka/kh ehekalk] bykgkckn bafM;u izsl] 1941] i`ñ 193
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